Preface |
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xiii | |
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PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY |
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3 | (18) |
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4 | (4) |
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What evolution is: fundamental principles |
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8 | (5) |
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10 | (1) |
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Variation and inheritance |
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10 | (1) |
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Development and the life course |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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How evolutionary arguments fit alongside other biological perspectives |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (3) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (3) |
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21 | (30) |
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21 | (5) |
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What does evolutionary theory explain? |
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26 | (3) |
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29 | (12) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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Genes as units of selection |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (3) |
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Areas of debate and the limitations of adaptationist argument |
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41 | (7) |
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Does evolution have a direction? |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Is selection the only mechanism of evolution? |
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43 | (1) |
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Is every feature of an organism an adaptation? |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (1) |
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How do we explain traits that appear to reduce fitness? |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (3) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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The molecular basis of variation and inheritance |
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51 | (26) |
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51 | (1) |
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Molecular basis of human genetic variation |
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52 | (5) |
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52 | (1) |
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Mutation as a cause of sequence variation in the genome |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (3) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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How different are any two individual genomes? |
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57 | (3) |
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Recombination as a source of variation |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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Factors affecting variation |
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60 | (4) |
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How drift affects diversity |
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60 | (3) |
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Molecular effects of selection |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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From genotype to phenotype |
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64 | (4) |
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Why hasn't selection eliminated monogenic disease from the population? |
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68 | (2) |
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No single genes for common diseases |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (3) |
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74 | (3) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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Evolution and development |
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77 | (20) |
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77 | (2) |
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Development: pre-ordined or plastic? |
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79 | (1) |
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Is development important? |
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80 | (3) |
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83 | (1) |
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Responses to environmental cues during development |
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84 | (4) |
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84 | (1) |
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Adaptive responses in development |
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85 | (1) |
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Immediately adaptive responses: coping with the consequences |
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85 | (1) |
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Predictive adaptive responses |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (2) |
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Intergenerational effects |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (3) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Evolution of life histories |
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97 | (26) |
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97 | (1) |
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General overview of life history theory |
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98 | (10) |
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Key trade-offs in life histories |
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98 | (2) |
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Number versus quality of offspring |
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100 | (1) |
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Current versus future reproduction |
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100 | (1) |
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Age versus size at maturity |
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101 | (1) |
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Fecundity versus lifespan |
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101 | (1) |
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Extrinsic and intrinsic mortality |
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102 | (2) |
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Extrinsic mortality and age at menarche |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Evolutionary theories of senescence |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (4) |
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109 | (1) |
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Variation in growth and development |
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109 | (3) |
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112 | (4) |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (2) |
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Evolutionary analysis of the distinct features of human growth |
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116 | (4) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Reproductive decline and the menopause |
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119 | (1) |
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Conclusion: interpreting the human life history |
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120 | (3) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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Human evolution and the origins of human diversity |
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123 | (28) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (17) |
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124 | (3) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (5) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (2) |
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Human adaption to local selection pressures |
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141 | (3) |
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Hominin origins and migrations: out of Africa again |
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141 | (2) |
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Variation caused by migration |
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143 | (1) |
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Variation caused by change in lifeways |
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144 | (1) |
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Are humans still evolving? |
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144 | (2) |
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Social implications of human diversity |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (4) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (4) |
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PART 2 UNDERSTANDING HUMAN DISEASE FROM AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE |
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151 | (28) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (4) |
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Sexual differences in the human |
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160 | (1) |
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Gender differences in morbidity and mortality |
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161 | (1) |
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The human reproductive cycle |
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162 | (13) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (3) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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Maternal-fetal interactions |
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168 | (2) |
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Regulation of fetal growth |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (1) |
