| Preface |
|
xxiii | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xxv | |
| Author |
|
xxvii | |
| Chapter 1 Physiological and Biochemical Bases of Animal Nutrition |
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1 | (66) |
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Fundamental Concepts of Animal Nutrition |
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2 | (6) |
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Definition of Nutrients and Diets |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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Composition of Feedstuffs |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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Proximate or Weende Analysis of Feedstuffs |
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4 | (2) |
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Modified Methods for Analysis of Feedstuffs and Animals |
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6 | (1) |
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Biochemistry as the Chemical Basis of Nutrition |
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6 | (1) |
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Physiology as the Foundational Basis of Nutrition |
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7 | (1) |
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Integration of Systems Physiology in Nutrient Utilization |
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8 | (5) |
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Structure of the Animal Cell |
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8 | (5) |
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Definitions of Cell, Tissue, Organ, and System |
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8 | (1) |
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Composition and Function of the Animal Cell |
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8 | (2) |
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Transport of Substances across the Biological Membrane |
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10 | (3) |
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Overview of the Animal System |
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13 | (29) |
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14 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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The Central Nervous System |
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16 | (1) |
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The Peripheral Nervous System |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (5) |
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16 | (4) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (12) |
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The Stomach in Nonruminants |
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22 | (4) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (3) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (2) |
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The Musculoskeletal System |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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The Male Reproductive System |
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35 | (2) |
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The Female Reproductive System |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (3) |
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42 | (1) |
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Overview of Metabolic Pathways |
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42 | (16) |
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Major Metabolic Pathways and Their Significance |
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42 | (3) |
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Characteristics of Metabolic Pathways |
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45 | (5) |
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Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions |
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45 | (3) |
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Intracellular Compartmentalization of Metabolic Pathways |
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48 | (1) |
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Cell-, Zone-, Age-, and Species-Dependent Metabolic Pathways |
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49 | (1) |
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Biological Oxidation in Mitochondria |
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50 | (17) |
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The Krebs Cycle in Mitochondria |
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50 | (3) |
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The Electron Transport System in Mitochondria |
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53 | (4) |
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Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation and Inhibitors of the Electron Transport System |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (3) |
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61 | (6) |
| Chapter 2 Chemistry of Carbohydrates |
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67 | (42) |
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General Classification of Carbohydrates |
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67 | (3) |
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67 | (1) |
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D-and L-Configuration of Carbohydrates |
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68 | (1) |
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Cyclic Hemiacetals (Aldoses) and Hemiketals (Ketoses) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (6) |
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70 | (1) |
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Chemical Representation of Monosaccharide Structures |
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70 | (3) |
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70 | (1) |
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Cyclic Hemiacetal or Hemiketal Form |
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70 | (3) |
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Glucose and Fructose in Plants |
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73 | (1) |
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Glucose and Fructose in Animals |
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73 | (2) |
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Other Monosaccharides in Plants and Animals |
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75 | (1) |
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Simple Aminosugars as Monosaccharides in Plants and Animals |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (6) |
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76 | (3) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (8) |
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Homopolysaccharides in Plants |
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84 | (4) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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Homopolysaccharides in Animals |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Homopolysaccharides in Microbes and Other Lower Organisms |
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89 | (3) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (7) |
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Heteropolysaccharides in Plants |
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92 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Mannans as Glucomannans, Galactomannans, or Galactoglucomannans |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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Heteropolysaccharides in Animals |
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94 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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Sulfated Heteropolysaccharides |
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95 | (1) |
