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Primer on Clinical Experience in Medicine: Reasoning, Decision Making, and Communication in Health Sciences [Kietas viršelis]

(McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 368 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm, weight: 839 g, 5 Tables, black and white; 20 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 08-Aug-2012
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1466515589
  • ISBN-13: 9781466515581
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Primer on Clinical Experience in Medicine: Reasoning, Decision Making, and Communication in Health SciencesDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 368 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm, weight: 839 g, 5 Tables, black and white; 20 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 08-Aug-2012
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1466515589
  • ISBN-13: 9781466515581
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781466515581.html
Raktažodžiai:
Mastery of quality health care and patient safety begins as soon as we open the hospital doors for the first time and start acquiring practical experience. The acquisition of such experience includes much more than the development of sensorimotor skills and basic knowledge of the sciences. It relies on effective reasoning, decision making, and communication shared by all health professionals, including physicians, nurses, dentists, pharmacists, physiotherapists, and administrators.

A Primer on Clinical Experience in Medicine: Reasoning, Decision Making, and Communication in Health Sciences is about these essential skills. It describes how physicians and health professionals reason, make decisions, and practice medicine. Covering the basic considerations related to clinical and caregiver reasoning, it lays out a roadmap to help those new to health care as well as seasoned veterans overcome the complexities of working for the well-being of those who trust us with their physical, mental, and spiritual health.

The book provides a step-by-step breakdown of the reasoning process for clinical work and clinical care. It examines both general and medical ways of thinking, reasoning, argumentation, fact finding, and using evidence. Outlining the fundamentals of decision making, it integrates coverage of clinical reasoning, risk assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in evidence-based medicine. It also:





Describes how to evaluate the success (effectiveness and cure) and failure (error and harm) of clinical and community actions Considers communication with patients and outlines strategies, successes, failures, and possible remediesincluding offices, bedside, intervention, and care settings Examines strategies, successes, failures, and possible remedies for communication with peersincluding interpersonal communication, morning reports, rounds, and research gatherings

The book describes vehicles, opportunities, and environments for enhanced professional communication, including patient interviews, clinical case reports, and morning reports. It includes numerous examples that demonstrate the importance of sound reasoning, decision making, and communication and also considers future implications for research, management, planning, and evaluation.

