| Introduction |
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xiii | |
| 1 The present tense of regular verbs, irregular verbs, and verbs with spelling changes |
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1 | (18) |
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Regular verbs in the present tense |
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2 | (2) |
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When is the present tense used in Spanish? |
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4 | (4) |
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Irregular verbs in the present tense |
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8 | (4) |
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Verbs with spelling changes in the present tense |
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12 | (2) |
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Dar, haber, hacer, and tener in expressions with a special meaning |
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14 | (5) |
| 2 The present tense of verbs with stem changes |
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19 | (9) |
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Verbs ending in -ar and -er |
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19 | (4) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (3) |
| 3 Ser and estar |
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28 | (8) |
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Similarities and differences between ser and estar |
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28 | (1) |
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When is ser used in Spanish? |
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29 | (2) |
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When is estar used in Spanish? |
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31 | (2) |
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Adjectives that change their meaning when used with either ser or estar |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
| 4 The preterit tense |
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36 | (15) |
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Regular verbs in the preterit |
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36 | (1) |
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When is the preterit used in Spanish? |
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37 | (3) |
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Verbs with spelling changes in the preterit |
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40 | (3) |
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Stem-changing verbs in the preterit |
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43 | (2) |
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Irregular verbs in the preterit |
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45 | (3) |
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Verbs with a special meaning in the preterit |
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48 | (3) |
| 5 The imperfect tense |
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51 | (10) |
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Regular verbs in the imperfect |
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51 | (2) |
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Irregular verbs in the imperfect |
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53 | (1) |
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When is the imperfect used in Spanish? |
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53 | (5) |
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The imperfect and the preterit in the same sentence |
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58 | (3) |
| 6 More about the preterit and the imperfect |
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61 | (8) |
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Summary and contrast of the preterit and the imperfect |
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61 | (6) |
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Verbs with a special meaning: ponerse, volverse, and hacerse |
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67 | (2) |
| 7 The future and the conditional |
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69 | (14) |
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69 | (3) |
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When is the future tense used in Spanish? |
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72 | (3) |
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Other ways of expressing the future in Spanish |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (3) |
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When is the conditional used in Spanish? |
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79 | (1) |
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Other uses of the conditional |
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80 | (3) |
| 8 Reflexive verbs and reflexive constructions |
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83 | (15) |
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Reflexive verbs and pronouns |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Reflexive constructions with stem-changing and irregular verbs |
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86 | (1) |
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The use of reflexive verbs in Spanish |
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87 | (1) |
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Verbs that change meaning when used as reflexive verbs |
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88 | (2) |
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The commands in reflexive constructions |
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90 | (1) |
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The infinitive and present participle in reflexive constructions |
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91 | (2) |
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Reflexive constructions in reciprocal actions |
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93 | (1) |
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How to express to become in Spanish |
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94 | (2) |
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The reflexive construction in other tenses |
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96 | (2) |
| 9 The progressive tenses |
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98 | (9) |
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The forms of the present participle in regular, irregular, and stem-changing verbs |
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98 | (3) |
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Placement of reflexive pronouns and other object pronouns with the present participle |
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101 | (1) |
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When is the present progressive used in Spanish? |
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102 | (1) |
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The progressive forms in other tenses |
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103 | (1) |
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Verbs of motion in progressive tenses |
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104 | (1) |
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Present participle: Spanish compared to English |
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105 | (2) |
| 10 Compound tenses: the present perfect and the past perfect |
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107 | (12) |
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107 | (2) |
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Past participles ending in -ido and irregular past participles |
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109 | (3) |
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When is the present perfect tense used in Spanish? |
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112 | (1) |
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The past perfect or pluperfect |
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113 | (2) |
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When is the past perfect used in Spanish? |
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115 | (1) |
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Other compound tense forms: the preterit perfect |
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116 | (1) |
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When is the preterit perfect tense used in Spanish? |
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116 | (1) |
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Haber + a participle: the Spanish equivalent of the perfect infinitive |
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117 | (1) |
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When is the infinitive of haber + a participle used in Spanish? |
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117 | (2) |
| 11 Compound tenses: the future perfect and the conditional perfect |