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Heteropolysaccharides in Microbes |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Heteropolysaccharides in Algae and Seaweeds (Marine Plants) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Phenolic Polymers in Plants |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Non-Starch Polysaccharides in Plants, Algae, and Seaweeds |
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98 | (1) |
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Chemical Reactions of Carbohydrates |
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99 | (3) |
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99 | (3) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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Dehydration of Aldoses and Ketoses |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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Disaccharides and Polysaccharides |
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102 | (7) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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The Molisch Test for Nearly All Carbohydrates |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (5) |
| Chapter 3 Chemistry of Lipids |
|
109 | (40) |
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Classification and Structures of Lipids |
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109 | (30) |
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111 | (8) |
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Definition of Fatty Acids |
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111 | (1) |
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Nomenclature of Fatty Acids |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (5) |
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119 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (6) |
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Glycolipids (Glycerol-Glycolipids) |
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121 | (2) |
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Phospholipids (Phosphatides) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Ether Glycerophospholipids |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (12) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (6) |
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134 | (3) |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (3) |
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Hydrolysis of TAG and Saponification of Fatty Acids |
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139 | (1) |
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Esterification with Alcohols |
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140 | (1) |
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Substitution of the Hydroxyl Hydrogen |
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140 | (1) |
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Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids |
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140 | (1) |
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Iodination and Bromination of the Double Bonds of Unsaturated Fatty Acids |
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141 | (1) |
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Peroxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids |
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141 | (1) |
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Reaction of the Hydrogen Atom in Methylene and Carboxyl Groups with Halogens |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (6) |
| Chapter 4 Chemistry of Protein and Amino Acids |
|
149 | (44) |
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Definition, Chemical Classification, and Properties of AAs |
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149 | (16) |
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149 | (4) |
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alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, or epsilon-AAs |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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Differences in the Structures of AAs |
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151 | (2) |
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Naming and Chemical Expression of AAs |
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153 | (1) |
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The Zwitterionic (Ionized) Form of AAs |
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153 | (2) |
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D-or L-Configurations of AAs |
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155 | (3) |
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Definition of L-and D-AAs |
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155 | (1) |
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Optical Activity of L-and D-AAs |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (3) |
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R/S Configurations of AAs |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Modified AA Residues in Proteins or Polypeptides |
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159 | (2) |
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Free AAs and Peptide (Protein)-Bound AAs |
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161 | (2) |
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Physical Appearance, Melting Points, and Tastes of AAs |
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163 | (1) |
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Solubility of AAs in Water and Solutions |
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164 | (1) |
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Chemical Stability of AAs |
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164 | (1) |
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Stability of Crystalline AAs |
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164 | (1) |
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Stability of AAs in Water and Buffers |
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164 | (1) |
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Stability of AAs in Acid and Alkaline Solutions |
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165 | (1) |
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Definition, Chemical Classifications, and Properties of Peptides and Protein |
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165 | (7) |
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Definitions of Peptides and Proteins |
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165 | (1) |
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Major Proteins in Animals |
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166 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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Proteins in Connective Tissues |
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167 | (1) |
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Separation of Peptides from Proteins |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (2) |
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The Concept of Crude Protein and True Protein |
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170 | (2) |
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Crystalline AAs, Protein Ingredients, and Peptide Additives for Animal Diets |
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172 | (5) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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Peptides Used as Feed Additives |
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175 | (2) |
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Chemical Reactions of Free AAs |
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177 | (8) |
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Chemical Reactions of the Amino Group in alpha-AAs |
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177 | (2) |
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Reaction of the alpha-Amino Group of AAs with a Strong Acid |
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177 | (1) |
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Acetylation of the alpha-Amino Group of AAs |