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Lactation and postnatal care |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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Conclusion: reproduction and evolution |
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175 | (4) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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Nutritional and metabolic adaptation |
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179 | (32) |
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179 | (1) |
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Strategies for energy storage |
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179 | (3) |
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Human diet: an evolutionary history |
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182 | (10) |
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Pre-agricultural hominins |
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182 | (1) |
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Anatomical evidence for diet quality in early humans |
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183 | (1) |
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Modern foraging populations: what do they teach us? |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (1) |
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The modern nutrition transition |
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187 | (1) |
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Well fed but poorly nourished |
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188 | (4) |
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How can change in the environment increase disease risk? |
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192 | (5) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (2) |
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Was there feast and famine? |
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194 | (1) |
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Has post-agricultural famine selected thrifty genes? |
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194 | (3) |
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Does evolutionary novelty explain current patterns of metabolic disease and obesity? |
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197 | (1) |
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A developmental perspective: the missing link? |
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198 | (8) |
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Maladaptive consequences of an adaptive process |
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201 | (2) |
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Developmental plasticity in the setting of evolutionary novelty |
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203 | (2) |
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Other possible developmental pathways |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (5) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (3) |
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211 | (22) |
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211 | (1) |
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Predation and conspecific violence |
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211 | (5) |
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212 | (1) |
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Developmental changes in stress responses: adaptive prediction |
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213 | (3) |
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216 | (12) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (3) |
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221 | (1) |
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Microbiota and the human genome |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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Dysregulation of the immune system |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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Developmental regulation of immunity |
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227 | (1) |
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Allergies and chronic inflammatory disorders |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (3) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (2) |
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Social organization and behaviour |
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233 | (24) |
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233 | (1) |
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Biological determinants of culture and behaviour |
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233 | (1) |
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Evolution of human brain and behaviour |
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234 | (2) |
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Evolution of social behaviour |
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236 | (10) |
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237 | (2) |
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Selfishness and selfish genes |
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239 | (3) |
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Emotions: Darwinian algorithms of the mind |
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242 | (1) |
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Love, jealousy, marriage, and inheritance |
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242 | (2) |
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Group behaviour and morality |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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Evolutionary perspectives on psychology |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (3) |
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Personality traits and disorders |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Depression and bipolar disorder |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (6) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (4) |
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PART 3 AN EVOLUTIONARY FRAMEWORK FOR HEALTH AND DISEASE |
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Evolutionary principles applied to medical practice |
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257 | (20) |
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257 | (1) |
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Fundamental principles of evolutionary medicine |
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258 | (1) |
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Why has evolution left our bodies vulnerable to disease? |
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259 | (1) |
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An evolutionary classification of ultimate mechanisms affecting disease risk |
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260 | (8) |
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Pathway 1: an evolutionary mismatched or novel environment |
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260 | (3) |
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Pathway 2: life history-associated factors |
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263 | (1) |
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Pathway 3: excessive and uncontrolled defence mechanisms |
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264 | (1) |
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Pathway 4: losing the evolutionary arms race |
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264 | (1) |
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Pathway 5: results of evolutionary constraints |
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265 | (1) |
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Pathway 6: an apparently harmful allele is maintained by balancing selection |
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266 | (1) |
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Pathway 7: sexual selection and competition and their consequences |
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266 | (1) |
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Pathway 8: the outcomes of demographic history |
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267 | (1) |
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Cultural evolution and disease |
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268 | (1) |
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Evolutionary perspectives and cancer |
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268 | (4) |
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Evolutionarily novel environments and cancer |
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269 | (1) |
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Relationships to life history traits |
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270 | (1) |
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Cancer and the evolutionary arms race |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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Understanding disease from an evolutionary perspective |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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An evolutionary evaluation of clinical signs and symptoms |
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272 | (1) |
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Implications for prevention and therapy |
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273 | (1) |
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The challenges of an evolutionary perspective in medicine |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (2) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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Coda: evolution, medicine, and society |
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277 | (6) |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (1) |
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Social Darwinism, eugenics, and political thought |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (1) |
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The future of Homo sapiens |
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281 | (2) |
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282 | (1) |
Index |
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283 | |