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El. knyga: Process Plant Layout

4.80/5 (9 ratings by Goodreads)
(Engineering Consultant, Expertise Limited, Wirksworth, UK)
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 16-Nov-2016
  • Leidėjas: Butterworth-Heinemann Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128033562
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Process Plant LayoutDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 16-Nov-2016
  • Leidėjas: Butterworth-Heinemann Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128033562
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Mecklenburgh’s Process Plant Layout 2nd Edition is an in depth guide which begins with general fundamentals and then becomes progressively more detailed; the same progression followed by process designs. It explains how to lay out process equipment and piping relative to each other and to environmental features in a safe, economical way. It is supported with tables of separation distances, rules of thumb, and descriptions of design stage reviews.
Sean Moran has thoroughly re-written this book to reflect advances in technology and best practice; for example changes in how designers balance layout density with cost, operability and safety considerations. The content covers the ‘why’ underlying process design company guidelines, and understanding this will provide a firm foundation for career growth for process design engineers. Process plant designers in contracting, consultancy, and operating companies at all stages of their careers are the primary audince for this book. The work is also of importance for operations and maintenance staff involved with a new build, to guide them through the plot plan reviews. Project engineers, plant and project managers will also find the work of great interest. It is written in a style suitable for use as a student textbook, as well as a reference for graduate engineers.

New to this edition:

  • Computer aided design and using CAD tools for plant layout
  • Layout of off-shore facilities, modular plants and multipurpose/multifunctional batch plants
  • Complying with worldwide risk management legislation

Recenzijos

"Sean has done an incredible job of rewriting/updating the original text and figures to reflect current plant layout and piping design practices and methodologies. It's an extremely comprehensive book that ranks as one of the best on the subject that I've ever seen, and is sure to become a classic in its own right." --Richard Beale, author of The Planning Guide to Piping Design

Daugiau informacijos

Updated, useful reference for those involved in plant design, covering all aspects of plant layout in broad detail
Acknowledgments xxi
Part I General Principles
1 Introduction
1.1 What Kind of a Book Is This?
3(1)
1.2 Why a New Book on Layout Design Is Needed
3(1)
1.3 What Is New in This Book?
4(1)
1.4 How Is the Book Structured?
4(1)
1.5 What Is Layout Design?
5(1)
1.6 Terminology
6(1)
1.7 Stages of Layout Design
7(1)
1.8 Hazard Assessment
7(1)
1.9 A Note on Calculations and Spacings
8(1)
Further Reading
8(1)
2 The Discipline of Layout in Context
2.1 General
9(1)
2.2 Abbreviations/Legislation and Standards/Terminology
10(3)
2.2.1 Abbreviations
10(1)
2.2.2 Relevant Standards and Codes
11(1)
2.2.3 Terminology
11(2)
2.3 The Importance of Layout
13(1)
2.4 General Design Considerations in Layout
13(2)
2.5 Project Deliverables
15(10)
2.5.1 Design Basis and Philosophies
15(1)