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177 | (1) |
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Conjugation of the alpha-Amino Group in AAs with a Reagent |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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Transamination of AAs with alpha-Ketoacids |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Chemical Reactions of the Carboxyl Group in a-AAs |
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179 | (1) |
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Reaction of the Carboxyl Group of AAs with an Alkaline |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Chemical Reactions of the Side Chains in alpha-AAs |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Iodination of the Phenol Ring in Tyrosine |
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180 | (1) |
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Chemical Reactions Involving the epsilon-NH2 Group of Lysine |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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Chemical Reactions Involving Both the Amino and Carboxyl Groups of the Same alpha-AA |
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181 | (2) |
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Chelation of AAs with Metals |
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182 | (1) |
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Esterification and Nalpha-Dehydrogenation of alpha-AAs |
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182 | (1) |
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Oxidative Deamination (Decarboxylation) of AAs |
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182 | (1) |
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Intramolecular Cyclization Reactions Involving the Side Chain Group and the alpha-Amino Group of alpha-AAs |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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Chemical Reactions of Proteins and Polypeptides |
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185 | (3) |
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Hydrolysis of the Peptide Bond in Protein and Polypeptides |
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185 | (1) |
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Dye-Binding of Protein and Polypeptides |
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185 | (1) |
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Biuret Assay of Protein and Peptides |
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185 | (1) |
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Lowry Assay of Protein and Peptides |
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185 | (1) |
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Maillard Reaction of Protein and Peptides |
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186 | (1) |
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Buffering Reactions of Proteins |
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187 | (1) |
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Binding of Hemoglobin to O2, CO2, CO, and NO |
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187 | (1) |
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Protein Solubility in Water |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (4) |
| Chapter 5 Nutrition and Metabolism of Carbohydrates |
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193 | (78) |
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Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates in Nonruminants |
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194 | (7) |
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Digestion of Starch and Glycogen in Nonruminants |
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194 | (2) |
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Roles of alpha-Amylase in the Mouth and Stomach |
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194 | (1) |
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Roles of Pancreatic alpha-Amylase and Apical Membrane Disaccharidases in the Small Intestine |
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194 | (1) |
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Effects of the Structure of Starches on Their Digestion in the Small Intestine |
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195 | (1) |
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Digestion of Milk-and Plant-Source Di-and Oligosaccharides in Nonruminants |
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196 | (1) |
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Substrate Specificity of Carbohydrases in Nonruminants |
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196 | (1) |
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Developmental Changes of Carbohydrases in Nonruminants |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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Absorption of Monosaccharides by the Small Intestine in Nonruminants |
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197 | (4) |
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Role of Glucose and Fructose Transporters in the Apical Membrane of Enterocytes |
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197 | (2) |
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Role of Basolateral Membrane GLUT2 in the Exit of Monosaccharides from Enterocytes into the Lamina Propria |
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199 | (1) |
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Trafficking of Monosaccharides from the Lamina Propia into the Liver |
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199 | (1) |
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Developmental Changes of Intestinal Monosaccharide Transport in Nonruminants |
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200 | (1) |
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Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates in Pre-Ruminants |
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201 | (1) |
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Digestion of Carbohydrates in Pre-Ruminants |
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201 | (1) |
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Absorption of Monosaccharides in Pre-Ruminants |
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201 | (1) |
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Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates in Ruminants |
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201 | (9) |
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Fermentative Digestion of Carbohydrates in Ruminants |
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201 | (9) |
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Major Dietary Complex Carbohydrates in the Rumen |
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201 | (1) |
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Retention Times of Feed Particles and Carbohydrates in the Rumen |
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202 | (1) |
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Extracellular Hydrolysis of Complex Carbohydrates into Monosaccharides by Ruminal Microbes |
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202 | (1) |
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Intracellular Hydrolysis of Complex Carbohydrates into Monosaccharides Ruminal Protozoa |
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203 | (1) |
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Intracellular Degradation of Monosaccharides in Ruminal Microbes |
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203 | (1) |
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Generation and Utilization of NADH and NADPH in the Rumen |
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203 | (1) |
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Production of SCFAs in the Rumen |
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204 | (2) |
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Entry of SCFAs from the Rumen into Blood |
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206 | (1) |
