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El. knyga: Practising Spanish Grammar

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Practising Spanish Grammar can be used independently or as the ideal companion to the sixth edition of the widely acclaimed A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (Butt, Benjamin and Moreira Rodrķguez).

Thoroughly updated, this fourth edition of the workbook features an improved organization which closely mirrors that of A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish, sixth edition. The selection of exercises has been fully revised and expanded with new exercises on a variety of topics including possessives, conditional, future and past tenses, and polite requests.

Designed to stimulate and engage even the most grammar-shy students, this is an ideal resource for Spanish learners at CEFR Level B2C1, ACFTL Intermediate-High to Advanced.
Preface to the first edition xvii
Preface to the third edition xix
Note to the fourth edition xx
Acknowledgements xxi
1 Nouns
Gender
1.1 General exercise (1), Level-1
1(1)
1.2 General exercise (2), Level-1
1(1)
1.3 Masculine and feminine pairs, Level-1/2
2(1)
1.4 Words with two genders (1), Level-1
2(1)
1.5 Words with two genders (2), Level-2/3
3(1)
1.6 Words in-o and-a, Level-1/2
4(1)
1.7 Nouns ending in-ma, Level-2/3
4(1)
1.8 Nouns ending in-is, Level-2/3
5(1)
1.9 Words ending in-, Level-2
5(1)
1.10 Gender of compound nouns, Level-2/3
5(1)
Number
1.11 Plural formation , Level-1/2
6(1)
1.12 Agreement of the verb, Level-2
6(1)
1.13 Spanish plural for English singular and vice versa, Level-2
6(2)
2 Articles
The form of the article
2.1 El or la, un, or una? Level-1
8(1)
Uses of the article
2.2 The article with names of languages, Level-1
8(1)
2.3 The article with names of countries and towns, Level-1/2
8(1)
2.4 The article with days of the week, Level-1/2
9(1)
2.5 General exercise on the definite article, Level-2
9(1)
2.6 The indefinite article after a verb, Level-2
10(1)
2.7 Unos, Level-2/3
11(1)
Use and omission of the articles
2.8 Use and omission of the definite article, Level-2
11(1)
2.9 Use and omission of the indefinite article, Level-2
12(1)
2.10 Use and omission of the definite and indefinite article (1), Level-2/3
12(1)
2.11 Use and omission of the definite and indefinite article (2), Level-3
13(1)
3 Adjectives
Agreement
3.1 Basic agreement, Level-1/2
14(1)
3.2 More complex agreements, Level-2/3
14(1)
3.3 Colour adjectives, Level-2/3
14(1)
Formation of adjectives
3.4 Formation of the feminine, Level-1/2
15(1)
3.5 -isimo forms, Level-1
15(1)
3.6 Adjectives pertaining to places, Level-2
16(1)
3.7 Adjectives formed from nouns (relational adjectives), Level-3
16(1)
3.8 Translating 'un-', Level-3
17(1)
Adjective position
3.9 Adjective position (1), Level-2/3
17(1)
3.10 Adjective position (2), Level-2/3
18(1)
3.11 Position of adjective with nouns connected by de, Level-2
18(1)
3.12 Adjective position: bueno, malo, grande, pequeno, Level-3
18(1)
3.13 Adjectives whose meaning varies according to position, Level-3
19(1)
4 Comparatives
Regular and irregular comparative forms
4.1 Comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs, Level-1
20(1)
4.2 Mcis grande/mayor, mas pequelio/menor, Level-2
20(1)
Comparisons of inequality
4.3 Mcis/menos que or mcis/menos de?, Level-1
21(1)
Comparisons of quantity with clauses
4.4 Distinguishing where there is a comparison with a clause, Level-2
22(1)
4.5 Constructing comparisons of quantity with a clause, Level-2/3
22(1)
Superlative of adjectives and adverbs
4.6 Superlative of adjectives, Level-1
23(1)
4.7 Equivalence with English 'most' and '-est', Level-3
24(1)
Other comparative constructions
4.8 'The more...the more/the less...the less...', Level-1
24(1)
4.9 'More and more..., less and less...', Level-2