2.5.2 Specification
16(1)
2.5.3 Process Flow Diagram
16(1)
2.5.4 Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
16(3)
2.5.5 Equipment List/Schedule
19(1)
2.5.6 Functional Design Specification
20(1)
2.5.7 General Arrangement Drawings
20(1)
2.5.8 Cost Estimate
20(2)
2.5.9 Datasheets
22(1)
2.5.10 HAZOP Study
22(1)
2.5.11 Zoning Study/Hazardous Area Classification
22(1)
2.5.12 Isometric Piping Drawings
22(3)
2.6 Layout and the Law
25(1)
2.6.1 Civil Law
25(1)
2.6.2 Criminal Law
25(1)
2.7 Parties to the Design Process
26(1)
2.7.1 Client/Sponsor/Operating Company
26(1)
2.7.2 Consultant
27(1)
2.7.3 Process EPC Company
27(1)
2.7.4 Mechanical and Electrical EPC Company
27(1)
2.7.5 Process Design Houses
27(1)
2.8 Liaison Between Disciplines
27(3)
2.8.1 Mechanical Engineering
28(1)
2.8.2 Piping Engineering ("Pipers")
28(1)
2.8.3 Electrical Engineering
28(1)
2.8.4 Instrument Engineering
28(1)
2.8.5 Software Engineering
28(1)
2.8.6 Civil/Structural Engineering and Architects
29(1)
2.8.7 Installation, Commissioning, and Validation
29(1)
2.8.8 Procurement and Inspection
29(1)
2.8.9 Process Engineering
29(1)
2.9 Liaison Outside the Design Team
30(3)
2.9.1 Regulatory Authorities
30(1)
2.9.2 Emergency Services
31(1)
2.9.3 Transport
31(1)
2.9.4 Quality Assurance
31(1)
2.9.5 Publicity and the Press
31(1)
2.9.6 Insurance
31(1)
2.9.7 Equipment Suppliers
31(1)
2.9.8 Raw Material Suppliers and Product End Users
32(1)
2.9.9 Utility Suppliers
32(1)
2.9.10 Waste Disposal Facility Suppliers
32(1)
2.9.11 Construction Companies
32(1)
2.9.12 Commissioning Team
32(1)
2.9.13 Operating and Maintenance Personnel
32(1)
2.10 Relation of Layout to Other Activities
33(1)
2.11 Layout and Project Planning Control
34(3)
3 Site Layout Principles 3.1 General
37(18)
3.2 Abbreviations/Legislation, Standards and Codes of Practice/Terminology
39(2)
3.2.1 Abbreviations
39(1)
3.2.2 Standards and Codes
40(1)
3.3 Design Considerations
41(2)
3.4 Segregation
43(1)
3.5 Emergencies
44(1)
3.5.1 Access
44(1)
3.5.2 Control
44(1)
3.5.3 Water
45(1)
3.6 Central Facilities
45(1)
3.7 Pollution Abatement
46(1)
3.7.1 Solids
46(1)
3.7.2 Liquid
46(1)
3.7.3 Gas
47(1)
3.8 Transportation
47(1)
3.9 Security
48(1)
3.10 Environmental Aspects
49(3)
3.11 Geographical Factors
52(1)
3.12 Site Selection
52(3)
Further Reading
54(1)
4 Plot Layout Principles 4.1 General
55(10)
4.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
56(3)
4.2.1 Abbreviations
56(1)
4.2.2 Standards and Codes
56(2)
4.2.3 Terminology
58(1)
4.3 Process Considerations
59(1)
4.4 Economic Considerations
59(1)
4.5 Operational Considerations
59(1)
4.6 Maintenance Considerations
59(1)
4.7 Safety and Emergency Considerations
60(1)
4.8 Construction Considerations
60(1)
4.9 Appearance
60(1)
4.10 Future Expansion
61(1)
4.11 Considerations for Solids Handling Plant
61(1)
4.12 Plot Buildings
61(1)
4.13 Forming Plots
62(1)
4.14 Plot Layout Rules of Thumb
62(3)
Further Reading
63(2)
5 Planning of Layout Activities
5.1 General
65(1)
5.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes of Practice/Terminology
66(2)
5.2.1 Abbreviations
66(1)
5.2.2 Standards and Codes
67(1)
5.2.3 Terminology
67(1)
5.3 The Project Life Cycle
68(2)
5.4 The Organization of Conceptual Design
70(1)
5.5 The Organization of Front End Engineering Design
70(1)
5.6 The Organization of Detailed Design
71(1)
5.7 The Organization of Design for Construction
72(1)
5.8 The Organization of Post Construction Design
73(2)
5.8.1 Site Level Redesign
73(1)
5.8.2 Posthandover Optimization
73(2)
