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Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis and Evaluation [Multiple-component retail product]

, (University of Utah, USA), ,
  • Formatas: Multiple-component retail product, 176 pages, aukštis x plotis: 229x152 mm, weight: 1729 g, Illustrations, Contains 1 Hardback and 1 CD-ROM
  • Išleidimo metai: 01-Aug-1998
  • Leidėjas: John Wiley and Sons (WIE)
  • ISBN-10: 0471243124
  • ISBN-13: 9780471243120
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis and EvaluationDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Multiple-component retail product, 176 pages, aukštis x plotis: 229x152 mm, weight: 1729 g, Illustrations, Contains 1 Hardback and 1 CD-ROM
  • Išleidimo metai: 01-Aug-1998
  • Leidėjas: John Wiley and Sons (WIE)
  • ISBN-10: 0471243124
  • ISBN-13: 9780471243120
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9780471243120.html
Raktažodžiai:
With the advent of computers, mathematical programming methods, and artificial intelligence, the strategies and approaches for the design of chemical processes have been significantly improved. This text describes these design strategies. It provides easy-to-understand rules to enable students to carry out process designs, and also emphasizes the importance of assessing plant-wide controllability Accompanying the text is a multi-media CD-ROM which uses voice, video and animation to introduce students to steady-state simulators like ASPEN PLUS and HYSYS. It also contains the solutions to over 60 examples using one of these simulators.
Part One PROCESS INVENTION---HEURISTICS AND ANALYSIS
The Design Process
3(29)
Objectives
3(1)
Primitive Design problems
3(3)
Typical Primitive Design problem
5(1)
Process Design Team
5(1)
Industrial Consultants
5(1)
Steps in Designing and Retrofitting Chemical Processes
6(7)
Assess Primitive Problem
6(2)
Survey Literature
8(2)
Process Creation
10(1)
Development of Base Case
10(1)
Detailed Process Synthesis Using Algorithmic Methods
11(1)
Plantwide Controllability Assessment
11(1)
Detailed Design, Equipment Sizing and Cost Estimation, Profitability Analysis, and Optimization
12(1)
Written process Design Report and Oral Presentation
12(1)
Final Design, Construction, Start-up, and Operation
12(1)
Summary
13(1)
Environmental Protection
13(6)
Environmental Issues
13(2)
Environmental Factors in Process Design
15(3)
Environmental Design Problems
18(1)
Safety Considerations
19(4)
Safety Issues
19(3)
Design Approaches Toward Safe Chemical Plants
22(1)
Engineering Ethics
23(4)
Role of Computers
27(3)
Spreadsheets
28(1)
Mathematical Packages
28(1)
Process Simulators
28(2)
Computational Guidelines
30(1)
Summary
30(2)
References
31(1)
Process Creation
32(32)
Objectives
32(1)
Introduction
32(1)
Preliminary Database Creation
32(6)
Thermophysical Property Data
33(4)
Environmental and Safety Data
37(1)
Chemical Prices
37(1)
Summary
38(1)
Experiments
38(1)
Preliminary Process Synthesis
38(19)
Continuous or Batch Processing
39(2)
Chemical State
41(1)
Process Operations
42(2)
Synthesis Steps
44(1)
Example of Process Synthesis: Manufacture of Vinyl Chloride
45(11)
Synthesis Tree
56(1)
Heuristics
56(1)
Algorithmic Methods
57(1)
Development of the Base-Case Design
57(5)
Detailed process Flowsheet
57(3)
Process Integration
60(1)
Detailed Database
60(1)
Pilot-Plant Testing
61(1)
Process Simulation
62(1)
Summary
62(2)
References
62(1)
Exercises
63(1)
Simulation to Assist in Process Creation
64(48)
Objectives
64(1)
Introduction
65(1)
Principles of Flowsheet Simulation
66(32)
Process and Simulation Flowsheets
66(11)
Unit Subroutines
77(2)
Calculation Order
79(1)
Recycle
79(8)
Recycle Convergence Methods
87(2)
Flash with Recycle Problem
89(1)
Degrees of Freedom
90(1)
Control Blocks---Design Specifications
91(3)
Flash Vessel Control
94(1)
Bidirectional Information Flow (HYSYS)
94(4)
Synthesis of the Toluene Hydrodealkylation Process
98(6)
Process Simulation
101(3)
Simulation of the Monochlorobenzene Separation Process
