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El. knyga: Problems and Solutions in Structural Geology and Tectonics

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Volume editor (Senior Scientist in geology, National Research Council (CNR-IGAG), Rome, Italy), Volume editor (Lecturer in Structural Geology, Cardiff University, UK)
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Problems and Solutions in Structural Geology and Tectonics, Volume 5, in the series Developments in Structural Geology and Tectonics, presents students, researchers and practitioners with an all-new set of problems and solutions that structural geologists and tectonics researchers commonly face. Topics covered include ductile deformation (such as strain analyses), brittle deformation (such as rock fracturing), brittle-ductile deformation, collisional and shortening tectonics, thrust-related exercises, rift and extensional tectonics, strike slip tectonics, and cross-section balancing exercises. The book provides a how-to guide for students of structural geology and geologists working in the oil, gas and mining industries.

  • Provides practical solutions to industry-related issues, such as well bore stability
  • Allows for self-study and includes background information and explanation of research and industry jargon
  • Includes full color diagrams to explain 3D issues

Recenzijos

"In short, a commendable work that presents a compendio of varied exercises to get into some of the practical problems associated with structural geology tural and tectonics. The reader will find from theoretical cases to others whose resolution implies solving problems more of interest to society, is to reconstruct how much moves and deforms a region of the earth's surface, assess the significance of the magnitude of an earthquake or reconstruct what shape and characteristics some have structures in the subsoil. In times when we have- We need to encourage our students to understand give the potentiality and practical use of our science, and for society to know and recognize the usefulness of our another profession, this work provides some useful examples for necessary task of training future professionals. As Lynn Fichter and Steven Whitmeyer point out in the book: "all models are wrong, but some of them are useful"." --OTRAS Publication