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Production of Methane in the Rumen |
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207 | (2) |
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Ruminal Metabolic Disorders |
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209 | (1) |
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Species Differences in Carbohydrate Digestion among Ruminants |
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210 | (1) |
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Absorption of Monosaccharides by the Small Intestine in Ruminants |
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210 | (1) |
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Fermentation of Carbohydrates in the Large Intestine of Nonruminants and Ruminants |
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210 | (1) |
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Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates in Fish |
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211 | (2) |
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Dietary Carbohydrates for Fish |
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211 | (1) |
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Digestion of Carbohydrates in Fish |
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212 | (1) |
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Digestion of Starch and Glycogen |
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212 | (1) |
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Digestion of beta-(1-4)-Linked Carbohydrates |
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212 | (1) |
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Overall Digestibility of Starch |
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212 | (1) |
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Absorption of Monosaccharides by the Intestine of Fish |
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213 | (1) |
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Glucose Metabolism in Animal Tissues |
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213 | (40) |
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Glucose Turnover in the Whole Body |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (8) |
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214 | (1) |
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Entry of Glucose into Cells via Different Transporters |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (3) |
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Energetics and Significance of Glycolysis |
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218 | (1) |
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Conversion of Pyruvate into Lactate and the Cori Cycle |
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219 | (1) |
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Conversion of Pyruvate into Lactate or Ethanol |
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219 | (1) |
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Cytosolic Redox State in Animal Cells |
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219 | (1) |
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Glycolysis and Cell Proliferation |
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219 | (1) |
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Pasteur Effect in Animal Cells |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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Quantification of Glycolysis in Animal Cells |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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Transfer of NADH from the Cytosol into Mitochondria |
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220 | (2) |
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Mitochondrial Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA |
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222 | (1) |
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Oxidation of Acetyl-CoA via the Mitochondrial Krebs Cycle and ATP Synthesis |
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223 | (6) |
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Overall Reaction of the Krebs Cycle |
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223 | (1) |
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Production of ATP and Water in Mitochondria |
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224 | (1) |
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Energetics of Acetyl-CoA Oxidation |
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225 | (1) |
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Energetics of Glucose Oxidation in Aerobic Respiration |
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225 | (1) |
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Nutritional and Physiological Significance of the Krebs Cycle in Animals |
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225 | (1) |
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Metabolic Control of the Krebs Cycle |
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226 | (1) |
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Isotopic Tracing of the Krebs Cycle |
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227 | (1) |
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Mitochondrial Redox State |
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228 | (1) |
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Crabtree Effect in Animal Cells |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (4) |
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Reactions of the Pentose Cycle |
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229 | (1) |
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Activity of the Pentose Cycle in Animal Tissues and Cells |
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229 | (2) |
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Physiological Significance of the Pentose Cycle |
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231 | (1) |
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Quantification of the Pentose Cycle |
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232 | (1) |
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Regulation of the Pentose Cycle |
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233 | (1) |
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Metabolism of Glucose via the Uronic Acid Pathway |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (14) |
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Definition of Gluconeogenesis |
|
|
234 | (1) |
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Pathway of Gluconeogenesis |
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|
235 | (3) |
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Physiological Substrates for Gluconeogenesis |
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|
238 | (2) |
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Regulation of Gluconeogenesis |
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240 | (5) |
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Quantification of Gluconeogenesis |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
Nutritional and Physiological Significance of Gluconeogenesis |
|
|
246 | (2) |
|
|
|
248 | (5) |
|
Glycogen as a Hydrophilic Macromolecule |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Pathway of Glycogen Synthesis |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Pathway of Glycogen Degradation (Glycogenolysis) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Glycogenesis |
|
|
250 | (2) |
|
Regulation of Glycogenolysis |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Determination of Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
Nutritional and Physiological Significance of Glycogen Metabolism |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
Fructose Metabolism in Animal Tissues |
|
|
253 | (3) |
|
Synthesis of Fructose from Glucose in a Cell-Specific Manner |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
Pathways for Fructose Catabolism |
|
|
254 | (2) |
|
Nutritional, Physiological, and Pathological Significance of Fructose |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Beneficial Effects of Fructose in Reproduction |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Pathological Effects of Excess Fructose |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Galactose Metabolism in Animal Tissues |