25(1)
Comparison of equality
4.10 Tan and tanto, Level-1
25(1)
Miscellaneous
4.11 General exercise (1), Level-2
26(1)
4.12 General exercise (2), Level-2/3
26(1)
5 Demonstratives
Agreement
5.1 Agreement, Level-1
27(1)
Usage
5.2 Equivalence with English, Level-2
27(1)
5.3 Demonstrative or article?, Level-1/2
28(1)
6 The neuter
6.1 Lo with adjectives or with adverbs, Level-1
29(1)
6.2 Translation of 'how' by lo, Level-1/2
29(1)
6.3 Translating/o + adjective/adverb, Level-2
30(1)
6.4 Lo as a neuter pronoun, Level-1
30(1)
6.5 Lo, lo que, lo de, Level-2/3
31(1)
6.6 Neuter demonstrative pronouns (esto, eso, aquello), Level-1
32(1)
6.7 General exercise (1), Level-1
32(1)
6.8 General exercise (2), Level-1/2
32(2)
7 Possessives
7.1 Basic agreements, Level-1
34(1)
7.2 Use of the definite article in place of a possessive, Level-1
34(1)
7.3 Expression of the idea of possession, Level-2/3
35(1)
7.4 The definite article with the long possessive form, Level-2
35(1)
7.5 General exercise, Level-2/3
36(1)
8 Numbers
8.1 Numbers in full written (or spoken) form, Level-2/3
37(1)
8.2 Cardinal, ordinal, and collective numbers, Level-3
38(1)
8.3 Translating ordinal numbers, Level-2/3
38(1)
8.4 Cien or ciento?, Level-2
38(1)
8.5 Fractions, Level-2
39(1)
8.6 Advanced number expressions, Level-2/3
39(1)
9 Pronouns
Subject pronouns
9.1 Subject pronouns for emphasis and contrast, Level-1/2
40(1)
Second person forms
9.2 The voseo, Level-3
40(2)
9.3 Degrees of familiarity: to and usted, Level-3
42(1)
Pronouns after prepositions
9.4 Pronouns after prepositions (1), Level-1
43(1)
9.5 Pronouns after prepositions (2), Level-1/2
43(1)
9.6 Pronouns after con, Level-1
44(1)
9.7 Reflexive pronouns with prepositions, Level-2/3
44(1)
Object pronouns
9.8 General exercise (1), Level-1
45(1)
9.9 Order of object pronouns, Level-1/2
45(1)
9.10 Position with the imperative, Level-1
46(1)
9.11 Position with the gerund and past participles, Level-1
46(1)
9.12 Position of the pronoun in double verb constructions (1), Level-2/3
47(1)
9.13 Position of the pronoun in double verb constructions (2), Level-3
48(1)
9.14 Object pronouns used to denote personal involvement and possession 2/3
49(1)
9.15 'Redundant' or reduplicative object pronouns (1), Level-2
49(1)
9.16 'Redundant' or reduplicative object pronouns (2), Level-2
50(1)
9.17 General exercise (2), Level-2
50(1)
9.18 Le/les and se for le/les when followed by lolla/los/las, Level-1
51(1)
9.19 The le/lo controversy, Level-3
52(1)
9.20 General exercise (3), Level-3
52(1)
9.21 Use with certain verbs, Level-3
53(1)
10 Forms of verbs
10.1 Regular verbs, Level-1/2
54(1)
10.2 Spelling changes in verbs, Level-1/2
54(1)
10.3 Radical-changing verbs, Level-1/2
54(1)
10.4 Verb-form crossword (general exercise), Level-3
55(1)
10.5 Irregular verbs: preterites, Level-1
56(1)
10.6 Irregular verbs: futures and conditionals, Level-1
57(1)
10.7 Irregular verbs: positive imperatives, Level-1
57(1)
10.8 The present subjunctive, Level-1/2
58(1)
10.9 The imperfect subjunctive, Level-2
59(1)
10.10 Voseo forms, Level-3
59(1)
10.11 General exercise on verb forms, Level-2/3
60(1)
11 Indicative usage
11.1 The present tense, Level-2
61(1)
11.2 Continuous and simple tenses (1), Level-2/3
62(1)
11.3 Continuous and simple tenses (2), Level-3
62(1)
11.4 The preterite and the imperfect (1), Level-1/2
62(1)
11.5 The preterite and the imperfect (2), Level-1/2
63(1)
11.6 The preterite and the imperfect (3), Level-2
63(1)
11.7 Future tense (1), Level-2/3
64(1)
11.8 Future tense (2), Level-2/3
65(1)
11.9 Suppositional future, Level-1/2
66(1)
11.10 The conditional: use of the conditional for the future in the past, Level-1/2
67(1)
11.11 The conditional: use of the conditional in conditional contexts, Level-1/2
67(1)