104(2)
Use of Process Simulators
105(1)
Summary
106(6)
References
107(1)
Exercises
107(5)
Heuristics for Process Synthesis
112(29)
Objectives
112(1)
Introduction
113(1)
Raw Materials and Chemical Reactions
114(2)
Distribution of Chemicals
116(10)
Inert Species
117(2)
Purge Streams
119(3)
Recycle to Extinction
122(1)
Selectivity
123(2)
Reactive Separations
125(1)
Separations
126(2)
Heat Removal from and Addition to Reactors
128(4)
Heat Removal from Exothermic Reactors
128(3)
Heat Addition to Endothermic Reactors
131(1)
Pumping and Compression
132(2)
Summary
134(7)
References
134(1)
Exercises
135(6)
Part Two DETAILED PROCESS SYNTHESIS---ALGORITHMIC METHODS
Synthesis of Separation Trains
141(66)
Objectives
141(1)
Introduction
141(4)
Criteria for Selection of Separation Methods
145(3)
Selection of Equipment
148(2)
Sequencing of Ordinary Distillation Columns
150(6)
Sequencing of General Vapor-Liquid Separation Processes
156(14)
Sequencing of Azeotropic Distillation Columns
170(24)
Azeotropy and Polyazeotropy
170(5)
Residue Curves
175(3)
Distillation Towers
178(10)
Separation Train Synthesis
188(6)
Separation Systems for Gas Mixtures
194(5)
Membrane Separation by Gas Permeation
197(1)
Adsorption
197(1)
Absorption
198(1)
Partial Condensation and Cryogenic Distillation
199(1)
Separation Sequencing for Solid-Fluid Systems
199(2)
Summary
201(6)
References
201(1)
Exercises
202(5)
Second Law Analysis
207(36)
Objectives
207(1)
Introduction
207(3)
The System and the Surroundings
210(2)
Energy Transfer
212(1)
Thermodynamic Properties
213(2)
Equations for Second Law Analysis
215(4)
Examples of Lost-Work Calculations
219(3)
Thermodynamic Efficiency
222(1)
Causes of Lost Work
223(1)
Three Examples of Second Law Analysis
224(13)
Summary
237(6)
References
237(1)
Exercises
238(5)
Heat and Power Integration
243(60)
Objectives
243(1)
Introduction
244(3)
Heat Integration Software
247(1)
Minimizing Utilities in Heat Integration
247(9)
Temperature-Interval Method
248(3)
Using Graphical Displays
251(3)
Linear Programming Method
254(2)
Stream Matching at Minimum Utilities
256(11)
Stream Matching at the Pinch
256(7)
Stream Matching Using a Mixed-Integer Linear Program
263(4)
Minimum Number of Heat Exchangers---Breaking Heat Loops
267(4)
Optimum Approach Temperature
271(3)
Superstructures for Minimization of Annualized Cost
274(5)
Heat-Integrated Distillation Trains
279(7)
Effect of Pressure on Heat Integration
279(2)
Multiple-Effect Distillation
281(3)
Heat Pumping, Vapor Recompression, and Reboiler Flashing
284(1)
Superstructures for Minimization of Annualized Cost
284(2)
Heat Engines and Heat Pumps
286(9)
Positioning Heat Engines and Heat Pumps
289(3)
Optimal Design
292(3)
Summary
295(8)
References
295(1)
Exercises
296(7)
Part Three DETAILED DESIGN, EQUIPMENT SIZING, ECONOMICS, AND OPTIMIZATION
Heat Exchanger Design
303(35)
Objectives
303(1)
Introduction
303(9)
Heat Duty
303(2)
Heat Transfer Media
305(3)
Temperature-Driving Force for Heat Transfer
308(4)
Pressure Drop
312(1)
Equipment for Heat Exchange
312(14)
Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers
312(2)
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
314(5)
Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers
319(1)
Compact Heat Exchangers
320(1)
Temperature-Driving Forces in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
321(5)
Heat Transfer Coefficients and Pressure Drop
326(7)
Estimation of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients
327(1)
Estimation of Individual Heat Transfer Coefficients and Frictional Pressure Drop
327(2)
Turbulent Flow in Straight, Smooth Ducts, Pipes, and Tubes of Circular Cross Section
329(2)
Turbulent Flow in the Annular Region Between Straight, Smooth, Concentric Pipes of Circular Cross Section
331(1)
Turbulent Flow on the Shell Side of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
331(1)
Heat Transfer Coefficients for Laminar-Flow, Condensation, Boiling, and Compact Heat Exchangers