Recenzijos

a timely book. Jenicek illustrates how three distinct areasmedical reasoning, decision making, and multiple aspects of communicationcan be systematically approached using the argumentation framework. a primer on how physicians reason, but also useful to practicing physicians and even teachers who have not undergone formal training in thinking. In his gentle and engaging way, with occasional humor thrown in, Jenicek takes the reader through the essentials.Pat Croskerry, MD, PhD, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Foreword xv
Author's Welcome and Introduction xix
1 Ways We See, Learn, and Practice Medicine Today: Paradigms of What We Are Doing
1(36)
Executive Summary
1(2)
Not-So-Random Leading Thoughts
3(1)
Introductory Comments
4(3)
1.1 Art, Science, and Craft of Medicine
7(7)
1.1.1 Medicine as Art
9(2)
1.1.2 Medicine as Science
11(1)
1.1.2.1 Scientific Theory
11(1)
1.1.2.2 Scientific Method
12(1)
1.1.3 Medicine as Craft
13(1)
1.2 Deterministic vs. Probabilistic Paradigm of Medicine: Uncertainty, Fuzziness, and Chaos
14(5)
1.2.1 Probability and Clinical Uncertainty
15(1)
1.2.2 Fuzzy Theory
16(2)
1.2.3 Chaos Theory in Medicine
18(1)
1.3 Medicine as Philosophy: Philosophy in Medicine and Philosophy of Medicine
19(2)
1.3.1 Philosophy in Medicine
19(1)
1.3.2 Philosophy of Medicine
20(1)
1.4 Practice and Theory of Medicine: Which One Will You Learn?
21(1)
1.4.1 Practice of Medicine
21(1)
1.4.2 Theory of Medicine
22(1)
1.5 Evidence-Based Medicine and Other Evidence-Based Health Sciences
22(6)
1.6 Beyond the Original Concept of Evidence-Based Medicine: Evidence-Based Critical Thinking Medicine and Reflective Uses of Evidence
28(9)
1.6.1 Critical Thinking
28(1)
1.6.2 Reflective Uses of Evidence
29(1)
Conclusions: What Exactly Should We Teach and Learn Then?
29(2)
References
31(6)
2 How Physicians and Other Health Professionals Really (or Should) Think
37(70)
Executive Summary
37(2)
Not-So-Random Leading Thoughts
39(1)
Introductory Comments
40(1)
2.1 General Medical Thinking and Reasoning
41(32)
2.1.1 Basic Considerations Related to Clinical Care and Caregivers' Reasoning
41(2)
2.1.2 Our Thinking and Reasoning: Essential Definitions and Meanings
43(7)
2.1.3 Tools for Argumentation
50(1)
2.1.3.1 "Naked" Argument (Enthymeme) or Argument at Its Simplest: A "Two-Element" Reasoning
50(2)
2.1.3.2 "Classical" Form of Reasoning: Categorical Syllogism or "Three-Element" Reasoning
52(3)
2.1.3.3 "Modern" Form of Toulmin's Model of Argument: A "Multiple (Six-) Element" Way of Reasoning to Reach Valid Conclusions
55(16)
2.1.4 Reminder Regarding Some Additional and Fundamental Considerations
71(2)
2.2 Challenges of Causal Reasoning within the General Context of Medical Thinking and Reasoning
73(24)
2.2.1 Causal Reasoning in a Quantitative and Qualitative Way
74(1)
2.2.1.1 How We Look at Causes: Single or Multiple Sets, Chains, Webs, Concept Maps
75(6)
2.2.1.2 Ways of Searching for Causes
81(1)
2.2.1.3 Criteria of Causality
82(3)
2.2.1.4 Disease or Event Frequencies and Fractions in Causal Reasoning
85(9)
2.2.1.5 Beyond Causality: Combining Frequencies, Fractions, Risks, and Proportions
94(2)
2.2.1.6 Quantifying Our Uncertainties
96(1)
2.3 Fallacies in Medical Reasoning and Scientific Thinking in General
97(1)
2.4 Role of Causal Reasoning in Medical Thinking
98(1)
2.5 Critical Thinking, Communication, and Decision Making and Their Connection to Medical Ethics
98(9)
Conclusion
99(3)
References
102(5)
3 Reasoning in Step-by-Step Clinical Work and Care: Risk, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis
107(56)
Executive Summary
107(2)
Not-So-Random Leading Thoughts
109(1)
Introductory Comments
110(2)
3.1 "You Are at Risk." What Does This Mean and How Can It Be Mutually Understood by Us, Our Patients, and the Community?
112(8)
3.1.1 What Is "Risk" in Health Sciences?
113(1)
3.1.2 Are Risk Characteristics All the Same? Risk Factors and Risk Markers
114(1)
3.1.3 Why Are Some Risk Factors "Significant" and Others Not?
114(3)
3.1.4 Where Does Our Knowledge of Risk Factors and Markers Come From?
117(1)
3.1.5 Risk as a Subject of Argumentation
117(1)
3.1.6 Illustrative Fallacies
117(2)
3.1.7 How Do We Think about Risk? Our Ways of Reasoning about Risk
119(1)
3.2 "We Have a Problem Here": Properties of Meaningful Diagnosis
120(12)
3.2.1 Quality and Completeness of the Diagnostic Material
120(1)
3.2.2 How Is a Diagnosis Made?
121(2)
3.2.3 How Good Are Our Diagnostic Methods and Techniques?
123(4)
3.2.4 Diagnosis as a Subject of Argumentation
127(1)
3.2.5 Illustrative Fallacies
127(3)
3.2.6 How Do We Think and Reason in the Diagnosis Domain?
130(2)
3.3 "That's What We'll Do about It" Reasoning and Deciding How to Treat and if the Treatment Works
132(11)
3.3.1 Types and Levels of Medical Therapeutic and Preventive Interventions
132(3)
3.3.2 Which Treatment Works Best? How Is It Measured?
135(4)
3.3.3 Which Treatment Modality Applies to a Particular Patient?
139(1)
3.3.4 Treatment as a Subject of Argumentation
140(1)
3.3.5 Illustrative Fallacies
141(1)
3.3.6 How Do We Reason in the Domain of Treatment and Preventive Intervention?
142(1)
3.4 Reasoning about Prognosis: "You'll Be Doing Well" Making Prognosis Meaningful
143(20)
3.4.1 Differences between the Prognosis Domain and the Risk Domain
