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El. knyga: Principles and Standards for the Disposal of Long-lived Radioactive Wastes

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  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Serija: Waste Management v. 3
  • Išleidimo metai: 07-Oct-2003
  • Leidėjas: Pergamon
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080539522
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Principles and Standards for the Disposal of Long-lived Radioactive WastesDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Serija: Waste Management v. 3
  • Išleidimo metai: 07-Oct-2003
  • Leidėjas: Pergamon
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080539522
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This handbook is concerned with developing principles and standards for the safe disposal of solid radioactive wastes by burial deep in the Earth's crust. Radioactive wastes have focussed thinking on long-term environmental protection issues in an unprecedented way. Consequently, the way in which principles and standards are set, and the thinking behind this, is of wider interest than to the nuclear field alone. The issues are not just technical and scientific. There is also a much wider philosophical context to the debate, centering on ethics, human values and the expectations of society.



In this handbook it is intended that all theses issues are brought together, suggesting appropriate ways forward in each area, culminating in a proposed structure for safety regulations. It also aims to provide a detailed discussion of some of the most difficult logical an ethical issues facing those wishing to dispose of long-lived radioactive wastes.

Recenzijos

S.C. Sheppard ...the book is easy to read and very up to date. There are some new ideas, and a solid representation of the state-of-the-art and how we got to it. ...The target audience included established professionals in HLW management, newcomers to the field, and interested lay public who will learn about the intensive multi-year efforts that underlie waste management today. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity

Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
Introduction
1(20)
Wastes and Protection of the Environment
3(6)
Radioactive Wastes
9(4)
The Need for and Structure of Safety Principles
13(1)
Responsibilities for Setting Principles and Standards
14(3)
Stakeholders and their Role in Setting Principles and Standards
17(4)
Stakeholder Interactions: Current Status
18(3)
Safety and Security Issues in Deep Geological Disposal
21(24)
What are Long-lived Radioactive Wastes?
22(5)
Repository Safety Concepts
27(4)
Quantifying and Demonstrating Safety
31(4)
The Context of Time
35(5)
Nuclear Security and Safeguards
40(5)
The Global Security Challenge of Dismantled Nuclear Weapons
41(1)
Safeguards for Commercial Spent Fuel
42(1)
Increasing Global Security with National and International Repositories
43(2)
Ethics
45(14)
Early Ethical Considerations
45(1)
Ethical Principles in IAEA Documentation
46(1)
Ethical Discussions within the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency
47(1)
National Positions on Ethical Issues
48(2)
Intragenerational Equity Aspects
50(3)
Health Risks to Current Populations
50(1)
Social and Economic Impacts
51(1)
Spatial Distribution of Burdens and Benefits
51(1)
Public Involvement
52(1)
Intergenerational Equity Aspects
53(2)
Risks to Future Generations
53(1)
Burdens and Benefits for Future Generations
54(1)
Financial Risks to Future Generations
54(1)
Maximising Freedom of Choice
55(1)
Other Ethical Principles
55(2)
Sustainability
55(1)
Precautionary Principle
56(1)
Polluter Pays Principle
56(1)
Statement of Key Ethically Based Factors and Principles
57(2)
Intragenerational Equity
57(1)
Intergenerational Equity
57(1)
Conclusions from Other Ethical Principles
58(1)
Reversibility and Retrievability
59(12)
Rationale for Retrievability
62(2)
Measures to Enhance Retrievability
64(1)
Potential Impacts of Retrievability
65(1)
Positions on Retrievability Taken in Selected Countries
66(2)
Conclusions
68(3)
Timescales in Repository Evolution
71(10)
Relevant Timescales for Analyses
73(3)
Calculated Timescales for Releases from Repositories
76(1)
The Problem of Compliance with Regulatory Criteria
76(1)
Current Situation Internationally
77(2)
Conclusions
79(2)
Performance Measures and Appropriate Standards
81(38)
Radiation Doses and Risks
82(13)
A Note on the Broader Context of Risk
84(2)
Dose Limits and Constraints
86(2)
Collective Dose and Negligible Incremental Doses
88(3)
Potential Exposure and Risk
91(2)
Exposure Groups and Reference Biospheres
93(2)
Recent Developments in Dose and Risk
95(4)
Constrained Optimisation Over Extended Time Frames
96(2)
Use of Dose and Risk in the Assessment of Potential Exposures
98(1)
The Use of Collective Dose and the ``Controllable Dose'' Concept: Recent Proposals from ICRP
99(3)
Relevance of Dose Constraints at the Exemption/Clearance Level
102(2)
Other Performance Measures
104(10)
Radiological Protection of the Natural Environment
109(2)
Fluxes of Radionuclides from the Repository into the Environment
111(1)
Comparisons with Fluxes of Natural Radioactivity (and Other Toxic Substances) Through the Environment
112(1)
Toxicity (or Hazard) Indices
113(1)
Return to Nature --- an Approach to Standards for the Long Term
114(2)
Using Performance Measures in Setting Standards
116(3)
Siting Requirements within Standards
119(12)
International Guidelines
120(3)
IAEA
120(3)
European Community
123(1)
National Regulatory Guidelines or Standards on Siting
123(3)
Key Contentious Issues in Siting
126(2)
Discussion
128(3)
Natural Disruptive Events and Processes
131(16)
Identifying Disruptive Events
132(2)
Treatment of Potentially Disruptive Processes
134(1)
Taking Account of Disruptive Events in the Site-Selection Process
134(4)
Performance Measures for Disruptive Events: a Disaggregated Dose-Likelihood (DDL) Table
138(3)
Presenting Information to the Public and Decision Makers
141(6)
Intrusion by Future Generations
147(12)
Types of Intrusion
149(2)
Protection Objectives that Account for the Possibility of Intrusion
151(1)
Possible Regulatory Perspectives
152(5)
Approaches to Setting Standards for Human Intrusion
157(2)
Monitoring and Controlling a Repository before and after Closure
159(16)
Monitoring Objectives
161(2)
Monitoring to Establish Baseline Conditions
163(1)
Using Monitoring Information
164(5)
Supporting Management Decisions in a Staged Programme of Repository Construction and Operation
164(1)
Strengthening Understanding of System Behaviour
165(2)
Input of Monitoring Data to Societal Decision Making
167(1)
Accumulating an Environmental Database
168(1)
Nuclear Safeguards
168(1)
Post-Closure Monitoring: Problematic Issues
169(2)
Conclusions
171(4)
Preserving Records of the Existence of a Repository
175(16)
Historical Overview
175(2)
Rationale for Maintaining Information on a Repository
177(1)
Monuments and Markers at Repository Sites
178(1)
Design Principles
178(1)
Types of Markers
179(1)
Information Content of Monuments and Markers
179(1)
Record Keeping/Archiving in Disposal Programmes
179(5)
Contents of Archives
181(1)
Record Management System (RMS)
182(1)
Physical Forms of Information Records
183(1)
The Example of the USA
184(6)
Regulatory Requirements
184(3)
Measures Proposed for Implementation at WIPP
187(3)
Broad Conclusions
190(1)
Accounting for Uncertainty
191(10)
Development of a Systematic Approach
192(3)
Providing Reasonable Assurance of Safety
195(4)
Possible Approach to Uncertainty in Developing Regulations
199(2)
Chemotoxicity and Radiotoxicity: a Common Framework?
201(10)
Radiotoxicity
202(2)
Mechanisms and Effects
202(1)
Current Status of Understanding on Radiological Effects
203(1)
Chemotoxicity
204(2)
Approaches to Regulations
206(2)
Concluding Observations
208(3)
Setting New Standards
211(16)
Policy Framework, Process and Regulation
212(5)
Suggested Structure and Content of Post-Closure Safety Regulations for a Geological Repository
217(9)
Compliance
226(1)
Conclusion
227(4)
References
231(16)
Appendix 1: International Conventions and Agreements Concerning Deep Geological Disposal of Long-Lived Radioactive Wastes 247(18)
Appendix 2: Development of Radiation Protection Standards for Geological Disposal of Radioactive Wastes in the USA 265(10)
Appendix 3: List of Acronyms 275


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