|
|
256 | (3) |
|
Pathway of UDP-Galactose Synthesis from D-Glucose in animal Tissues |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Pathway of Galactose Catabolism |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
Physiological and Pathological Significance of Galactose |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
Nutritional and Physiological Effects of Dietary NSPs in Animals |
|
|
259 | (3) |
|
|
|
259 | (2) |
|
Effects of NSPs on Feed Intake by Animals |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Effects of NSPs on Nutrient Digestibility, Growth, and Feed Efficiency |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Effects of NSPs on Intestinal and Overall Health |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
|
261 | (11) |
|
Effects of NDF on Rumen pH and Environment |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
Effects of NDF on Intestinal Health |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
Effects of NDF on Lactation and Growth Performance |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
Effects of NDF on Feed Intake |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
|
|
263 | (8) |
| Chapter 6 Nutrition and Metabolism of Lipids |
|
271 | (78) |
|
Digestion and Absorption of Lipids in Nonruminants |
|
|
272 | (8) |
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Digestion of Lipids in the Mouth and Stomach |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Digestion of Lipids in the Small Intestine |
|
|
272 | (4) |
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Formation of Lipid Micelles |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Digestion of TAGs, Phospholipids, and Cholesterol Esters |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
Digestibility of Dietary Lipids |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
Absorption of Lipids by the Small Intestine |
|
|
276 | (4) |
|
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Absorption of Lipids into Enterocytes |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Resynthesis of TAGs in Enterocytes |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Assimilation of Wax Esters |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
Assembly of Chylomicrons, VLDLs, and HDLs in Enterocytes |
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
Diurnal Changes in Intestinal Lipid Absorption |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Digestion and Absorption of Lipids in Preruminants |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Digestion of Lipids in the Mouth and Small Intestine |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Limited Digestion by Salivary Lipase in Mouth, Forestomaches, and Abomasum |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Extensive Digestion of Lipids in the Small Intestine |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
Absorption of Lipids by the Small Intestine |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
Digestion and Absorption of Lipids in Ruminants |
|
|
281 | (4) |
|
Digestion of Lipids in the Rumen |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
Products of Lipid Hydrolysis |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
Biohydrogenation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Digestion of Lipids in the Abomasum |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Digestion of Lipids in the Small Intestine |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
Digestibility of Dietary Lipids in the Small Intestine |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
Absorption of Lipids by the Small Intestine |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Absorption of Lipids into Enterocytes |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Resynthesis of TAGS in Enterocytes |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Assembly of Chylomicrons and VLDL in Enterocytes |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Digestion and Absorption of Lipids in Fish |
|
|
285 | (2) |
|
Digestion of Lipids in the Intestine |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Absorption of Lipids in the Intestine |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Lipoprotein Transport and Metabolism in Animals |
|
|
287 | (8) |
|
Release of Lipoproteins from the Small Intestine and Liver |
|
|
287 | (8) |
|
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Metabolism of Chylomicrons, VLDLs, and LDLs |
|
|
287 | (6) |
|
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Important Role for HDLs in Cholesterol Metabolism |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Species Differences in Lipoprotein Metabolism |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Fatty Acid Synthesis in Tissues |
|
|
295 | (13) |
|
Synthesis of Saturated Fatty Acids from Acetyl-CoA |
|
|
295 | (4) |
|
Formation of Malonyl-CoA from Acetyl-CoA by Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Formation of C4 Fatty Acid Chain from Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA by Fatty Acid Synthase |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Addition of Malonyl-CoA to the C4 Fatty Acid to Form C16 Fatty Acids |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Metabolic Fate of Palmitate |
|
|
297 | (2) |
|
Synthesis of Saturated Fatty Acids from Propionyl-CoA or Butyryl-CoA plus Acetyl-CoA |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Synthesis of Short-Chain Fatty Acids |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Synthesis of MUFAs in Animals |
|
|
299 | (2) |
|
Synthesis of Delta9 MUFAs |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Introduction of Double Bonds between Delta9 Carbon and Delta1 Carbon |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Failure of Animals to Introduce Double Bonds beyond Delta9 Carbon |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Differences between Trans Unsaturated Fatty Acids and PUFAs in Animal Nutrition |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Measurements of Fatty Acid Synthesis |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Species Differences in the Use of Substrates for De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Tissue Differences within the Same Animal in the Use of Substrates for De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
Nutritional and Hormonal Regulation of Fatty Acid Synthesis |
|
|
304 | (2) |
|
|
|
304 | (2) |
|
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Cholesterol Synthesis and Cellular Sources |
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
Cholesterol Synthesis from Acetyl-CoA in Liver |
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
Sources of Cellular Cholesterol and the Regulation of Its Homeostasis |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
TAG Synthesis and Catabolism in Animals |
|
|
308 | (3) |
|
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
MAG Pathway for TAG Synthesis |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
G3P Pathway for TAG Synthesis |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Additional Pathways for TAG Synthesis |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Function of DAG in Protein Kinase C Signaling |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Storage of TAGs in WAT and Other Tissues |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Mobilization of TAGs from Tissues to Release Glycerol and Fatty Acids |
|
|
311 | (3) |
|
Intracellular Lipolysis by HSL in Animal Tissues |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Tissue Distribution and Function of HSL |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Regulation of HSL Activity in Animal Tissues |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Intracellular Lipolysis by Adipose Triglyceride Lipase |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Tissue Distribution and Function of Adipose Triglyceride Lipase |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Regulation of ATGL Activity |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Intracellular Lipolysis by Diacylglyceol Lipase and Monoacylglycerol Lipase in Animal Tissues |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Functions of Diacylglyceol Lipase and Monoacylglycerol Lipase |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Regulation of DGL and MGL Activities |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Intracellular Lipolysis by Lysosomal Acid Lipase (LAL) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Oxidation of Fatty Acids in Animals |