11.12 Conditional for supposition about the past, Level-2
68(1)
11.13 Compound tenses (1), Level-1
68(1)
11.14 Compound tenses (2), Level-2
69(1)
11.15 The past tenses (1), Level-2
69(1)
11.16 The past tenses (2), Level-2
70(1)
11.17 The past tenses (3), Level-2
70(2)
11.18 The past tenses (4), Level-2/3
72(1)
11.19 The perfect tense in Latin America, Level-3
73(2)
11.20 The-ra verb form, Level-3
75(1)
12 The subjunctive
Possibility and probability
12.1 Expressions of possibility and probability, Level-2
76(1)
Influence
12.2 Verbs of influence (1), Level-2
76(1)
12.3 Verbs of influence (2), Level-2
77(1)
12.4 Subjunctive and infinitive, Level-2
78(1)
12.5 Infinitive and full clause, Level-2/3
78(1)
12.6 Verbs of permitting and forbidding 2
79(1)
Emotional reactions and value judgements
12.7 Expressions indicating emotional reaction and value judgements, Level-2
80(1)
12.8 Seria que..., Level-2
80(1)
12.9 Expressing doubt, fear, and hope, Level-2
81(1)
12.10 General exercises on statements, assumptions, and value judgements, Level-3
82(1)
Verbs of denying and negated verbs of stating, declaring, knowing, thinking, and understanding
12.11 Negative main clause + que, Level-2/3
83(1)
12.12 Indirect negative questions and negated imperatives, Level-2/3
84(1)
Subjunctive after noun phrases
12.13 Noun + de que, Level-1/2
85(1)
12.14 'The fact that...', Level-2
85(1)
Change of meaning with the subjunctive
12.15 Verbs with a double meaning (1), Level-3
86(1)
12.16 Verbs with a double meaning (2), Level-3
86(1)
Subjunctive after subordinators
12.17 Purpose, cause, manner, and result, Level-2
87(1)
12.18 Subjunctive and indicative with como, Level-2/3
88(1)
12.19 Como si, Level-1/2
88(1)
12.20 Time, Level-2
88(1)
12.21 Concession, Level-2
89(1)
Condition and exception
12.22 Subordinators other than si (1), Level-2
89(1)
12.23 Subordinators other than si (2), Level-2/3
90(2)
Relative clauses
` The subjunctive in main clauses
12.27 The subjunctive to express wishes, Level-2/3
92(1)
Miscellaneous
12.28 General exercise on the subjunctive (1), Level-1/2
93(1)
12.29 General exercise on the subjunctive (2), Level-3
93(2)
13 The imperative
The second person imperatives
13.1 The hi and vosotros imperatives (1), Level-1
95(1)
13.2 The tti and vosotros imperatives (2), Level-1/2
95(1)
13.3 Imperatives with object pronouns, Level-2
96(1)
13.4 Negative imperatives with object pronouns, Level-1/2
97(1)
13.5 The vos imperative, Level-3
97(1)
13.6 Latin American and peninsular usage, Level-2
98(1)
Imperatives in other persons
13.7 First person imperatives, Level-2
99(1)
13.8 Third person imperatives, Level-2
99(1)
13.9 The infinitive used as an imperative, Level-1
100(1)
14 Non-finite forms of the verb
Infinitive
14.1 Infinitive governed by a verb, Level-2
101(1)
14.2 Verbs followed by the infinitive, Level-2
102(1)
14.3 Verbs of perception, Level-2
102(1)
14.4 Infinitive after prepositions, Level-2
103(1)
14.5 Choice between infinitive and que + finite verb, Level-2
103(1)
14.6 Infinitive as a noun, Level-1
104(1)
14.7 Adjective + de + infinitive, Level-2
104(1)
Past participles
14.8 Forms (1), Level-1
105(1)
14.9 Forms (2), Level-2/3
105(1)
14.10 Verbal and adjectival past participles, Level-3
106(1)
14.11 Participle clauses, Level-2/3
106(1)
Forms in-nte
14.12 Forms, Level-1/2
106(1)
14.13 Use, Level-3
107(1)
14.14 Spanish-nte forms as the equivalent of English '-ing' forms, Level-2
108(1)
The gerund
14.15 Forms, Level-1
108(1)
14.16 Adverbial use of the gerund, Level-3
108(1)
14.17 The gerund as a substitute for a relative clause verb, Level-3
109(1)
14.18 Verbs with the gerund (1), Level-2/3
109(1)
14.19 Verbs with the gerund (2), Level-3
110(1)
Translating English '-ing'
14.20 Translating English '-ing' (1), Level-2
110(1)
14.21 Translating English '-ing' (2), Level-3
111(1)