332(1)
Design of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
333(2)
Summary
335(3)
References
335(1)
Exercises
336(2)
Capital Cost Estimation
338(36)
Objectives
338(1)
Introduction
338(1)
Cost Charts
339(9)
Cost Indices
342(1)
Installation Costs
342(2)
Materials and Pressure Considerations
344(1)
Equipment Sizes
344(1)
Other Investment Costs
345(3)
Lang Factor Method
348(1)
Equations
348(3)
Heat Exchangers
348(1)
Cylindrical Process Vessels
349(1)
Trays
349(1)
Blowers and Compressors
349(2)
Aspen Plus
351(17)
Project Dates
353(1)
Equipment Lists
353(3)
Equipment Size and Cost Specifications
356(5)
Remaining Investment Costs
361(2)
Cost Indices
363(1)
Results
364(4)
Detailed Cost Estimation
368(1)
Summary
369(5)
References
369(1)
Exercises
370(4)
Profitability Analysis
374(42)
Objectives
374(1)
Introduction
374(1)
Cost Sheet
375(3)
Total Capital Investment and Approximate Profitability Measures
378(6)
Working Capital
378(1)
Approximate Profitability Measures
378(6)
Time Value of Money
384(7)
Compound Interest
384(2)
Annuities
386(2)
Comparison of Equipment Purchases
388(3)
Cash Flow
391(5)
Depreciation
392(1)
Profitability Measures
393(1)
Net Present Value
393(1)
Investor's Rate of Return
394(2)
Aspen Plus
396(12)
Cost Sheet
396(5)
Working Capital
401(1)
Profitability Measures
401(3)
Results
404(4)
Detailed Cost Estimation
408(1)
Summary
408(8)
References
409(1)
Exercises
409(7)
Optimization of Process Flowsheets
416(23)
Objectives
416(1)
Introduction
416(1)
Nonlinear Program
417(2)
Objective Function
417(1)
Equality Constraints
418(1)
Inequality Constraints
418(1)
General Formulation
419(1)
Optimization Algorithm
419(4)
Repeated Simulation
421(1)
Infeasible Path Approach
421(1)
Compromise Approach
422(1)
Practical Aspects of Flowsheet Optimization
422(1)
Flowsheet Optimizations---Case Studies
423(2)
Aspen Plus
425(8)
Entering the NLP
425(1)
Adjusting the Simulation Flowsheet
426(7)
Summary
433(6)
References
433(1)
Exercises
433(6)
Part Four PLANTWIDE CONTROLLABILITY ASSESSMENT
Interaction of Process Design and Process Control
439(18)
Objectives
439(1)
Introduction
439(5)
Control System Configuration
444(5)
Classification of Process Variables
444(2)
Degrees-of-Freedom Analysis
446(3)
Qualitative Plantwide Control System Synthesis
449(5)
Summary
454(3)
References
456(1)
Exercises
456(1)
Flowsheet Controllability Analysis
457(43)
Objectives
457(1)
Quantitative Measures for Controllability and Resiliency
458(13)
Relative-Gain Array (RGA)
459(8)
Disturbance Cost and Disturbance Condition Number
467(4)
Toward Automated Flowsheet C & R Diagnosis
471(9)
Short-Cut C & R Diagnosis
471(1)
Generating Low-Order Dynamic Models
472(2)
Tutorial: C & R Analysis for Heat-Integrated Distillation Columns
474(6)
Case Studies
480(13)
MATLAB for C & R Analysis
493(3)
Summary
496(4)
References
496(1)
Exercises
497(3)
Dynamic Simulation of Process Flowsheets
500(37)
Objectives
500(1)
Fundamental Concepts in Dynamic Simulation
500(1)
Dynamic Simulation Using HYSYS
501(1)
Control-Loop Definition
502(2)
Controller Tuning Methods
504(5)
On-Line PI Controller Tuning
504(1)
Model-Based PI Controller Tuning
505(4)
Tutorial Exercise: Control of a Binary Distillation Column
509(13)
Case Studies
522(10)
Summary
532(5)
References
532(1)
Exercises
532(5)
Part Five DESIGN REPORT
Written Process Design Report and Oral Presentation
537(278)
Objectives
537(1)
Written Report
538(8)
Sections of the Report
538(5)
Preparation of the Written Report
543(1)
Page Format
544(1)
Sample Design Reports
545(1)
Oral Design Presentation
546(3)
Typical Presentation
546(1)
Media for the Presentation
546(1)
Rehearsing the Presentation
547(1)
Written Handout
547(1)
Evaluation of the Oral Presentation
547(2)
Videotapes
549(1)
Award Competition
549(1)
Summary
549(2)
References
549(2)
APPENDIXES
I. ASPEN PLUS in Process Design
551(30)
A-I.1 ASPEN PLUS Input Forms
551(2)
A-I.2 Drawing an ASPEN PLUS Flowsheet
553(1)
A-I.3 ASPEN PLUS Paragraphs
553(1)
A-I.4 Nested Recycle Loops