|
|
314 | (15) |
|
Metabolic Fate of Fatty Acids: CO2 Production and Ketogenesis |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Mitochondrial beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids to CO2 and Water |
|
|
314 | (4) |
|
Pathway of Mitochondria! beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids |
|
|
314 | (4) |
|
Energetics of Fatty Acid beta-Oxidation |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Oxidation of Long-Chain Unsaturated Fatty Acids |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Oxidation of Short-and Medium-Chain Fatty Acids |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
Regulation of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid 0-Oxidation |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Peroxisomal beta-Oxidation Systems I and II |
|
|
321 | (3) |
|
Activation of Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids into Very-Long-Chain Acyl-CoA |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Transport of Very-Long-Chain Acyl-CoA from the Cytosol into the Peroxisome |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Shortening of Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acyl-CoA |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Peroxisomal beta-Oxidation |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Role of Peroxisomal beta-Oxidation in Ameliorating Metabolic Syndrome |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Production and Utilization of Ketone Bodies in Animals |
|
|
324 | (5) |
|
Production of Ketone Bodies Primarily by Liver |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Hepatic Ketogenesis |
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
Utilization of Ketone Bodies by Extrahepatic Tissues |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
alpha-Oxidation of Fatty Acids |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
omega-Oxidation of Fatty Acids |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Measurements of Fatty Acid Oxidation and Lipolysis |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Metabolism and Functions of Eicosanoids |
|
|
329 | (4) |
|
Synthesis of Bioactive Eicosanoids from PUFAs |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Degradation of Bioactive Eicosanoids |
|
|
330 | (2) |
|
Physiological Functions of Eicosanoids |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Phospholipid and Sphingolipid Metabolism |
|
|
333 | (3) |
|
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
Synthesis of Phospholipids |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Sources of Ethanolamine and Choline in Animals |
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Metabolism of Steroid Hormones |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
Synthesis of Progesterone and Glucocorticoids |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Synthesis of Testosterone and Estrogen |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
Fat Deposition and Health in Animals |
|
|
338 | (2) |
|
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
|
341 | (8) |
| Chapter 7 Nutrition and Metabolism of Protein and Amino Acids |
|
349 | (100) |
|
Digestion and Absorption of Protein in Nonruminants |
|
|
349 | (17) |
|
Digestion of Protein in the Stomach of Nonruminants |
|
|
350 | (4) |
|
Secretion of Gastric Hydrochloric Acid |
|
|
350 | (2) |
|
Digestive Function of Gastric HCl and Gastric Proteases |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
Developmental Changes of Gastric Proteases in Nonruminant Mammals |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Developmental Changes of Gastric Proteases in Avian Species |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Regulation of the Secretion of Gastric Proteases in Nonruminants |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Digestion of Proteins in the Small Intestine of Nonruminants |
|
|
354 | (6) |
|
Flow of Digesta from the Stomach into the Small Intestine for Proteolysis |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Release of Pancreactic Pro-Proteases into the Lumen of the Duodenum |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Release of Proteases and Oligopeptidases from the Small-Intestinal Mucosa into the Intestinal Lumen |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Extracellular Hydrolysis of Proteins and Polypeptides in the Small Intestine |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Developmental Changes in Extracellular Proteases in the Small Intestine of Nonruminant Mammals |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Developmental Changes in Extracellular Proteases in the Small Intestine of Avian Species |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Regulation of the Activities of Small-Intestinal Proteases in Nonruminants |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Protein Digestibility versus Dietary AA Bioavailability in Nonruminants |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Catabolism of Free AAs and Small Peptides by the Luminal Bacteria of the Small Intestine in Nonruminants |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Absorption of Small Peptides and AAs by the Small Intestine of Nonruminants |
|
|
360 | (6) |
|
Transport of Di-and Tri-Peptides by Enterocytes |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Transport of Free AAs by Enterocytes |
|
|
361 | (3) |
|
Polarity of Enterocytes in AA and Peptide Transport |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Metabolism of AAs in Enterocytes |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Digestion and Absorption of Protein in Preruminants |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Digestion of Proteins in the Abomasum and the Small Intestine in Preruminants |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Absorption of Protein Digestion Products by the Small Intestine in Preruminants |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Digestion and Absorption of Protein in Ruminants |
|
|
367 | (7) |
|
Degradation of Dietary Protein in the Rumen |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Extracellular Proteolysis by Bacterial Proteases and Oligopeptidases |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Extracellular and Intracellular Degradation of NPN into Ammonia in the Rumen |
|
|
368 | (3) |
|
Intracellular Protein Synthesis from Small Peptides, AAs, and Ammonia in Microbes |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Role of Ruminal Protozoa in Intracellular Protein Degradation |
|
|
372 | (2) |
|
Role of Ruminal Fungi in Intracellular Protein Degradation |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Major Factors Affecting Protein Degradation in the Rumen |
|
|
374 | (10) |
|
Effects of Type of Dietary Protein on Its Degradation in the Rumen |
|
|
374 | (3) |
|
Effects of Type of Carbohydrate on Microbial Protein Synthesis in the Rumen |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Effects of Dietary Concentrate and Forage Intake on Proteolytic Bacteria in the Rumen |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Nutritional Importance of Protein Digestion in the Rumen |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Protecting High-Quality Protein and Supplements of AAs from Rumen Degradation |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Polyphenolic Phytochemicals |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Physical Encapsulation of Protein or AAs |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Inhibition of AA Degradation |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Flow of Microbial Protein from the Rumen into the Abomasum and Duodenum |
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
Digestion of Microbial and Feed Proteins in the Abomasum and Small Intestine |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Digestion and Absorption of Nucleic Acids in the Small Intestine |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Nitrogen Recycling in Ruminants and Its Nutritional Implications |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
