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El. knyga: Problem of the Motion of Bodies: A Historical View of the Development of Classical Mechanics

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This book focuses on the way in which the problem of the motion of bodies has been viewed and approached over the course of human history. It is not another traditional history of mechanics but rather aims to enable the reader to fully understand the deeper ideas that inspired men, first in attempting to understand the mechanisms of motion and then in formulating theories with predictive as well as explanatory value. Given this objective, certain parts of the history of mechanics are neglected, such as fluid mechanics, statics and astronomy after Newton. On the other hand, due attention is paid, for example, to the history of thermodynamics, which has its own particular point of view on motion. Inspired in part by historical epistemology, the book examines the various views and theories of a given historical period (synchronic analysis) and then makes comparisons between different periods (diachronic analysis). In each period, one or two of the most meaningful contributions are selected for particular attention, instead of presenting a long inventory of scientific achievements.

Recenzijos

This is a very interesting volume for all scholars of mechanics interested in the roots of the basic question of their discipline . the book is surely a very powerful tool for anyone interested in the basics of mechanics when seeking answers to questions on the subject. (Giuseppe Claudio Rata, Mathematical Reviews, March, 2017)

This work, part of the History of Mechanism and Machine Science series, looks at the development of the physics of motion through six periods: classical-Hellenistic, Middle Ages, early Renaissance, the age of Galileo and Descartes, Newtons (golden) age, and the 18th century. a very interesting and illuminating read. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates, graduate students and researchers/faculty. (E. Kincanon, Choice, Vol. 52 (6), February, 2015)