6 Methods for Layout, Conception, and Development
6.1 General
75(1)
6.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
76(1)
6.2.1 Abbreviations
76(1)
6.2.2 Standards and Codes
76(1)
6.2.3 Terminology
76(1)
6.3 Design Reviews
76(2)
6.3.1 Informal Design Reviews
76(1)
6.3.2 Formal Design Reviews
77(1)
6.4 Economic Optimization
78(1)
6.5 Rating Classification Methods
78(2)
6.5.1 Area Classification (Electrical)
78(1)
6.5.2 Restricted Access Zone Classification
79(1)
6.5.3 Classification of Flammable Liquid Storage Facilities
80(1)
6.5.4 Classification of Firefighting Equipment
80(1)
6.5.5 Spacings by Mond Index
80(1)
6.6 Mathematical Modeling
80(1)
6.7 Software
81(1)
6.8 Critical Examination Review
81(1)
6.9 Combined Application of Methods: Base Case
82(3)
6.9.1 Conceptual/FEED Layout Methodology
82(1)
6.9.2 Detailed Layout Methodology
82(1)
6.9.3 "For Construction" Layout Methodology
83(2)
7 Layout Analogues and Visual Aids
7.1 General
85(1)
7.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
85(1)
7.2.1 Abbreviations
85(1)
7.2.2 Standards and Codes
85(1)
7.2.3 Terminology
86(1)
7.3 Coordinate Dimensioning
86(1)
7.4 Drawings
87(9)
7.4.1 Site-Wide General Arrangement (GA) Drawings
88(1)
7.4.2 Plot GA Drawings
88(2)
7.4.3 Piping and Arrangement Study Drawings
90(2)
7.4.4 Piping General Arrangement Drawings
92(1)
7.4.5 Piping Isometrics
93(3)
7.4.6 Miscellaneous Drawings
96(1)
7.5 Models
96(1)
7.5.1 Cutouts
96(1)
7.5.2 Block Models
97(1)
7.6 Photography
97(1)
7.7 Computer Models
98(3)
8 Hazard Assessment of Plant Layout
8.1 General
101(1)
8.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
102(2)
8.2.1 Abbreviations
102(1)
8.2.2 Standards and Codes
103(1)
8.2.3 Terminology
104(1)
8.3 Relevant Hazards
104(5)
8.3.1 Release of Material
105(1)
8.3.2 Behavior of Material at Release
105(1)
8.3.3 Vapor Dispersion in the Open
106(1)
8.3.4 Vapor Dispersion in Buildings
107(1)
8.3.5 Fire and Explosion Hazards
108(1)
8.3.6 Comparison of Flammable and Toxic Hazards
108(1)
8.4 Implications for Layout
109(2)
8.4.1 Ideal Approach
109(1)
8.4.2 Current Approach
110(1)
8.4.3 Accident Modeling
111(1)
8.5 Appropriate Criteria
111(4)
8.5.1 Criteria for Blast Pressure Damage
111(1)
8.5.2 Criteria for Flammable Limits
112(1)
8.5.3 Criteria for Toxic Limits
112(1)
8.5.4 Criteria for Exposure to Thermal Radiation
113(1)
8.5.5 Risk Criteria
114(1)
8.6 Hazard Assessment Procedure
115(5)
8.6.1 Conceptual/FEED Layout
116(2)
8.6.2 Detailed Layout
118(2)
8.6.3 Design for Construction Layout
120(1)
8.7 Hazard Mitigation
120(4)
8.7.1 Inherent Safety
120(1)
8.7.2 Separation of Source and Target (Receptor)
121(1)
8.7.3 Protection of Target
121(1)
8.7.4 Containment of Hazard at Source
122(2)
8.8 Minor Leaks and Area Classification
124(9)
8.8.1 Minor and Major Hazard Assessment
124(1)
8.8.2 Minor Hazards
124(1)
8.8.3 Sources of Minor Loss
124(1)
8.8.4 Targets
125(1)
8.8.5 Design Steps
125(1)
8.8.6 Extension From Electrical Area Classification
126(3)
8.8.7 ERPG/WEEL Handbook Toxicity Zone Classification
129(1)
Further Reading
129(4)
Part II Detailed Site and Plot Layout
9 Transportation
9.1 General
133(1)
9.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
133(1)
9.2.1 Standards and Codes
133(1)
9.2.2 Terminology
134(1)
9.3 Design Considerations
134(1)
9.4 Site Emergencies
135(1)
9.5 Storage Location
136(1)
9.6 Roads and Parking Areas
136(1)
9.7 Rail Tracks
137(1)
9.8 Docks and Wharves
137(1)
9.9 Case Studies
138(3)
9.9.1 Texas City Disaster, Texas City, United States, April 16, 1947
