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El. knyga: Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings

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  • Formatas: 288 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 11-Oct-2013
  • Leidėjas: Earthscan Ltd
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781134207855
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early WarningsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 288 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 11-Oct-2013
  • Leidėjas: Earthscan Ltd
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781134207855
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The precautionary principle is widely seen as fundamental to successful policies for sustainability. It has been cited in international courts and trade disputes between the USA and the EU, and invoked in a growing range of political debates. Understanding what it can and cannot achieve is therefore crucial. This volume looks back over the last century to examine the role the principle played or could have played, in a range of major and avoidable public disasters. From detailed investigation of how each disaster unfolded, what the impacts were and what measures were adopted, the authors draw lessons and establish criteria that could help to minimise the health and environmental risks of future technological, economic and policy innovations. This is an informative resource for all those from lawyers and policy-makers, to researchers and students needing to understand or apply the principle.

Recenzijos

'One of the most useful, comprehensive and readable books on environmental issues that I have ever read.' Tom Davey, Environmental Science and Engineering Magazine

'Policy makers concerned with climate change or genetic modifications should read this collection of early warnings wilfully ignored.' New Scientist

'The real value of this book is that it is a refreshing shift away from rhetoric towards a far more informed and careful analysis of precautionary action and the precautionary principle.' Journal of Environmental Law

'Makes excellent and thought-provoking reading.' Journal of Risk Research

'This is a valuable book, full of sensible discussions, useful insights and helpful guidance for the future.' Cass R Sunstein. The Yearbook of European Environmental Law volume 6

'I commend this to all who have an interest in environmental hazard and risk assessment and public policy.' Journal of the Royal Institute of Public Health

