Acknowledgments |
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xi | |
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1 Introduction: From Propagation Studies to Active Sensors |
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1 | (18) |
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From Propagation Studies to Active Sensing: Experiment and Theory |
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3 | (1) |
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Field Experiments and Direct Evidence |
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4 | (2) |
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Epistemic Status of Theories |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (4) |
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15 | (4) |
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Part 1 Conceiving Long-Range Propagation, 1901-19 |
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2 Theorizing Transatlantic Wireless with Surface Diffraction |
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19 | (32) |
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European Theoretical Physicists and Wave Propagation |
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23 | (1) |
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Surface Diffraction Theory in Britain and France |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (5) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (3) |
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Surface Diffraction Theory in Germany |
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37 | (1) |
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Antenna Directivity and Zenneck's Surface Waves |
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38 | (7) |
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Sommerfeld's Refinement of Surface Waves |
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45 | (6) |
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3 The U. S. Navy and the Austin-Cohen Formula |
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51 | (15) |
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A Naval Wireless Laboratory |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (4) |
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59 | (7) |
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4 Synthesis with Atmospheric Reflection |
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66 | (45) |
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Surface Diffraction after Austin-Cohen |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (4) |
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73 | (6) |
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79 | (5) |
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Atmospheric Reflection Theory |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (3) |
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Eccles's Ionic Refraction |
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89 | (7) |
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Watson's Synthesis and Its Acceptance |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (4) |
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Consolidating the Watson-Austin-Cohen Paradigm |
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101 | (10) |
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Part 2 Discovering the Ionosphere, 1920-26 |
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5 Radio Amateurs Launch the Short-Wave Era |
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111 | (33) |
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American Radio Amateurs in the Early Twentieth Century |
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115 | (3) |
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118 | (4) |
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Standard Experimental Procedure and Data Format |
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122 | (5) |
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Setting the Stage for Transatlantic Experiments |
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127 | (3) |
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Transatlantic Experiments |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (6) |
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137 | (2) |
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The Two-Way Test and the Fourth Trial |
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139 | (5) |
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6 From the Skip Zone to Magneto-Ionic Refraction |
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144 | (36) |
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Discovering the Skip Zone and Short-Wave Data |
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147 | (1) |
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Albert Hoyt Taylor and the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory |
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148 | (6) |
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Discovery of the Skip Zone |
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154 | (4) |
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More Comprehensive Range Data at High Frequencies |
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158 | (4) |
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Magneto-Ionic Theory for Short Waves |
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162 | (1) |
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Eccles's Ionic Refraction Theory |
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163 | (1) |
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Larmor's Ionic Refraction Theory |
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164 | (2) |
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Effects of Geomagnetism: Nichols, Schelleng, and Appleton |
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166 | (5) |
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Explaining the Skip Zone: Taylor and Hulburt |
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171 | (9) |
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7 British Radio Research and the Moments of Discovery |
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180 | (35) |
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Direct Evidence; Sounding-Echo Experiments, Operational Realism |
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181 | (4) |
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A British System of Radio Ionospheric Research |
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185 | (1) |
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Direction Finding, Wave Polarization, and the Ionosphere |
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186 | (1) |
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Loop Direction Finders and Their Problems |
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186 | (4) |
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Thomas Eckersley's Work on Polarization |
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190 | (5) |
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National Physical Laboratory, Radio Research Board, and Reginald Leslie Smith-Rose |
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195 | (3) |
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Smith-Rose and Barfield's Experiment |
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198 | (3) |
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Frequency-Change Experiments and Discovering the Ionosphere |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (2) |
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The Frequency-Change Experiment |
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203 | (6) |
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Smith-Rose and Barfield Try Again |
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209 | (2) |
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Improving Direction Finding as a By-product |
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211 | (4) |
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8 Pulse Echo, CIW, and Radio Probing of the Ionosphere |
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215 | (32) |
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Pulse-Echo Experiments in the United States |
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216 | (1) |
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Carnegie Institution of Washington, Gregory Breit, Merle Tuve |
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216 | (3) |
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Pulsed Radio Sounding of the Ionosphere |
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219 | (9) |
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228 | (4) |
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The Ionosphere has a Structure |
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232 | (1) |
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Appleton's Program of Ionospheric Sounding |
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233 | (4) |
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The Discovery of the F Layer |
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237 | (10) |
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Part 3 Theory Matters, 1926-35 |
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9 Consolidating a General Magneto-Ionic Theory |
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247 | (28) |
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Generalizing the Magneto-Ionic Theory |
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251 | (1) |
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Appleton and Altar's Derivation |
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252 | (5) |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (1) |
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Measuring Polarization in Both Hemispheres |
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260 | (1) |
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A Polarimetric Experiment |
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261 | (4) |
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More Polarization Research in Both Hemispheres |
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265 | (4) |
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A Mathematical Inquiry into the General Magneto-Ionic Theory |
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269 | (6) |
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275 | (46) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (2) |
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Douglas Hartree and the Lorentz Correction in Ionic Refraction |
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281 | (4) |
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A Microphysical Controversy without Microphysics |
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285 | (5) |
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Where Was the Empirical Evidence? |
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290 | (3) |
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293 | (1) |
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Measuring the Dielectric Constant of Ionized Air |
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294 | (1) |
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A Propagation Theory from Tabletop Experiments |
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295 | (6) |
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301 | (8) |
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309 | (12) |
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11 A New Way of Seeing the World |
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321 | (8) |
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From Wave Propagation Studies to Ionosphere Probing |
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321 | (2) |
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A Case History for Active Sensing |
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323 | (6) |
Bibliography |
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329 | (20) |
Index |
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349 | |