138(1)
9.9.2 The "Havkong" Incident at Braefoot Bay Terminal, Aberdour, Fife, United Kingdom, 1993
138(1)
9.9.3 Railcar Shunt Causes Propylene Release
139(1)
9.9.4 The Camelford Incident, Camelford, Cornwall, United Kingdom, July 6, 1988
139(1)
9.9.5 Truck Driver Trapped in Cabin Door, Singapore, Early C21
140(1)
Further Reading
140(1)
10 Bulk Fluid Storage
10.1 General
141(1)
10.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
141(2)
10.2.1 Abbreviations
141(1)
10.2.2 Standards and Codes
141(2)
10.2.3 Terminology
143(1)
10.3 Design Considerations
143(2)
10.3.1 Atmospheric Tank Storage
144(1)
10.3.2 Pressurized Tank Storage
144(1)
10.4 Location
145(2)
10.5 Tank Size
147(1)
10.6 Tank Spacings
147(1)
10.7 Bund Areas
147(3)
10.7.1 Liquids
147(2)
10.7.2 Gases
149(1)
10.8 Bund and Tank Construction
150(1)
10.9 Pipes and Pumps
150(1)
10.10 Access Within Bunds
151(1)
10.11 Loading Areas
151(2)
10.12 Outdoor Drum Storage
153(1)
10.12.1 Stack Size
153(1)
10.12.2 Stack Segregation
153(1)
10.12.3 Firefighting
154(1)
10.13 Case Studies
154(3)
10.13.1 Boston Molasses Disaster, Boston, United States, January 15, 1919
154(1)
10.13.2 Fire in a Crude Oil Storage Tank, BP Oil, Dalmeny, Scotland, June 11, 1987
155(1)
10.13.3 Gas Release at the Bulk Terminals Complex, Chicago, Illinois, United States, April 26, 1974
155(1)
10.13.4 Rupture of a Liquid Nitrogen Storage Tank, Japan, August 28, 1992
156(1)
11 Bulk Solids Storage
11.1 General
157(1)
11.2 Terminology
157(2)
11.3 Bulk Solids Intake
159(5)
11.3.1 Road Intake
159(1)
11.3.2 Rail Intake
160(3)
11.3.3 Sea Intake
163(1)
11.4 Open Stockpiles
164(5)
11.4.1 Location
164(1)
11.4.2 Size of Stockpile
165(1)
11.4.3 Site Preparation
165(1)
11.4.4 Stockpile Equipment
165(4)
11.5 Closed Warehouses
169(2)
11.5.1 Building Layout
169(1)
11.5.2 Filling Equipment
170(1)
11.5.3 Reclaiming Equipment
170(1)
11.6 Bunker Storage
171(2)
11.6.1 Bunker Construction
173(1)
11.6.2 Filling Equipment
173(1)
11.6.3 Discharge Equipment
173(1)
11.7 Bulk Solids Outloading Plant
173(4)
11.7.1 Road Outloading
174(2)
11.7.2 Rail Outloading
176(1)
11.7.3 Sea Outloading
176(1)
11.8 Case Studies
177(2)
11.8.1 Metal Dust Flash Fires and Hydrogen Explosion, Hoeganaes Corporation, Gallatin, Tennessee, May 27, 2011
177(1)
11.8.2 Grain Elevator Explosion, Bartlett Grain Co., Kansas City, Missouri, October 2011
177(1)
Further Reading
178(1)
12 Warehouse Storage 12.1 General
179(8)
12.2 Abbreviations/Codes and Standards/Terminology
180(1)
12.2.1 Abbreviations
180(1)
12.2.2 Codes and Standards
180(1)
12.2.3 Terminology
180(1)
12.3 Design Considerations
180(4)
12.3.1 Goods Inward
180(1)
12.3.2 Storage
181(2)
12.3.3 Goods Outward
183(1)
12.4 Case Studies
184(3)
12.4.1 BASF, Wilton, Teesside, United Kingdom, October 9, 1995
184(1)
12.4.2 The Fire and Explosions at B&R Hauliers, Salford, United Kingdom, September 25, 1982
185(1)
12.4.3 Fire at Universal Freight Warehouse, Yorkshire, United Kingdom, Februarys, 1982
185(1)
12.4.4 Fire at Allied Colloids Limited, Low Moor, Bradford, United Kingdom, July 21, 1992
186(1)
Further Reading
186(1)
13 Pollution Control
13.1 General
187(1)
13.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
187(1)
13.2.1 Abbreviations
187(1)
13.2.2 Standards and Codes
187(1)
13.2.3 Terminology
188(1)
13.3 Design Considerations
188(7)
13.3.1 Gaseous Pollution Control
189(1)
13.3.2 Liquid Pollution Control
189(3)
13.3.3 Solid Pollution Control
192(1)
13.3.4 Nuisance Control
193(2)
13.4 Types of Pollution Control Technology