145(3)
3.4.2 What Do We Need to Know about Prognostic Events and Outcomes?
148(2)
3.4.3 What Do We Expect from Prognostic Studies in Order to Reason More Effectively about the Future of Our Patients? What Treatment Modality Best Applies to a Particular Patient?
150(3)
3.4.3.1 How Should We Apply What We Know to an Individual Patient?
153(1)
3.4.4 Prognosis as a Subject of Argumentation
153(1)
3.4.5 Illustrative Fallacies
154(2)
3.4.6 How Do We Think in the Domain of Prognosis? Considerations for Further Work and Understanding in the Area of Prognosis
156(2)
Conclusion
158(1)
References
159(4)
4 Clinical and Community Medicine Decision Making
163(42)
Executive Summary
163(2)
Not-So-Random Leading Thoughts
165(1)
Introductory Comments
166(2)
4.1 Decision Theory, Decision Analysis, and Decision Making in General and in Medicine
168(1)
4.2 How Decisions Are Made in Daily Life
169(24)
4.2.1 Direction Searching Tools through Unstructured Ways of Decision Making
170(2)
4.2.2 Direction Searching Tools through Structured Ways of Decision Making
172(1)
4.2.2.1 Decision Analysis
173(5)
4.2.2.2 Cost-Benefit/Effectiveness/Utility Analysis in Clinical Decision Making
178(1)
4.2.2.3 Decisions as Conclusions of an Argumentative Process
179(3)
4.2.3 Direction-Giving Tools in Decision Making
182(1)
4.2.3.1 Tactical Tools: Clinical Algorithms
183(5)
4.2.3.2 Evidence-Based Clinical Decision Path
188(1)
4.2.3.3 Strategic Tools for Making the Right Decisions: Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Protocols
188(5)
4.3 Illustrative Fallacies in the Decision-Making Domain
193(12)
4.3.1 Fallacies from an Individual Perspective: Individual-Related Fallacies
193(1)
4.3.1.1 Reasoning-Based Fallacies: Fallacies Related to the Thinking Process behind Decision Making
194(1)
4.3.1.2 Fallacies from the Motivation to Decide Domain
195(1)
4.3.1.3 Fallacies Related to Decisions Themselves
196(1)
4.3.2 Collective-Related Fallacies: Groupthink
196(1)
Conclusion
197(2)
References
199(6)
5 How Physicians Communicate with Themselves, Their Patients, and Others: Clinical Communication and Its Vehicles
205(56)
Executive Summary
205(2)
Not-So-Random Leading Thoughts
207(2)
Introductory Comments
209(1)
5.1 How to View Communication in General and in Its Medical Context
210(3)
5.2 Intellectual Vehicles of Communication: Some Less and Some More Interrogative Ways of Sharing Knowledge and Experience
213(11)
5.2.1 Barking Orders
213(1)
5.2.2 Just Watch Me!
214(1)
5.2.3 Do It after Me!
214(1)
5.2.4 Pimping: A Refined Form of Bullying
214(1)
5.2.5 Uttering Wisdom
215(1)
5.2.6 Argumentation and Critical Thinking-Based and Evidence-Grounded Exchange of Data and Information: A "What Do You Think?" Type of Medicine I
216(5)
5.2.7 Socratic Dissent---A Refined Form of Pimping: A "What Do You Think?" Medicine II
221(3)
5.3 Instrumental Vehicles, Opportunities, and Environments for Professional Communication: Oral and Written Exchanges of Experience in Clinical Practice
224(31)
5.3.1 Patient Interviews: Admission and Opening Patients' Charts
228(1)
5.3.1.1 Verbal, Oral, and Written Communication
228(4)
5.3.1.2 Nonverbal Communication
232(3)
5.3.2 Revisiting the Patient: Updating Opening Interview and Record through Bedside Communication and Progress Notes (SOAPs)
235(1)
5.3.3 Narratives and Clinical Case Reports
236(1)
5.3.3.1 Clinical Consultations as Narratives
236(2)
5.3.3.2 Clinical Vignettes and Clinical Case Reports
238(6)
5.3.4 Morning Reports
244(1)
5.3.5 Morbidity and Mortality Reports and Rounds
244(1)
5.3.6 Journal Clubs
245(1)
5.3.7 Other Types of Rounds
246(1)
5.3.8 Mostly One-Way Communication Vehicles: Consults, Referrals, Discharge Notes, and Summaries
247(1)
5.3.9 Scut Work
248(1)
5.3.10 Formal (Magisterial) Lectures
249(1)
5.3.11 Medical Articles and Other Scientific Papers
250(5)
5.3.12 Other Forms of Communication
255(1)
5.4 Illustrative Fallacies in Communication
255(6)
5.4.1 Slippery Slope Fallacy (Domino Theory, Argument of the Beard, Barefoot, Beard Fallacy, Domino Fallacy, Reductio Ad Absurdum, Slippery Slope Argument)
257(1)
5.4.2 Gambler's Fallacy
257(1)
5.4.3 Appeal to Consequences Fallacy (Wishful Thinking)
258(1)
5.4.4 Self-Evidence Fallacy (Mystical Assertion, Blind Conviction)
258(1)
5.4.5 Appeals to Anything Other than the Best Evidence ("Low Instincts")
259(1)
5.4.6 Alternative Choice Fallacy
260(1)
5.4.7 Complementary Treatment Fallacy
260(1)
5.4.8 Blinding with Science Fallacy
261(1)
Conclusion: From Patient Problem Solving Dialogue to a Broader Communication by Knowledge Translation in Medicine
261(12)
References
265(8)
6 Conclusions (with a Short Recapitulation): Welcome to the World of Reasoned and Evidence-Based Medicine
273(6)
Glossary: Preferred Terms and Their Definitions in the Context of This Book 279(36)
Index 315(10)
Milos Jenicek---A Biographical Sketch 325
Milos JENICEK, MD, PhD, Canadian citizen, is currently holding a position as Professor (Part-Time) at the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. He is also Professor Emeritus at the University of Montreal and he holds an adjunct position of Professor at McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In 2009, he was elected Fellow of The Royal Society of Medicine, London, UK.