15 Auxiliary verbs-poder, saber, etc.
Poder and saber
15.1 Expressions of ability, Level-1
112(1)
15.2 Pudo, no pudo/podia, no podia?, Level-2
112(1)
15.3 The conditional of poder used for polite requests, Level-2
113(1)
15.4 The imperfect of poder used for reproaching, Level-2
113(1)
15.5 Poder used in speculations and suggestions, Level-3
114(1)
Deber, deber de, and tener que
15.6 Expressions of obligation, Level-3
115
Haber que
15.7 Haber que and tener que 2, Level-1
15(101)
Querer
15.8 'To want to', Level-2
116(1)
Soler
15.9 'Usually' 2, Level-1
116(2)
16 Personal a
16.1 Before nouns denoting human beings or animals, Level-1
118(1)
16.2 Personal a before pronouns, Level-1
118(1)
16.3 Before relative pronouns, Level-2
119(1)
16.4 General exercise on the use of personal a, Level-2
119(2)
17 Negative constructions
General
17.1 The syntax of negative sentences, Level-1
121(1)
17.2 General exercise, Level-2
121(1)
17.3 Translating English 'no', Level-2/3
122(1)
Individual negative elements
17.4 Ninguno, nada, and nadie, Level-1/2
122(1)
17.5 'Redundant' no, Level-3
123(1)
17.6 Nomas, Level-3
123(1)
18 Questions and exclamations
18.1 General exercise, Level-1
124(1)
18.2 Que and que , Level-1/2
124(1)
18.3 Cuti/and que, Level-1/2
125(1)
18.4 iQue-nuis/tan-!, Level-1
125(1)
18.5 Translating 'how', Level-2/3
126(1)
19 Conditional sentences
19.1 Open conditions 1, Level-1
127(1)
19.2 Remote conditions (1), Level-1
127(1)
19.3 Remote conditions (2), Level-1/2
127(1)
19.4 Unfulfilled conditions (1), Level-2
128(1)
19.5 Unfulfilled conditions (2), Level-2/3
128(1)
19.6 Remote and unfulfilled conditions (1), Level-2
129(1)
19.7 Remote and unfulfilled conditions (2), Level-2
130(1)
19.8 General exercise on conditional sentences, Level-2/3
130(1)
19.9 Other ways of expressing conditions (1), Level-2
131(1)
19.10 Other ways of expressing conditions (2), Level-3
131(1)
20 Pronominal verbs
The literal reflexive
20.1 Making reciprocal meaning clear, Level-2
132(1)
20.2 Translation of '-self', Level-3
133(1)
20.3 Errors in the use of the reflexive, Level-1
134(1)
Spanish pronominal verb corresponding to an English intransitive verb
20.4 Pronominal and non-pronominal forms of the same verb, Level-3
134(1)
Nuances of pronominal verbs
20.5 Optional and obligatory reflexive pronouns, Level-3
135(1)
20.6 Rendering pronominal nuances in English, Level-3
136(1)
20.7 Quedar and quedarse, Level-3
137(1)
'Passive' and 'impersonal' uses of the third person reflexive
20.8 Expression of an indefinite subject, Level-3
138(1)
20.9 Definite or indefinite subject?, Level-3
138(1)
Miscellaneous
20.10 Use of se, Level-2/3
139(2)
21 The expression of 'becoming'
21.1 Verbs expressing the notion of 'becoming' (1), Level-2
141(1)
21.2 Verbs expressing the notion of 'becoming' (2), Level-2
141(1)
21.3 Special verbs meaning 'becoming' (1), Level-2
142(1)
21.4 Special verbs meaning 'becoming' (2), Level-2/3
142(1)
21.5 Translation of English 'become', Level-3
143(1)
22 Passive
22.1 Passive with ser, Level-1
144(1)