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119 | (10) |
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119 | (2) |
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When is the future perfect used in Spanish? |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (2) |
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When is the conditional perfect used in Spanish? |
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125 | (4) |
| 12 The passive voice and passive constructions |
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129 | (8) |
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The passive voice in Spanish |
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129 | (2) |
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When is the passive voice used in Spanish? |
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131 | (2) |
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The passive construction with the pronoun se |
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133 | (1) |
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When is the passive construction with se used in Spanish? |
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133 | (2) |
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Impersonal constructions used to substitute for passive constructions |
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135 | (2) |
| 13 The subjunctive mood: the present and the present perfect subjunctive tenses in noun clauses |
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137 | (18) |
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The subjunctive mood: the present subjunctive |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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Verbs with spelling changes in the present subjunctive |
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140 | (1) |
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Verbs with stem changes in the present subjunctive |
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141 | (3) |
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Irregular verbs in the present indicative and in the present subjunctive |
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144 | (1) |
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Irregular verbs in the present subjunctive |
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145 | (1) |
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When is the present subjunctive used in Spanish? |
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146 | (3) |
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Other uses of the present subjunctive |
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149 | (3) |
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The present perfect subjunctive |
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152 | (1) |
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When is the present perfect subjunctive used in Spanish? |
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152 | (3) |
| 14 More uses of the subjunctive: adverb and relative clauses |
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155 | (15) |
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The subjunctive in adverb clauses |
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155 | (1) |
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When is the subjunctive used in dependent adverb clauses in Spanish? |
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155 | (3) |
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Expressions that may or may not require the subjunctive |
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158 | (3) |
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When is the subjunctive not used in dependent adverb clauses in Spanish? |
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161 | (1) |
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More uses of the subjunctive: the subjunctive in adjective clauses |
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162 | (1) |
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When is the subjunctive used in adjective clauses? |
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163 | (3) |
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Other uses of the subjunctive |
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166 | (4) |
| 15 The subjunctive mood past tenses: the imperfect and the pluperfect subjunctive |
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170 | (13) |
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The imperfect subjunctive |
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170 | (3) |
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When is the imperfect subjunctive used in Spanish? |
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173 | (2) |
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Other uses of the imperfect subjunctive |
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175 | (1) |
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The pluperfect subjunctive |
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176 | (1) |
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When is the pluperfect subjunctive used in Spanish? |
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177 | (1) |
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Other uses of the pluperfect subjunctive |
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178 | (1) |
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The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive in contrary-to-fact conditional clauses |
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179 | (4) |
| 16 The commands |
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183 | (16) |
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Formal or polite commands |
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184 | (3) |
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When are formal commands used in Spanish? |
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187 | (2) |
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Informal (tu) affirmative command forms |
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189 | (2) |
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Tu negative command forms |
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191 | (1) |
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Plural familiar (vosotros) affirmative command forms |
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192 | (1) |
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Vosotros negative command forms |
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193 | (1) |
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When are informal (tu) commands used in Spanish? |
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194 | (1) |
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Commands and the position of reflexive and object pronouns |
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194 | (2) |
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Other ways of expressing a command (nosotros) |
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196 | (3) |
| 17 Nouns and articles |
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199 | (22) |
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Gender of nouns in Spanish: endings of nouns |
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199 | (1) |
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Masculine nouns and their endings in Spanish |
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199 | (2) |
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Feminine nouns and their endings in Spanish |
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201 | (1) |
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Other endings to consider for the gender of nouns |
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202 | (2) |
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Other nouns and their gender |
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204 | (4) |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (1) |
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When are definite articles used in Spanish? |
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211 | (2) |
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More about the uses of definite articles in Spanish |
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213 | (1) |
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When are definite articles omitted in Spanish? |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (1) |
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When are indefinite articles used in Spanish? |
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218 | (1) |
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When are indefinite articles not used in Spanish? |
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219 | (2) |
| 18 Adjectives |
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221 | (16) |
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Gender and number of adjectives in Spanish |
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221 | (4) |
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Where are adjectives placed in Spanish? |