195(4)
13.4.1 Air Pollution Control
195(1)
13.4.2 Liquid Pollution Control
195(4)
13.4.3 Solid Pollution Control
199(1)
13.5 Location
199(2)
13.5.1 Gaseous Waste Treatment Plants
199(1)
13.5.2 Liquid Waste Storage and Treatment
200(1)
13.5.3 Solid Waste Storage and Treatment
201(1)
13.6 Spacing
201(1)
13.7 Arrangement
202(1)
13.8 Support
202(1)
13.9 Platforms
202(1)
13.9.1 Gaseous Waste Treatment
202(1)
13.9.2 Liquid Waste Treatment
203(1)
13.10 Maintenance
203(1)
13.11 Piping
203(1)
13.11.1 Gaseous Waste Treatment
203(1)
13.11.2 Liquid Waste Treatment
203(1)
13.12 Instrumentation
204(1)
13.13 Miscellaneous
204(1)
13.14 Case Studies
204(3)
13.14.1 Tailings Pond Dam Failure, Baia Mare, Romania, January 30, 2001
204(1)
13.14.2 Pipeline Failure, Mill Woods, Canada, March 1976
204(1)
13.14.3 AZF, Toulouse, France, September 21, 2001
205(1)
13.14.4 Poor Cold Vent Location Leads to Hazardous Process, United Kingdom, 1998
205(1)
13.14.5 Effluent Treatment Plant Explosion and Fire, Shell Bacton Gas Terminal, Norfolk, United Kingdom, February 2008
205(2)
14 Utilities I: General
14.1 General
207(1)
14.2 Abbreviations/Codes and Standards/Terminology
207(1)
14.2.1 Abbreviations
207(1)
14.2.2 Codes and Standards
207(1)
14.2.3 Terminology
207(1)
14.3 Design Considerations
208(1)
14.3.1 Degree of Centralization of Utilities
208(1)
14.3.2 Electrical Distribution
208(1)
14.3.3 Other Utilities
208(1)
14.4 Types of Utilities
208(1)
14.4.1 Electricity
208(1)
14.4.2 Other
209(1)
14.5 Location
209(1)
14.6 Maintenance
210(1)
14.6.1 Electricity
210(1)
14.7 Piping and Cabling
211(1)
14.8 Miscellaneous
211(1)
14.8.1 Compressed Air
211(1)
14.9 Case Studies
211(4)
14.9.1 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster, Fukushima, Japan, March 11, 2011
212(1)
14.9.2 Thunderstorm at a Refinery, Australia, 2002
212(1)
14.9.3 Explosion at Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation, Gramercy, Louisiana, United States, July 1999
212(1)
14.9.4 Sulfur Oxides Release, General Chemical Corp., Richmond, California, United States, May 2001
213(2)
15 Utilities II: Water and Steam
15.1 General
215(1)
15.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
215(1)
15.2.1 Abbreviations
215(1)
15.2.2 Standards and Codes
215(1)
15.2.3 Terminology
216(1)
15.3 Design Considerations
216(4)
15.3.1 Water: General Use
216(1)
15.3.2 Water: Firefighting
217(1)
15.3.3 Water: Cooling
218(1)
15.3.4 Boiler Water
219(1)
15.3.5 Purified and Ultrapure Water
220(1)
15.3.6 Steam
220(1)
15.4 Types of Utilities
220(1)
15.4.1 Water
220(1)
15.4.2 Steam
221(1)
15.5 Location
221(1)
15.5.1 General
221(1)
15.5.2 Cooling Water
221(1)
15.6 Arrangement
222(1)
15.7 Support
222(1)
15.7.1 Steam Pipework
222(1)
15.8 Maintenance
222(1)
15.9 Piping
222(14)
15.9.1 Main Steam Lines
222(1)
15.9.2 Drain Points and Condensate Removal
223(3)
15.9.3 Steam Branch Lines
226(2)
15.9.4 Steam Separators
228(8)
15.10 Miscellaneous
236(5)
15.10.1 Fire Pumps
236(1)
15.10.2 Condensate Pumping
236(4)
15.10.3 Air Venting and Heat Losses From Steam Pipework
240(1)
15.11 Case Studies
241(4)
15.11.1 Explosion and Fire at Chemstar Ltd., Stalybridge, United Kingdom, September 6, 1981
241(1)
15.11.2 Pemex LPG Terminal, Mexico City, Mexico, November 19, 1984
242(1)
15.11.3 Three Mile Island Reactor Meltdown, Pennsylvania, United States, March 28, 1979
242(3)
16 Central Services
16.1 General
245(1)
16.2 Standards and Codes/Terminology
245(1)
16.2.1 Standards and Codes
245(1)
16.2.2 Terminology
245(1)
16.3 Design Considerations