Milos Jenicek received his basic education at Charles University, Prague (MD, 1959), a graduate degree in 1965 (PhD) and later a postgraduate clinical training at McGill University Teaching Hospitals. He is a licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada (LMCC), a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (FRCPC), a specialist of the Province of Quebec (CSPQ) and holds a regular permit to practice medicine in Ontario and Quebec.

He contributes to the evolution of epidemiology as a general method of objective reasoning and decision making in medicine. To further enhance his teaching and research, he has committed himself to short sabbaticals during which he visited Harvard and Johns Hopkins, Yale, North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Uniformed Services at Bethesda Universities. He also lectured and visited numerous institutions in Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, South Korea, Portugal, Brazil, France and Switzerland. He has been a visiting professor to various universities and governments. Earlier in his career, three years of University teaching and field practice of preventive medicine and public health in North Africa (1965-1968) has given him valuable insight and understanding of the realities in this part of the world.

During his term as Acting Chairman of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal (1988-1989), he founded the graduate program in Clinical Epidemiology at the University of Montreal, his core course being also part of the graduate program at McGill University. Until 1991, he was member of the Board of Examiners of the Medical Council of Canada (Committee on Preventive Medicine). In 2000, he was invited as External Examiner by the Kuwait University. Also, Milos Jenicek is a consultant to various national and international public and private bodies, Editorial Consultant for the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology and the Case Reports & Clinical Practice Review and Honorary Editorial Board Member of Evidence-Based Preventive Medicine.

In addition to numerous scientific papers, Milos Jenicek has published thirteen textbooks: Introduction to Epidemiology (in French, 1975). Epidemiology. Principles, techniques, applications (in French with R. Cléroux, 1982, and in Spanish, 1987), Clinical Epidemiology, Clinimetrics (in French with R. Cléroux, 1985), and Meta-Analysis in Medicine. Evaluation and Synthesis of Clinical and Epidemiological Information (in French, 1987), by the James Lind Library recognized first textbook of meta-analysis in medicine. The Epidemiology. The Logic of Modern Medicine" (EPIMED International,1995) was also published in Spanish (1996) and Japanese (1998). His sixth book, Medical Casuistics. Proper Reporting of Clinical Cases" (in French, 1997) is again produced jointly by Canadian (EDISEM) and French (Maloine) publishers. Clinical Case Reporting in Evidence-Based Medicine (Butterworth Heinemann,1999) appears again as an expanded second edition in English (Arnold, 2001), Italian (2001), Korean (2002) and Japanese (2002). His Foundations of Evidence-Based Medicine was published in 2003 by Parthenon Publishing/CRC Press. The tenth Evidence-Based Practice. Logic and Critical Thinking in Medicine (with D Hitchcock) was released by the American Medical Association (AMA Press, 2005) as well as his A Physicians Self-Paced Guide to Critical Thinking (AMA Press, 2006) and Fallacy-Free Reasoning in Medicine. Improving Communication and Decision Making in Research and Practice (AMA Press, 2009). His Medical Error and Harm. Understanding, Prevention, and Control was just released (2011) by CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.

Current interests: Development of methodology and applications of logic, critical thinking, decision making and communication in health sciences, enhancement of evidence-based medicine and evidence-based public health, health policies and program evaluation, decision oriented (bedside) clinical research.

Contact by e-mail: jenicekm@mcmaster.ca