Fermentation of Protein in the Large Intestine of Nonruminants and Ruminants |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Digestion and Absorption of Protein in Fish |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Developmental Changes of Gastric Proteases in Fish |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Developmental Changes in Extracellular Proteases in the Intestine of Fish |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Bioavailability of Dietary AAs to Extra-Digestive Organs |
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
Net Entry of Dietary AAs from the Small Intestine into the Portal Vein |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Extraction of AAs from the Portal Vein by the Liver |
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
Endogenous Synthesis of AAs in Animals |
|
|
387 | (8) |
|
Needs for Endogenous Synthesis of AAs in Animals |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
EAAs as Precursors for Synthesis of NEAAs |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
Cell-and Tissue-Specific Syntheses of AAs |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
Species Differences in Syntheses of AAs |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Synthesis of AAs from Their alpha-Ketoacids or Analogs in Animal Cells and Bacteria |
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
Syntheses of D-AAs in Animal Cells and Bacteria |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
Regulation of AA Syntheses in Animals |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
Degradation of AAs in Animals |
|
|
395 | (19) |
|
Partition of AAs into Pathways for Catabolism and Protein Synthesis |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Cell-and Tissue-Specific Degradation of AAs |
|
|
396 | (5) |
|
Compartmentalization of AA Degradation in Cells |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Interorgan Metabolism of Dietary AAs |
|
|
402 | (3) |
|
Intestinal-Renal Axis for Arg Synthesis |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Renal Gln Utilization for Regulation of Acid-Base Balance |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Gln and Ala Synthesis from BCAAs |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
Conversion of Pro to Gly through Hydroxyproline |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Regulation of AA Oxidation to Ammonia and CO2 |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Detoxification of Ammonia as Urea via the Urea Cycle in Mammals |
|
|
406 | (2) |
|
The Urea Cycle for Disposal of Ammonia in Mammals |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Energy Requirement of Urea Synthesis |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Regulation of the Urea Cycle |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Detoxification of Ammonia as Uric Acid in Birds |
|
|
408 | (3) |
|
Uric Acid Synthesis for Disposal of Ammonia in Birds |
|
|
408 | (2) |
|
Energy Requirement of Uric acid Synthesis |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Species Differences in Uric Acid Degradation |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Uric Acid Synthesis |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Comparison between Urea and Uric Acid Synthesis |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Species-Specific Degradation of AAs |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Major Products of AA Catabolism in Animals |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Intracellular Protein Turnover |
|
|
414 | (14) |
|
Intracellular Protein Synthesis |
|
|
414 | (6) |
|
Gene Transcription to form mRNA |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Initiation of mRNA Translation to Generate Peptides at Ribosomes |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Peptide Elongation to Produce Protein |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Termination of Peptide Chain Elongation |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Posttranslational Modifications of Newly Synthesized Proteins |
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
Protein Synthesis in Mitochondria |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Energy Requirement of Protein Synthesis |
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
Measurement of Protein Synthesis |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Intracellular Protein Degradation |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
Proteases for Intracellular Protein Degradation |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Intracellular Proteolytic Pathways |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Biological Half-Lives of Proteins |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Energy Requirement for Intracellular Protein Degradation |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Measurements of Intracellular Protein Degradation |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Nutritional and Physiological Significance of Protein Turnover |
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
Nutritional and Hormonal Regulation of Intracellular Protein Turnover |
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
Dietary Provision of AAs and Energy |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Physiological and Pathological Stresses |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Dietary Requirements for AAs by Animals |
|
|
428 | (5) |
|
Needs for Formulating Dietary AA Requirements of Animals |
|
|
428 | (5) |
|
General Considerations of Dietary Requirements of AAs |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Qualitative Requirements of Dietary AAs |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Quantitative Requirements of Dietary AAs |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
Factors Affecting Dietary Requirements of AAs |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
The "Ideal Protein" Concept |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Evaluation of the Quality of Dietary Protein and AAs |
|
|
433 | (5) |
|
Analysis of AAs in Diets and Feed Ingredients |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Determination of Protein Digestibility |
|
|
434 | (3) |
|
Apparent vs. True Digestibility of Dietary Protein |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
Measurement of AAEIb in the Small Intestine with the Use of an Indicator Technique |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Measurement of Protein Digestibility of a Feed Ingredient Added to a Basal Diet |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Animal Feeding Experiments to Determine the Quality of Dietary Protein |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (10) |
| Chapter 8 Energy Metabolism |
|
449 | (30) |
|
|
|
449 | (4) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Unit of Energy in Animal Nutrition |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Partition of Food Energy in Animals |
|
|
453 | (9) |
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
|
454 | (3) |
|
Definition of Digestible Energy |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Losses of Fecal Energy in Various Animals |
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
Measurements of the Digestibility of Feeds |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Net Energy and Heat Increment |
|
|
458 | (4) |
|
Energetic Efficiency of Metabolic Transformations in Animals |
|
|
462 | (6) |
|
Determination of Heat Production as an Indicator of Energy Expenditure by Animals |
|
|
468 | (7) |
|
Total Heat Production by Animals |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Direct Calorimetry for Measurement of Heat Production |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Indirect Calorimetry for Measurement of Heat Production |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Closed-Circuit Indirect Calorimetry |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Open-Circuit Indirect Calorimetry |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Comparative Slaughter Technique for Estimating Heat Production |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Lean Tissues and Energy Expenditure |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Usefulness of RQ Values in Assessing Substrate Oxidation in Animals |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Caution in the Interpretation of RQ Values |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (3) |