22.2 Translation of the passive and impersonal se, Level-1
144(1)
22.3 Translation of the English passive, Level-2/3
144(1)
22.4 Avoiding the passive with ser, Level-2/3
145(1)
22.5 Ser/Estar + past participle, Level-2/3
145(1)
22.6 Noting the frequency of passive constructions, Level-3
146(1)
22.7 Other impersonal constructions, Level-2/3
146(1)
22.8 The 'passive' meaning of the infinitive, Level-2
147(1)
23 Ser, estar, and haber
Basic uses
23.1 Ser and estar: general exercise, Level-1/2
148(1)
23.2 Haber and estar in contrast, Level-1
148(1)
23.3 Direct object pronouns with haber, ser, and estar, Level-2
149(1)
23.4 Sentences involving both ser and estar, Level-2
149(1)
More advanced uses of ser and estar
23.5 General exercise (1), Level-2
150(1)
23.6 General exercise (2), Level-2/3
151(1)
23.7 General exercise (3), Level-2/3
151(1)
Ser and estar in specific contexts
23.8 Ser de and estar de, Level-2
152(1)
23.9 Ser and estar with adverbs like bier, mejor, mal, Level-2
153(1)
23.10 Ser and estar with expressions of location, Level-2
153(1)
23.11 Ser and estar with adjectives (1), Level-3
154(1)
23.12 Ser and estar with adjectives (2): change of condition, Level-2
154(2)
24 Adverbs
General
24.1 Formation of adverbs in-mente from adjectives, Level-1
156(1)
24.2 Combining adverbs in-mente, Level-2
156(1)
24.3 Avoiding adverbs in-mente, Level-2
156(1)
Discrimination of adverbs
24.4 Aqui, ahi, alli, acci, ally, Level-2/3
157(1)
24.5 Aun and aun, Level-2
157(1)
24.6 Bajo, abajo, debajo, Level-2/3
158(1)
24.7 Luego and entonces, Level-2/3
158(1)
24.8 Detrcis and atrcis, Level-2
159(1)
Ya
24.9 Ya, Level-2/3
159(1)
Adverbial phrases
24.10 Adverbial phrases of manner, Level-2/3
160(1)
25 Expressions of time
25.1 Time phrases expressing duration (1), Level-1
161(1)
25.2 Time phrases expressing duration (2), Level-2
161(1)
25.3 'Since' expressions, Level-3
162(1)
25.4 Desde, desde que, and desde hace, Level-1
162(1)
25.5 General exercise (1), Level-2
163(1)
25.6 General exercise (2), Level-2/3
163(1)
25.7 Translating 'ago', Level-2
164(1)
25.8 En or dentro de? Level-1
164(1)
25.9 Verbal constructions expressing notions of time, Level-2
164(1)
26 Conjunctions
26.1 Pero, sino, and si no, Level-2
165(1)
26.2 Sino and sino que, Level-3
165(1)
26.3 Y (e), o (u), ni, Level-1
166(1)
Que
26.4 Que, que, or de que? Level-2
166(1)
26.5 Dequeismo, Level-2/3
167(1)
Conjunctions of cause and consequence
26.6 Por que, porque, or porque? Level-1
167(1)
26.7 Como, porque, asi que, Level-1
167(1)
Conjunctions of consequence and result
26.8 General exercise, Level-2/3
168(1)
Concession
26.9 Aunque, a pesar de que, por...que, Level-3
168(1)
Condition and exception
26.10 Substitutes for si, Level-3
169(1)
Purpose and aim
26.11 Para que, Level-2/3
170(1)
Conjunctions of time
26.12 General exercise, Level-3
170(2)
27 Prepositions
a and en
27.1 General exercise, Level-2
172(1)
27.2 Idiomatic expressions with a and en, Level-3
172(1)
De and desde
27.3 Discriminating de and desde, Level-2
173(1)
Por and para