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225 | (2) |
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Other adjective forms used before nouns: the shortened forms |
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227 | (2) |
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Other considerations about the position of adjectives |
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229 | (1) |
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Words that function as adjectives |
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230 | (1) |
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Comparatives and superlatives |
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231 | (3) |
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Irregular comparative and superlative adjectives |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (2) |
| 19 Personal pronouns |
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237 | (21) |
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237 | (1) |
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Uses of the subject pronouns |
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238 | (2) |
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Pronouns as objects of prepositions |
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240 | (1) |
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When are prepositional pronouns used in Spanish? |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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When are direct object pronouns used in Spanish? |
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243 | (4) |
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247 | (1) |
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Where are indirect object pronouns placed? |
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248 | (4) |
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252 | (1) |
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How are double object pronouns used in Spanish? |
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252 | (2) |
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The indirect object pronoun with gustar and other verbs |
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254 | (4) |
| 20 Relative pronouns |
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258 | (10) |
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Que: When is the relative pronoun que used in Spanish? |
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259 | (2) |
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Quien: When is the relative pronoun quien used in Spanish? |
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261 | (2) |
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El que and el cual: When are the relative pronouns el que and el cual and their forms used in Spanish? |
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263 | (1) |
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Lo que and lo cual: When are the relative pronouns lo que and lo cual used in Spanish? |
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264 | (2) |
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Relative pronouns after prepositions |
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266 | (1) |
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Cuyo, cuya: When are the relative adjectives cuyo, cuya used in Spanish? |
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267 | (1) |
| 21 Possessive and demonstrative adjectives and pronouns |
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268 | (14) |
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Possessive adjectives and pronouns |
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268 | (1) |
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Possessive adjective forms: the short forms and the long forms |
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268 | (4) |
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When are the short and long forms of the possessive adjectives used in Spanish? |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (3) |
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276 | (1) |
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When are the different forms of the demonstrative adjectives used in Spanish? |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (2) |
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The neuter forms of the demonstrative pronouns |
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281 | (1) |
| 22 Adverbs |
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282 | (10) |
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282 | (3) |
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285 | (2) |
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Other adverb forms: adverbial expressions |
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287 | (2) |
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Adjectives and nouns used as adverbs |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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When are adverbs used in Spanish? |
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291 | (1) |
| 23 Prepositions |
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292 | (18) |
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Frequently used prepositions in Spanish |
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292 | (4) |
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Relationships of commonly used prepositions and compound prepositions |
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296 | (2) |
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The preposition a and the personal a |
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298 | (2) |
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Uses of prepositions and their English equivalents |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (3) |
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Por in common idiomatic expressions |
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304 | (2) |
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Verbs that require the preposition a or de + an infinitive in Spanish |
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306 | (1) |
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Verbs with other prepositions |
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307 | (1) |
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Verbs that require a preposition in English but not in Spanish |
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308 | (2) |
| 24 Indefinite and negative words and expressions |
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310 | (8) |
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Indefinite and negative words in Spanish |
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310 | (1) |
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When are indefinite and negative words used in Spanish? |
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311 | (4) |
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Other negative expressions |
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315 | (1) |
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The conjunctions pero and sino and negative expressions |
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315 | (1) |
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When are pero and sino used in Spanish? |
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316 | (2) |
| 25 Interrogative and exclamatory words |
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318 | (8) |
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Interrogative words and expressions |
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318 | (1) |
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Interrogative words in Spanish |
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318 | (1) |
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Other uses of interrogative words and expressions |
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319 | (2) |
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Para que? iPor que?: When are they used in Spanish? |
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321 | (1) |
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Interrogative words and expressions in indirect questions |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (3) |
| 26 Numbers |
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326 | (19) |
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326 | (2) |
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When do we use cardinal numbers? |
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328 | (4) |
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332 | (2) |
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Other numbers: fractions and multiple numbers |
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334 | (3) |
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337 | (8) |
| Glossaries |
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345 | (9) |
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354 | (9) |
| Answer key |
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363 | |
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