1 The Science of Motion Sive Mechanics
1(30)
1.1 Introduction
1(5)
1.2 Appraisal of Mechanics
6(1)
1.3 Mathematics and Physics
7(2)
1.4 Mathematical Physics
9(11)
1.4.1 The Theory of Potential
14(3)
1.4.2 Epistemological Aspects
17(3)
1.5 Instances of Different Mathematical Involvement
20(11)
1.5.1 Elementary Exposition
20(2)
1.5.2 A Little Bit More Refined Exposition
22(2)
1.5.3 An Axiomatic Exposition of Mechanics
24(7)
2 Greek Period and Middle Ages
31(52)
2.1 Achievements and People
31(1)
2.2 The Framework
32(14)
2.2.1 Discovering New Mathematics
37(1)
2.2.2 Greek Background on Conception of Motion
38(8)
2.3 The Science of Weights
46(5)
2.4 Subalternate Sciences
51(6)
2.4.1 Mechanics as a Subalternate Science
54(3)
2.5 The Medieval Theories of Natural and Violent Motions
57(6)
2.5.1 Natural Motion
57(5)
2.5.2 Violent Motion
62(1)
2.6 Impetus Theory
63(16)
2.6.1 Jean Buridan's Basic Assumptions
66(6)
2.6.2 Nicole Oresme's Variants
72(6)
2.6.3 Albertus de Saxonia and the Spreading of the Theory
78(1)
2.7 Final Remarks
79(4)
3 Humanism and Renaissance
83(48)
3.1 Achievements and People
83(1)
3.2 The Framework
84(5)
3.2.1 The Role of Technicians
87(1)
3.2.2 New Physics and New Mathematics
88(1)
3.3 Mathematics and Physics
89(7)
3.3.1 The Debate About the Status of the Subalternate Sciences
91(5)
3.4 Ballistics: The Birth of a New Science
96(16)
3.4.1 Nova Scientia
97(15)
3.5 Conceptions of Motion Compared
112(12)
3.5.1 Leonardo da Vinci's Studies on Trajectories
112(4)
3.5.2 Tartaglia's Quesiti et Inventioni Diverse
116(2)
3.5.3 Girolamo Cardano's Ballistics
118(2)
3.5.4 Giovanni Benedetti and the Fall of Bodies
120(4)
3.6 Motion of Bodies on the Earth Surface and in the Heaven
124(3)
3.6.1 The Motion and the Equilibrium of Bodies
124(1)
3.6.2 The Copernican Astronomy
125(2)
3.7 Final Remarks
127(4)
4 Early Modern Studies on Motion
131(92)
4.1 Achievements and People
131(2)
4.2 The Framework
133(14)
4.2.1 The Role of Subalternate Sciences or Mixed Mathematics
135(3)
4.2.2 The New Kepler's Astronomy
138(9)
4.3 Galileo's Main Achievements in the Science of Motion
147(27)
4.3.1 A Principle of Inertia
148(4)
4.3.2 The Composition of Motions
152(6)
4.3.3 Relativity of Motions
158(1)
4.3.4 The Law of Falling Bodies
159(4)
4.3.5 The Pisan Period
163(8)
4.3.6 Galileo's Archimedean Mixed Mathematics
171(3)
4.4 Evangelista Torricelli's Law of Fall
174(3)
4.5 Giovanni Battista Baliani Against Galileo
177(19)
4.5.1 De motu naturali gravium solidorum et liquidorum
178(1)
4.5.2 Epistemological Position
179(5)
4.5.3 Concepts and Empirical Principles
184(4)
4.5.4 Propositions
188(8)
4.6 Descartes and the Mechanism
196(19)
4.6.1 The Philosophy of Nature
197(5)
4.6.2 The Center of Agitations
202(13)
4.7 Final Remarks
215(8)
4.7.1 The Second Galileo Affair
216(1)
4.7.2 Fabri's Concept of Impetus and His Law of Natural Numbers
217(2)
4.7.3 The Defense Organized by Mersenne
219(4)
5 The Golden Age
223(80)
5.1 Achievements and People
223(2)
5.2 The Framework
225(3)
5.2.1 The New Mathematics of Infinitesimal
226(2)
5.3 The Causes of Motion: Forces, Work, Energy
228(2)
5.3.1 Force as Force
228(1)
5.3.2 Force as Work
229(1)
5.3.3 Force as Kinetic Energy
229(1)
5.4 The Impact of Bodies
230(5)
5.5 The First General Explanations of Motion
235(8)
5.5.1 John Wallis' Impressed Force
235(5)
5.5.2 Christiaan Huygens' Centrifugal Force
240(3)
5.6 The Dynamics of Isaac Newton
243(36)
5.6.1 The Concept of Force in Newton's Principia
243(9)
5.6.2 Moving Toward the Principia
252(3)
5.6.3 The Laws of Motion
255(5)
5.6.4 Evolution of the Second Law
260(2)
5.6.5 The Concept of Mass
262(2)
5.6.6 The Dynamics of the Principia
264(5)
5.6.7 Applications of the Second Law
269(7)
5.6.8 The Logical Status of Newton's Mechanics
276(3)
5.7 The Dynamics of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
279(20)
5.7.1 The Force in Leibniz's Metaphysics
280(3)
5.7.2 Force and Motion
283(1)
5.7.3 Living and Dead Forces
284(2)
5.7.4 Mature Works
286(13)
5.8 Final Remarks
299(4)
6 The Motion of Solid Bodies
303(62)
6.1 Achievements and People
303(2)
6.2 The Framework
305(10)
6.2.1 Establishment of the Infinitesimal Calculus and Decline of Geometry
307(3)
6.2.2 Newtonianism in Europe
310(3)
6.2.3 The Search for New Principles
313(2)
6.3 Living Force Conservation
315(12)
6.3.1 The True Measure of Force and the Vis Viva Controversy
315(3)
6.3.2 The Principle of Living Forces
318(9)
6.4 Vector and Analytical Mechanics
327(21)
6.4.1 Vector Mechanics
327(11)
6.4.2 Analytical Mechanics
338(10)
6.5 The Epistemology of Mechanics
348(7)
6.5.1 The Ontology of Force
351(4)
6.6 A New Concept of Machine
355(8)
6.6.1 The Science of Geometric Motions or Kinematics
357(4)
6.6.2 Conservation of Work
361(2)
6.7 Final Remarks
363(2)
7 Inanimate Bodies Start Moving by Themselves
365(94)
7.1 Achievements and People
365(2)
7.2 The Framework
367(4)
7.2.1 The Naturphilosophie
369(2)
7.3 Perfecting the Theoretical Aspects
371(15)
7.3.1 The Study of Relative Motions
371(5)
7.3.2 The Mechanics of William Rowan Hamilton
376(10)
7.4 Opening of New Perspectives
386(28)
7.4.1 Mechanics of Machines
387(13)
7.4.2 Mechanics of Structures
400(14)
7.5 Hydraulic Machines
414(16)
7.5.1 Old Hydraulic Machines
415(13)
7.5.2 New Hydraulic Machines
428(2)
7.6 The Emergence of Thermodynamics
430(24)
7.6.1 Conservation of Energy
430(10)
7.6.2 Thermal Machines
440(7)
7.6.3 The Energetism
447(7)
7.7 Final Remarks
454(5)
7.7.1 Internal Controversies
455(1)
7.7.2 External Controversies
455(4)
Appendix A Quotations 459(66)
References 525(24)
Author Index 549
Danilo Capecchi is Professor of Mechanics of Solids and History of Science at the University of Rome La Sapienza. His research into the history of science focuses mainly on classical mechanics.
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