List of figures, tables and boxes
ix
Foreword xi
Tim O'Riordan
Preface xiii
Domingo Jimenez Beltran
Acknowledgements xvii
List of acronyms and abbreviations
xviii
Introduction
1(9)
Late lessons from early warnings: an approach to learning from history
1(3)
What is the `precautionary principle'?
4(1)
An early use of the precautionary principle: London, 1854
5(3)
Forestalling disasters: integrating science and public policy
8(2)
Fisheries: taking stock
10(16)
Malcolm MacGarvin
Early warnings
10(1)
19th-century British fisheries
11(3)
Californian sardine fishery, 1920s to 1942
14(1)
Newfoundland cod
15(4)
Precaution becomes explicit
19(3)
The ecosystem approach
22(1)
Late lessons
23(3)
Radiation: early warnings, late effects
26(9)
Barrie Lambert
X-rays
26(2)
Radioactivity and radioactive materials
28(1)
Early moves towards control of exposure
29(1)
The post-war watershed: justification, optimisation, limitation
30(2)
Conclusions
32(3)
Benzene: a historical perspective on the American and European occupational setting
35(14)
Peter F. Infante
Early warnings
35(1)
Actions and inactions
36(6)
Discussion
42(5)
Conclusions and lessons for the future
47(2)
Asbestos: from `magic' to malevolent mineral
49(15)
David Gee
Morris Greenberg
Introduction
49(1)
The first `early warnings' of asbestosis and some responses
50(2)
Early warnings on asbestos cancers
52(2)
Early, devastating warnings about mesothelioma cancer
54(1)
Actions and inactions by regulatory authorities and others
55(3)
The costs and benefits of actions and inactions
58(1)
What are the lessons of the asbestos story?
59(5)
PCBs and the precautionary principle
64(15)
Janna G Koppe
Jane Keys
Introduction
64(3)
Growing evidence of persistence, presence and toxicity
67(1)
Action from industry and governments in the 1970s
68(3)
Scientific understanding becomes more sophisticated
71(1)
Government action in the 1980s and 1990s
72(2)
Routes of environmental exposure
74(1)
The most recent PCB accident
75(1)
Conclusions
76(3)
Halocarbons, the ozone layer and the precautionary principle
79(11)
Joe Farman
Overview
79(3)
Early history
82(1)
The 1930s: the CFC industry is born
83(1)
The 1970s: the seeds of doubt
84(1)
The Montreal Protocol and the ozone hole
85(2)
Late lessons
87(3)
The DES story: long-term consequences of prenatal exposure
90(10)
Dolores Ibarreta
Shanna H Swan
Introduction
90(1)
Optimistic beginnings
90(1)
Tragic consequences
91(2)
DES ineffective for prevention of miscarriage
93(1)
Assessing the extent of the damage
94(1)
Lessons from the DES story
95(5)
Antimicrobials as growth promoters: resistance to common sense
100(11)
Lars-Erik Edqvist
Knud Borge Pedersen
Introduction
100(1)
The first early warning
101(1)
Subsequent action or inaction
102(5)
Advantages and disadvantages of the use of growth promoters
107(1)
Conclusions and lessons for the future
107(4)
Sulphur dioxide: from protection of human lungs to remote lake restoration
111(10)
Arne Semb
Dead fish, dying forests
113(3)
The 1985 CLRTAP Protocol and beyond
116(3)
Late lessons
119(2)
MTBE in petrol as a substitute for lead
121(17)
Martin Krayer von Krauss
Poul Harremoes
Introduction
121(1)
Lead in petrol
122(1)
The MTBE case
122(1)
The benefits of MTBE
123(1)
The impacts of MTBE
123(5)
Responses
128(1)
Present trends
129(1)
Discussion in relation to the precautionary principle
130(6)
Conclusions
136(2)
Early warnings of chemical contamination of the Great Lakes
138(10)
Michael Gilbertson
The first significant early warnings
138(2)
Date and nature of subsequent action or inaction
140(2)
Consequences of institutional responses
142(1)
Costs and benefits
143(2)
Conclusions and lessons for the future
145(3)
TBT antifoulants: a tale of ships, snails and imposex
148(13)
David Santillo
Paul Johnston
William J Langston
Introduction
148(1)
The emergence of the TBT problem
149(1)
Arcachon Bay
150(1)
UK harbours and coastal waters
151(2)
A global pollutant
153(1)
Effectiveness of controls on small vessels
153(1)
The significance of seagoing vessels
154(2)
Progress towards a global phase-out
156(1)
The question of alternatives
156(1)
Late lessons from the TBT story
157(1)
Conclusions: precaution or retrospective action?
158(3)
Hormones as growth promoters: the precautionary principle or a political risk assessment?
161(9)
Jim W. Bridges
Olga Bridges
Introduction
161(4)
Impacts of oestrogenic compounds on wildlife
165(1)
What were the uncertainties regarding the use of oestrogenic growth promoters for human health?
166(1)
Has the approach adopted by the European Commission proved to be sound?
167(1)
Conclusions
168(2)
`Mad cow disease' 1980s-2000: how reassurances undermined precaution
170(15)
Patrick van Zwanenberg
Erik Millstone
Introduction
170(1)
A new cattle disease
170(1)
Initial decisions
171(3)
Expert advice and regulatory controls
174(2)
Constructing a house of cards
176(3)
The failures and eventual collapse of the policy edifice
179(2)
Conclusions
181(4)
Twelve late lessons
185(31)
Introduction
185(2)
Twelve late lessons
187(18)
The wider implications of precaution
205(11)
Conclusions
216(4)
Late lessons from early warnings
218(2)
About the author 220(7)
References 227(34)
Index 261


Poul Harremoes is professor of environmental science and engineering at the Technical University of Denmark. David Gee is project manager for emerging environmental issues and scientific liaison at the European Environment Agency (EEA), Denmark. Malcolm MacGarvin is an environmental consultant based in Scotland. Andy Stirling is senior lecturer at Science and Technology Policy Research (SPRU), University of Sussex, UK. Jane Keys is a freelance environmental researcher based in the UK. Brian Wynne is professor of science studies at Lancaster University, UK. Sofia Guedes Vaz is an environmental engineer who has worked at the EEA on reporting, targets and emerging environmental issues.
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