554(3)
A-I.5 Design Specifications
557(2)
A-I.6 Inline FORTRAN
559(6)
A-I.7 Case Study: Monochlorobenzene Separation Process
565(1)
ASPEN PLUS Simulation Flowsheet and Input
565(1)
Interpretation of Program Output
565(16)
II. HYSYS in Process Design
581(49)
A-II.1 The HYSYS Modeling Environment
581(3)
A-II.2 Steady-State Simulation
584(1)
Acyclic Processes
584(21)
Processes Involving Recycle
605(4)
Subflowsheets
609(1)
Multistage Separation Using the Column Subflowsheet
609(9)
Optimization
618(9)
A-II.3 Case Study
627(2)
References
629(1)
III Phase Equilibria and Process Unit Models
630(50)
A-III.1 Phase Equilibria
630(1)
A-III.2 Flash Vessels
630(12)
A-III.3 Pumps
642(2)
A-III.4 Compressors and Expanders
644(2)
A-III.5 Heat Exchangers
646(1)
Heat Requirement Models
647(1)
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
647(4)
A-III.6 Chemical Reactors
651(1)
Stoichiometric Reactor Models
652(2)
Equilibrium Reactor Models
654(1)
Kinetic Reactor Models
655(11)
A-III.7 Separators
666(1)
Split-Fraction (Black Box) Models
667(1)
Distillation: Fenske (Winn)-Underwood-Gilliland Shortcut Design
667(5)
Distillation: Edmister Approximate Group Method
672(1)
Distillation: Rigorous Simulation Using the Unabridged MESH Equations
673(6)
References
679(1)
IV. Physical Property Estimation, Solids Handling, and Electrolytes
680(42)
A-IV.1 Physical Property Estimation
680(1)
Data Banks
680(1)
Property Estimation
681(5)
ASPEN PLUS
686(4)
Estimating Parameters for Pure Species
690(2)
Selection of Property Estimation Methods and Property Data Regression
692(6)
A-IV.2 Nonconventional Components and Substreams
698(2)
Substreams
700(2)
Stream Classes
702(1)
A-IV.3 Solids handling
703(6)
A-IV.4 Electrolytes
709(1)
Chemical and Phase Equilibrium
709(7)
Electrolytes in Process Simulators
716(4)
References
720(2)
V. Residue Curves for Heterogeneous Systems
722(1)
VI. Successive Quadratic Programming
723(3)
A-VI.1 NLP and Stationarity Conditions
723(1)
A-VI.2 Solution of the Stationarity Equations
724(1)
References
725(1)
VII. General Algebraic Modeling Systems (GAMS)
726(14)
A-VII.1 Input File
727(1)
Statements
728(2)
A-VII.2 Expanded Features: Documentation, Variable Redeclaration, and Display
730(4)
A-VII.3 Expanded Features: Sets, Tables, Parameters and Scalars, and Equation Grouping
734(3)
A-VII.4 Debugging
737(2)
References
739(1)
VIII. Design Problem Statements
740(38)
A-VIII.0 Contents and Introduction
740(2)
A-VIII.1 Petrochemicals
742(6)
A-VIII.2 Petroleum Products
748(1)
A-VIII.3 Gas Manufacture
749(3)
A-VIII.4 Foods
752(2)
A-VIII.5 Pharmaceuticals
754(1)
A-VIII.6 Polymers
755(3)
A-VIII.7 Environmental---Air Quality
758(9)
A-VIII.8 Environmental---Water Treatment
767(4)
A-VIII.9 Environmental---Soil Treatment
771(3)
A-VIII.10 Environmental---Miscellaneous
774(4)
IX. Dynamic Simulation Using DYNAPLUS
778(17)
A-IX.1 Introduction
778(1)
A-IX.2 Procedure for Dynamic Simulation
779(1)
A-IX.3 Control-Loop Definition in DYNAPLUS
779(1)
A-IX.4 Tutorial Exercise: Control of a Binary Distillation Column
780(11)
A-IX.5 Dynamic Simulation of the MCB Separation Process
791(4)
X. Heuristics for Process Equipment Design
795(13)
Compressors and Vacuum Pumps
795(1)
Conveyors for Particulate Solids
796(1)
Cooling Towers
796(1)
Crystallization from Solution
797(1)
Disintegration
797(1)
Distillation and Gas Absorption
798(1)
Drivers and Power Recovery Equipment
799(1)
Drying of Solids
799(1)
Evaporators
800(1)
Extraction, Liquid-Liquid
800(1)
Filtration
801(1)
Fluidization of Particles with Gases
801(1)
Heat Exchangers
802(1)
Insulation
802(1)
Mixing and Agitation
803(1)
Particle Size Enlargement
803(1)
Piping
804(1)
Pumps
804(1)
Reactors
804(1)
Refrigeration
805(1)
Size Separation of Particles
805(1)
Utilities: Common Specifications
806(1)
Vessels (Drums)
806(1)
Vessels (Pressure)
806(1)
Vessels (Storage Tanks)
807(1)
XI. Materials of Construction
808(2)
XII. Generation of Linear Models in Standard Forms
810(5)
Author Index 815(2)
Subject Index 817