27.4 Discrimination of por and para: general, Level-2
173(1)
27.5 Place and time, Level-2/3
174(1)
27.6 Idiomatic expressions with por and para, Level-3
175(1)
27.7 Verbs followed by por or para, Level-3
175(1)
27.8 General exercise, Level-3
176(1)
Other prepositions
27.9 Ante and delante de, Level-1
177(1)
27.10 Bajo and debajo de, Level-1
177(1)
27.11 Tras, Level-2
177(1)
27.12 Choosing a preposition, Level-2
178(1)
Prepositional phrases
27.13 Prepositional phrases, Level-2/3
178(1)
Verbs with prepositions
27.14 Multiple choice exercise, Level-1/2
179(2)
28 Relative pronouns
28.1 Relative pronouns in Spanish and English, Level-2
181(1)
28.2 Relative pronouns, Level-1
181(1)
28.3 Relative clauses, Level-1/2
181(1)
28.4 Use after a preposition, Level-2
182(1)
28.5 Discrimination of lo que/cual, el que/cual, etc., Level-2
182(1)
28.6 Cuyo, Level-1
183(1)
28.7 Donde, adonde, de donde, como, and cuando as relatives, Level-1/2
183(2)
29 Nominalizers and cleft sentences
Nominalizers
29.1 El de, etc., Level-1/2
185(1)
29.2 Use of el de, el que, etc., Level-2
185(1)
29.3 Use of lo de, Level-2
186(1)
Cleft sentences
29.4 The cleft sentence construction, Level-2/3
186(1)
29.5 Lo que or el que, etc., Level-2/3
187(1)
29.6 'That's why', Level-2
187(1)
29.7 Verb form agreement, Level-2/3
188(1)
30 Word order
30.1 Word order in sentences containing relative clauses, Level-2
189(1)
30.2 Word order in questions, Level-2
189(1)
30.3 Word order in exclamations, Level-2
190(1)
30.4 Word order with adverbs (1), Level-2
190(1)
30.5 Word order with adverbs (2), Level-2
191(1)
30.6 Word order in relative clauses, Level-2
191(1)
30.7 Set phrases, Level-3
192(1)
31 Affective suffixes
Diminutive suffixes
31.1 Forms, Level-1
193(1)
31.2 Real and apparent diminutives, Level-3
193(1)
Augmentative suffixes
31.3 Forms, Level-1
193(1)
31.4 azo, Level-3
194(1)
31.5 Some recent augmentative forms, Level-3
194(1)
31.6 Real and apparent augmentatives, Level-3
195(1)
31.7 -azo and-udo, Level-3
195(1)
31.8 General exercise, Level-1
195
32 Spelling and punctuation
32.1 Accents, Level-1/2
196(1)
32.2 Differences between words based on the written accent, Level-2
197(1)
32.3 Use of upper and lower case letters, Level-2
197(1)
32.4 Punctuation of direct speech, Level-2/3
198(1)
32.5 Question and exclamation marks, Level-1/2
198(1)
33 General exercises
33.1 Close test (1), Level-2
199(1)
33.2 Close test (2), Level-2
199(1)
33.3 Multiple choice (1), Level-2
200(1)
33.4 Multiple choice (2), Level-2/3
201(1)
33.5 Spot the mistakes (1), Level-2/3
202(1)
33.6 Spot the mistakes (2), Level-3
203(1)
Glossary of grammatical terms 204(10)
Key to the exercises 214
Angela Howkins is a former Lecturer in Spanish at Dundee College, Scotland.

Christopher Pountain is Professor of Spanish Linguistics at Queen Mary's College, University of London.

Teresa de Carlos is a native speaker of Spanish and a former Senior Language Teaching Officer at the University of Cambridge.
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