Atnaujinkite slapukų nuostatas

Probing the Sky with Radio Waves: From Wireless Technology to the Development of Atmospheric Science [Kietas viršelis]

  • Formatas: Hardback, 384 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 24x16x3 mm, weight: 652 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 02-Jul-2013
  • Leidėjas: University of Chicago Press
  • ISBN-10: 022601519X
  • ISBN-13: 9780226015194
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Hardback, 384 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 24x16x3 mm, weight: 652 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 02-Jul-2013
  • Leidėjas: University of Chicago Press
  • ISBN-10: 022601519X
  • ISBN-13: 9780226015194
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
By the late nineteenth century, engineers and experimental scientists generally knew how radio waves behaved, and by 1901 scientists were able to manipulate them to transmit messages across long distances. What no one could understand, however, was why radio waves followed the curvature of the Earth. Theorists puzzled over this for nearly twenty years before physicists confirmed the zig-zag theory, a solution that led to the discovery of a layer in the Earth’s upper atmosphere that bounces radio waves earthward—the ionosphere.
In Probing the Sky with Radio Waves, Chen-Pang Yeang documents this monumental discovery and the advances in radio ionospheric propagation research that occurred in its aftermath. Yeang illustrates how the discovery of the ionosphere transformed atmospheric science from what had been primarily an observational endeavor into an experimental science. It also gave researchers a host of new theories, experiments, and instruments with which to better understand the atmosphere’s constitution, the origin of atmospheric electricity, and how the sun and geomagnetism shape the Earth’s atmosphere.
This book will be warmly welcomed by scholars of astronomy, atmospheric science, geoscience, military and institutional history, and the history and philosophy of science and technology, as well as by radio amateurs and electrical engineers interested in historical perspectives on their craft.

Recenzijos

"Chen-Pang Yeang's book is the major contribution to our knowledge of how physical theory and electrical experimentation worked together to explain the movement of radio waves beyond the horizon." (A. David Wunsch, University of Massachusetts Lowell)"

Acknowledgments xi
1 Introduction: From Propagation Studies to Active Sensors
1(18)
From Propagation Studies to Active Sensing: Experiment and Theory
3(1)
Field Experiments and Direct Evidence
4(2)
Epistemic Status of Theories
6(3)
Where This Book Fits In
9(2)
Outline of
Chapters
11(4)
A Note on Units
15(4)
Part 1 Conceiving Long-Range Propagation, 1901-19
2 Theorizing Transatlantic Wireless with Surface Diffraction
19(32)
European Theoretical Physicists and Wave Propagation
23(1)
Surface Diffraction Theory in Britain and France
24(1)
Macdonald's Initiative
25(5)
Rayleigh's Coup
30(2)
Poincare's Formula
32(2)
Nicholson's Numbers
34(3)
Surface Diffraction Theory in Germany
37(1)
Antenna Directivity and Zenneck's Surface Waves
38(7)
Sommerfeld's Refinement of Surface Waves
45(6)
3 The U. S. Navy and the Austin-Cohen Formula
51(15)
A Naval Wireless Laboratory
52(3)
The Experiment
55(4)
The Formula
59(7)
4 Synthesis with Atmospheric Reflection
66(45)
Surface Diffraction after Austin-Cohen
68(1)
The German Story
69(4)
A New Experiment
73(6)
The British Response
79(5)
Atmospheric Reflection Theory
84(2)
Kennelly-Heaviside Layer
86(3)
Eccles's Ionic Refraction
89(7)
Watson's Synthesis and Its Acceptance
96(1)
The 1918 and 1919 Papers
97(4)
Consolidating the Watson-Austin-Cohen Paradigm
101(10)
Part 2 Discovering the Ionosphere, 1920-26
5 Radio Amateurs Launch the Short-Wave Era
111(33)
American Radio Amateurs in the Early Twentieth Century
115(3)
Fading Experiments
118(4)
Standard Experimental Procedure and Data Format
122(5)
Setting the Stage for Transatlantic Experiments
127(3)
Transatlantic Experiments
130(1)
The First Trial
130(1)
The Second Trial
131(6)
The Third Trial
137(2)
The Two-Way Test and the Fourth Trial
139(5)
6 From the Skip Zone to Magneto-Ionic Refraction
144(36)
Discovering the Skip Zone and Short-Wave Data
147(1)
Albert Hoyt Taylor and the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
148(6)
Discovery of the Skip Zone
154(4)
More Comprehensive Range Data at High Frequencies
158(4)
Magneto-Ionic Theory for Short Waves
162(1)
Eccles's Ionic Refraction Theory
163(1)
Larmor's Ionic Refraction Theory
164(2)
Effects of Geomagnetism: Nichols, Schelleng, and Appleton
166(5)
Explaining the Skip Zone: Taylor and Hulburt
171(9)
7 British Radio Research and the Moments of Discovery
180(35)
Direct Evidence; Sounding-Echo Experiments, Operational Realism
181(4)
A British System of Radio Ionospheric Research
185(1)
Direction Finding, Wave Polarization, and the Ionosphere
186(1)
Loop Direction Finders and Their Problems
186(4)
Thomas Eckersley's Work on Polarization
190(5)
National Physical Laboratory, Radio Research Board, and Reginald Leslie Smith-Rose
195(3)
Smith-Rose and Barfield's Experiment
198(3)
Frequency-Change Experiments and Discovering the Ionosphere
201(1)
Edward Victor Appleton
201(2)
The Frequency-Change Experiment
203(6)
Smith-Rose and Barfield Try Again
209(2)
Improving Direction Finding as a By-product
211(4)
8 Pulse Echo, CIW, and Radio Probing of the Ionosphere
215(32)
Pulse-Echo Experiments in the United States
216(1)
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Gregory Breit, Merle Tuve
216(3)
Pulsed Radio Sounding of the Ionosphere
219(9)
The Meaning of Height
228(4)
The Ionosphere has a Structure
232(1)
Appleton's Program of Ionospheric Sounding
233(4)
The Discovery of the F Layer
237(10)
Part 3 Theory Matters, 1926-35
9 Consolidating a General Magneto-Ionic Theory
247(28)
Generalizing the Magneto-Ionic Theory
251(1)
Appleton and Altar's Derivation
252(5)
Lassen's Derivation
257(2)
Goldstein's Derivation
259(1)
Measuring Polarization in Both Hemispheres
260(1)
A Polarimetric Experiment
261(4)
More Polarization Research in Both Hemispheres
265(4)
A Mathematical Inquiry into the General Magneto-Ionic Theory
269(6)
10 Handling Microphysics
275(46)
The Lorentz Correction
279(1)
Origin of the Concept
279(2)
Douglas Hartree and the Lorentz Correction in Ionic Refraction
281(4)
A Microphysical Controversy without Microphysics
285(5)
Where Was the Empirical Evidence?
290(3)
The Quasi-Elastic Force
293(1)
Measuring the Dielectric Constant of Ionized Air
294(1)
A Propagation Theory from Tabletop Experiments
295(6)
Anatomy of a Debate
301(8)
Death of a Theory
309(12)
Part 4 Conclusion
11 A New Way of Seeing the World
321(8)
From Wave Propagation Studies to Ionosphere Probing
321(2)
A Case History for Active Sensing
323(6)
Bibliography 329(20)
Index 349
Chen-Pang Yeang is associate professor in the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology at the University of Toronto.