Contributors ix
About the Series xi
Preface xiii
Part I INTEGRATING OBSERVATION AND INTERPRETATION TO UNDERSTAND TECTONICS, PAST AND PRESENT
1 Cross-Section Construction and Balancing: Examples From the Spanish Pyrenees
3(22)
Berta Lopez-Mir
1 Introduction
3(1)
2 Cross-Section Construction
4(4)
3 Cross-Section Balancing
8(6)
4 Problems and Solutions
14(8)
Acknowledgments
22(1)
References
22(1)
Further Reading
23(2)
2 Techniques for the Field Measurement and Analysis of the Orientation of Strata Dipping <10 degrees
25(18)
Mark Joseph Abolins
1 Introduction
25(2)
2 Measuring and Comparing the Orientations of Very Gently Dipping Bedding Planes
27(8)
3 Using bedding plane attitudes to estimate the attitude of the axis of a very gentle fold
35(1)
4 Using Geologic Maps lo Characterize Very Gentle Macroscale Folds
36(1)
Problems
37(2)
Solutions
39(1)
Acknowledgments
40(1)
References
40(3)
3 Using Global Positioning System (GPS) Data in Structural Geology to Better Understand Tectonic Motions and Earthquake Hazards
43(14)
Beth Pratt-Sitaula
Phillip Resor
Bruce Douglas
Donna Charlevoix
1 Introduction to the Global Positioning System
43(1)
2 Finding Velocities from GPS Data
44(2)
3 Horizontal Velocity Differences Across a Region
46(1)
4 Components of Strain
47(2)
5 GPS Data in California
49(1)
Question 1
50(1)
Question 2
51(1)
Question 3
51(1)
Question 4
52(1)
Question 5
52(1)
Question 6
52(1)
Question 7
53(1)
Question 8
53(1)
Question 9
53(1)
Question 10
53(1)
Question 11
53(1)
Question 12
54(1)
Acknowledgments
55(1)
References
55(2)
4 What Do Earthquake Magnitudes Mean? Example of the Kaikoura, New Zealand, 2016 Event
57(10)
ÅKe Fagereng
1 Introduction
57(1)
2 Earthquake Magnitude
58(1)
3 Earthquake Stress Drop
58(1)
4 Tectonic Setting of the Kaikoura Earthquake
59(1)
5 Observations in the Kaikoura Earthquake
60(1)
6 Questions
61(1)
7 Solutions
61(2)
8 Final Remarks
63(1)
Acknowledgments
63(1)
References
63(4)
Part II RELATING OBSERVED DEFORMATION TO STRESS AND/OR STRAIN HISTORY
5 Flu id-Pressure Effects on Deformation: Analysis of the Lusi Mud Volcano
67(8)
Ake Fagereng
Virginia G. Toy
1 Introduction
67(1)
2 Stresses in the Earth
68(1)
3 Extension Fractures
69(1)
4 Observations in Lusi
70(1)
5 Questions
71(1)
6 Solutions
71(2)
7 Conclusion
73(1)
Acknowledgments
73(1)
References
74(1)
6 Using Length-to-Throw Ratio to Assess the Viability of a Fault Framework Interpretation
75(6)
Chiristopher David Walker
Jonathan C. Evenick
7 Kinematics of Pure Shear Ductile Deformation Within Rigid Walls: New Analyses
81(8)
Soumyajit Mukherjee
1 Introduction
81(1)
2 Pure Shear Kinematics
82(4)
3 Discussions
86(1)
Acknowledgments
87(1)
References
87(2)
8 Finite Strain Analysis Using Shape and Point Data
89(16)
Kieran F. Mulchrone
1 Introduction
89(2)
2 Getting Data From Geological Images
91(4)
3 Using Shape Data for Strain Analysis
95(5)
4 Using Point Data for Strain Analysis
100(2)
5 Example Application
102(1)
6 Conclusion
103(1)
References
103(1)
Further Readings
104(1)
9 Unfolding Veined Fold Limbs to Deduce a Basin's Prefolding Stress State
105(14)
Koen Van Noten
Manuel Sintubin
1 Introduction
105(1)
2 Regional Framework
106(1)
3 Methodology
106(3)
4 Results
109(5)
5 Discussion
114(1)
6 Concluding Remarks
115(1)
Acknowledgments
115(1)
Data Availability
115(1)
References
116(3)
Part III OBSERVATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS IN FIELDWORK AND HAND SPECIMENS
10 Recognition of Structures in Mid-crustal Shear Zones and How to Discern Between Them
119(10)
Eugenio Fazio
1 Crustal Scale Shear Zone
119(2)
2 Types of Structures Useful to Determine Shear Sense Within a Shear Zone
121(2)
3 How to Properly Infer Sense of Shear and Some Known Problems
123(2)
Questions and Solutions
125(1)
References
126(2)
Further Reading
128(1)
11 Early or Late Structures in Thermogene Travertines? Open-Air Lessons Across Rome to Focus on and Answer this Question
129(16)
Andrea Billi
Gianluca Vignaroli
1 Introduction
129(1)
2 Setting
130(2)
3 Introduction to Temporal Relationships between Rock Structures
132(1)
4 Method and Limitations
132(1)
5 Open-Air Lessons: Observations and Interpretations
133(6)
6 Further Sites
139(1)
7 Discussion and Conclusions
140(2)
8 Final Recommendations
142(1)
Acknowledgments
142(1)
References
142(3)
12 No Rock Is Accidental! Stratigraphy, Structure, and Tectonics in the Wilson Cycle
145(16)
Lynn S. Fighter
Steven J. Whitmeyer
1 Introduction
145(2)
2 No Rock Is Accidental
147(2)
3 Science as a Socratic Seminar
149(1)
4 A Rationale for the Wilson and Tectonic Rock Cycle Models
149(1)
5 Wilson Cycle Model Seminar-Lab Exercises: An Introduction to Stratigraphy, Structure, and Tectonics
150(5)
6 Testing Your Knowledge of the Wilson Cycle
155(4)
7 Discussion and Conclusions
159(1)
Acknowledgments
159(1)
References
159(1)
Further Reading
160(1)
13 Integrating Structural and Stratigraphic Field Data to Build a Tectonic Model for the Mid-Atlantic Appalachian Orogenic Cycle
161(20)
Steven J. Whitmeyer
Lynn S. Fichter
1 Introduction
161(3)
2 The Project
164(8)
3 Discussion
172(1)
4 Conclusion
173(1)
Acknowledgments