| Chapter 9 Nutrition and Metabolism of Vitamins |
|
479 | (74) |
|
Chemical and Biochemical Characteristics of Vitamins |
|
|
479 | (2) |
|
General Characteristics of Vitamins |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
General Sources of Vitamins for Animals |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
|
481 | (30) |
|
|
|
482 | (4) |
|
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
|
|
488 | (3) |
|
Pantothenic Acid (Pantothenate) |
|
|
491 | (3) |
|
Pyridoxal, Pyridoxine, and Pyridoxamine (Vitamin B6) |
|
|
494 | (3) |
|
|
|
497 | (3) |
|
|
|
500 | (3) |
|
|
|
503 | (4) |
|
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) |
|
|
507 | (4) |
|
|
|
511 | (19) |
|
|
|
512 | (6) |
|
|
|
518 | (4) |
|
|
|
522 | (4) |
|
|
|
526 | (4) |
|
|
|
530 | (13) |
|
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
535 | (2) |
|
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (2) |
|
|
|
545 | (8) |
| Chapter 10 Nutrition and Metabolism of Minerals |
|
553 | (80) |
|
Overall Views of Minerals |
|
|
555 | (6) |
|
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Overall View of Absorption of Dietary Minerals |
|
|
556 | (3) |
|
General Functions of Minerals |
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
|
|
561 | (17) |
|
|
|
561 | (4) |
|
|
|
565 | (2) |
|
|
|
567 | (2) |
|
|
|
569 | (3) |
|
|
|
572 | (2) |
|
|
|
574 | (2) |
|
|
|
576 | (2) |
|
|
|
578 | (43) |
|
|
|
578 | (7) |
|
|
|
585 | (4) |
|
|
|
589 | (5) |
|
|
|
594 | (2) |
|
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
|
597 | (2) |
|
|
|
599 | (3) |
|
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
602 | (2) |
|
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (2) |
|
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
613 | (2) |
|
|
|
615 | (2) |
|
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (3) |
|
|
|
621 | (2) |
|
|
|
623 | (10) |
| Chapter 11 Nutritional Requirements for Maintenance and Production |
|
633 | (54) |
|
Nutritional Requirements for Maintenance |
|
|
634 | (7) |
|
Energy Requirements for Maintenance |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
Additional Factors Affecting the BMR |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
Metabolic Size of Animals |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
Normal Living Conditions of Animals |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Protein and AA Requirements for Maintenance |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Fatty Acid Requirements for Maintenance |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
Vitamin Requirements for Maintenance |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
Mineral Requirements for Maintenance |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
Water Requirements for Maintenance |
|
|
638 | (3) |
|
Use of Energy and Its Substrates for Maintenance |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
Nutritional Requirements for Production |
|
|
641 | (35) |
|
Suboptimal Efficiencies of Animal Protein Production in Current Agricultural Systems |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
Nutritional Requirements for Reproduction of Females |
|
|
643 | (8) |
|
Early Developmental Events of Conceptuses |
|
|
645 | (3) |
|
Effects of Nutrients and Related Factors on Reproductive Performance of Females |
|
|
648 | (2) |
|
Intrauterine Growth Restriction |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
Determination of Nutrient Requirements by Gestating Dams |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
Nutritional Requirements for Reproduction of Males |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
Overall Undernutrition or Overnutrition |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
Protein and Arginine Intake |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
Deficiencies of Minerals and Vitamins |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
Diseases, Toxins, Stress, and Excess Minerals |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Fetal and Neonatal Programming |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Nutritional Requirements for Postnatal Growth of Animals |
|
|
652 | (4) |
|
Components of Animal Growth |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Absolute versus Relative Rate of Animal Growth |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Animal Growth by Anabolic Agents |
|
|
654 | (2) |
|
|
|
656 | (2) |
|
Critical Role of Dietary AA Intake in Animal Growth |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
Nutritional Requirements for Milk Production |
|
|
658 | (11) |
|
|
|
658 | (4) |
|
|
|
662 | (6) |
|
Release of Milk Proteins, Lactose, and Fats from MECs to the Lumen of the Alveoli |
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
Efficiency of Energy Utilization for Milk Production |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
Nutritional Requirements for Production of Muscular Work |
|
|
669 | (3) |
|
Energy Conversion in Skeletal Muscle |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
High Requirements for Dietary Energy, Protein, and Minerals for Muscular Work |
|
|
670 | (2) |
|
Nutritional Requirements for Production of Wool and Feathers |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
Wool Production in Sheep and Goats |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
Nutritional Requirements for Production of Eggs in Poultry |
|
|
672 | (15) |
|
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
High Requirements for Dietary Energy, Protein, and Calcium for Egg Production |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
Feather Growth and Color of Birds |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
|
676 | (3) |
|
|
|
679 | (8) |
| Chapter 12 Regulation of Food Intake by Animals |
|
687 | (22) |
|
Regulation of Food Intake by Nonruminants |
|
|
687 | (12) |
|
Control Centers in the Central Nervous System |
|
|
687 | (5) |
|
Hypothalamus, Neurotransmitters, and Neuropeptides |
|
|
687 | (2) |
|
|
|
689 | (2) |
|
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
Control of Food Intake by Nutrients and Metabolites |
|
|
692 | (7) |
|
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
Dietary Content of Sweet Sugars |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
Glucose Concentrations in the Plasma |
|
|
692 | (2) |
|
|
|
694 | (3) |
|
Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies |
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Food Intake by Ruminants |
|
|
699 | (2) |
|
Physical Limits of the Rumen |
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
Control of Food Intake by Nutrients and Metabolites |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
Diet Selection in Nonruminants and Ruminants |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
Economic Benefits of Feed Efficiency Improvement |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
|
|
704 | (5) |
| Chapter 13 Feed Additives |
|
709 | (26) |
|
|
|
709 | (9) |
|
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
Special Thermozymes for Feeds |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
Enzyme Additives for Nonruminants |
|
|
711 | (5) |
|
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
Pentosanases (Arabinase and Xylanase) |
|
|
712 | (3) |
|
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
Enzyme Additives for Ruminants |
|
|
716 | (2) |
|
|
|
718 | (7) |
|
|
|
718 | (5) |
|
|
|
719 | (2) |
|
Direct-Fed Microbials (Probiotics) |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
Agents to Remove or Absorb Mycotoxins in Feeds |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
|
|
723 | (2) |
|
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
Other Substances for Ruminants and Nonruminants |
|
|
725 | (3) |
|
Amino Acids and Related Compounds |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
Anti-Mold Feed Additives and Antioxidants |
|
|
726 | (2) |
|
Yucca schidigera Extract (BIOPOWDER) |
|
|
726 | (2) |
|
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
|
|
729 | (6) |
| Index |
|
735 | |