173(1)
Appendices
174(3)
References
177(1)
Further Reading
177(4)
Part IV ADDING MODERN METHODS TO FIELD GEOLOGY
14 From Google Earth to 3D Geology Problem 1: Understanding Structures and Generating Geological Maps using Google Earth
181(8)
Christoph Von Hagke
Florian Wellmann
Janos L. Urai
1 Introduction
181(1)
2 Mapping Structures From Google Earth
182(1)
3 Problem
182(1)
4 Solution
183(4)
5 Discussion
187(1)
References
187(2)
15 From Google Earth to 3D Geology Problem 2: Seeing Below the Surface of the Digital Earth
189(16)
Florian Wellmann
Alexander Schaaf
Miguel De La Varga
Christoph Von Hagke
1 Introduction
189(1)
2 Preparation
190(2)
3 Geological Modeling From Google Earth
192(2)
4 Problem
194(4)
5 Solution
198(2)
6 Discussion
200(2)
A Appendix
202(2)
References
204(1)
16 Remote Sensing in Lineament Identification: Examples from Western India
205(20)
Swagato Dasgupta
Soumyajit Mukherjee
1 Introduction
205(1)
2 Remote Sensing Technique and Its Application
206(1)
3 Google Earth: Applications and Uses
206(1)
4 Lineament Interpretation Procedure From Western Indian Terrain
207(8)
Problems
215(2)
5 Conclusions
217(1)
Acknowledgments
217(1)
A Appendix
217(2)
References
219(2)
Further Reading
221(4)
Part V GEOPHYSICAL AND STRUCTURAL TECHNIQUES IN PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCE AND BOREHOLE PROJECTS
17 Understanding Reservoir Compartmentalization Using Shale Gouge Ratio
225(6)
Christopher David Walker
Jonathan C. Evenick
Discussion and Conclusions
230(1)
References
230(1)
18 How Brittle Fault Displacement Patterns Can be Applied to Investigate Trap Integrity
231(6)
Christopher David Walker
Jonathan C. Evenick
19 A Numerical Study of Epithermal Neutron Log Response and Application of Image Log for Porosity Determination
237(22)
Swagato Dasgupta
Troyee Dasgupta
Vir Narayan Singh
Soumyajit Mukherjee
1 Introduction
237(1)
2 Computation and Result
238(8)
3 Discussions
246(3)
4 Conclusions
249(1)
Acknowledgments
250(1)
Appendix
250(5)
References
255(1)
Further Reading
256(3)
Part VI NOVEL INTEGRATION OF MATHEMATICAL METHODS, COMPUTER SCIENCE, AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
20 Using Graph Theory to Represent Brittle Plane Networks
259(14)
Soumyajit Mukherjee
1 Background
259(1)
2 Graph Theory
260(8)
Solutions
268(2)
Acknowledgments
270(1)
Appendix
271(1)
References
271(2)
21 Boolean Logic in Fluid Flow
273(6)
Soumyajit Mukherjee
Acknowledgments
278(1)
Appendix
278(1)
References
278(1)
Further Reading
278(1)
22 Synthesis of Folds in 3D with Bezier Surface
279(12)
Manash Pratim Gogoi
Soumyajit Mukherjee
Background Information
279(1)
1 Introduction
279(1)
1 Model
280(8)
3 Disunions and Conclusions
288(1)
Acknowledgments
288(1)
Appendix 1
288(1)
Appendix 2
288(1)
Appendix 3
288(1)
Appendix 4
289(1)
Appendix 5
289(1)
Appendix 6
289(1)
Appendix 7
289(1)
References
289(1)
Further Reading
290(1)
Author Index 291(8)
Subject Index 299
Andrea Billi, PhD, is a Senior Scientist (Primo Ricercatore) in geology at the National Research Council (CNR-IGAG) of Rome, Italy. He received his Ph.D. degree in Geodynamics from Roma Tre University of Rome in 2001 and a M. Geology degree in 1994 from Sapienza University of Rome. Dr. Billi is a versatile structural geologist and tectonician focusing on research fields as diverse as fault zone architecture, seismic faults, regional geodynamics, tsunamis, travertines, and hydrothermalism (www.andreabilli.com). He has been serving for years in the Editorial Boards of the Journal of Structural Geology and Frontiers in Earth Science. His research and editorial experience spans almost 20 years. He has authored about 70 scientific papers and revised, as reviewer or editor, more than 200 papers for more than 30 scientific journals. He has received multiple mention awards for excellence in reviewing from journals such as Tectonics and Journal of Structural Geology. He presently teaches Brittle Structural Geology at the M. Course of Sapienza University of Rome. Ake Fagereng, PhD, is a Lecturer in Structural Geology at Cardiff University, U.K. He received his PhD in geology from Otago University, New Zealand in 2010, and went on to a position as Lecturer and then Senior Lecturer at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. Since 2014 he has been a Lecturer in Structural Geology in the School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, U.K. He still holds a position as Honorary Research Associate at UCT, spending time doing fieldwork and supervising students in Southern Africa. He has taught structural geology and tectonics at all levels from year 1 undergraduate to graduate level. He has edited a book, Geology of the Earthquake Source, for the Geological Society of London, is a regular reviewer for numerous international journals, and an Associate Editor for Geophysical Research Letters. He has published 39 papers in international, peer reviewed journals, and was awarded the Outstanding Young Scientist Award of the EGU Tectonics and Structural Geology Division in 2016.
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