246(2)
16.3.1 Amenities
246(1)
16.3.2 Laboratories
246(1)
16.3.3 Workshops and Stores
247(1)
16.3.4 Emergency Services and Control
247(1)
16.4 Case Studies
248(3)
16.4.1 Explosion and Fires at Phillips 66, Pasadena, United States, October 23, 1989
248(1)
16.4.2 Explosion at Texas City Refinery, Texas, United States, March 23, 2005
248(1)
Further Reading
249(2)
17 Construction and Layout
17.1 General
251(2)
17.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
253(1)
17.2.1 Abbreviations
253(1)
17.2.2 Standards and Codes
253(1)
17.2.3 Terminology
253(1)
17.3 Design Considerations
253(11)
17.3.1 Stick-Built Construction
254(2)
17.3.2 Modular Construction
256(7)
17.3.3 Standard Packaged Plants
263(1)
17.3.4 Disposable Modular Plant
264(1)
17.4 Case Studies
264(3)
17.4.1 Natural Gas Pipeline Puncture, San Francisco, United States, August 25, 1981
264(1)
17.4.2 Release of Hydrofluoric Acid From Marathon Petroleum Refinery, Texas, United States, October 30, 1987
265(1)
Further Reading
265(2)
18 Details of Plot Layout
18.1 General
267(1)
18.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
268(1)
18.2.1 Abbreviations
268(1)
18.2.2 Standards and Codes
268(1)
18.2.3 Terminology
268(1)
18.3 Choice of Plant Structure
268(1)
18.4 Economic Savings
269(2)
18.4.1 Pumps and Elevation
269(1)
18.4.2 Minimizing Connections
270(1)
18.4.3 Saving Space and Structures
270(1)
18.4.4 Materials for the Structure
270(1)
18.4.5 Foundations
271(1)
18.5 Safety Details
271(3)
18.5.1 Operator Protection
271(1)
18.5.2 Spillage Containment
272(1)
18.5.3 Vibration
273(1)
18.5.4 Heating Stresses
273(1)
18.5.5 Accidental Impact
273(1)
18.6 Operational Requirements
274(4)
18.6.1 Horizontal Access
274(2)
18.6.2 Vertical Access
276(2)
18.6.3 Lagging and Access
278(1)
18.7 Maintenance Requirements
278(1)
18.8 Firefighting and Escape
279(1)
18.8.1 Firefighting
279(1)
18.8.2 Escape Routes
279(1)
18.8.3 Consultation
280(1)
18.9 Appearance
280(1)
18.9.1 Pipeways
280(1)
18.9.2 Towers
280(1)
18.9.3 Exchangers and Pumps
281(1)
18.9.4 Sequences of Plant
281(1)
18.10 Control Room
281(2)
18.10.1 Siting
281(1)
18.10.2 Panel Arrangement
282(1)
18.11 Other Personnel Buildings
283(1)
18.12 Case Studies
284(3)
18.12.1 Explosion and Fires at the Texaco Refinery, Milford Haven, United Kingdom, July 24, 1994
284(1)
18.12.2 Shunt Derails Propane Railcars, Alberta, Canada, 1978
284(1)
Further Reading
285(2)
19 Layout Within Buildings
19.1 General
287(1)
19.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
288(2)
19.2.1 Abbreviations
288(1)
19.2.2 Standards and Codes
289(1)
19.2.3 Terminology
290(1)
19.3 Optimum Equipment Arrangements
290(1)
19.4 Operational and Emergency Arrangements
291(1)
19.5 Piping and Cabling
291(2)
19.6 Ducting and Headroom
293(1)
19.7 Maintenance
293(2)
19.8 Planning Pipes, Ducts, and Equipment Removal
295(1)
19.9 Safety in Buildings
295(2)
19.10 Illumination and Appearance
297(1)
19.11 Case Studies
297(6)
19.11.1 Warehouse Fire
298(1)
19.11.2 Dust Explosion at West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc., Kinston, North Carolina, United States, January 2003
298(1)
19.11.3 World Trade Center Attacks, New York, United States, September 11, 2001
299(1)
Further Reading
299(4)
Part III Detailed Layout of Equipment
20 Tanks and Drums
20.1 General
303(3)
20.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
306(1)
20.2.1 Abbreviation
306(1)
20.2.2 Standards and Codes
306(1)
20.2.3 Terminology
306(1)
20.3 Types of Vessel
306(1)
20.3.1 Tanks
307(1)
20.3.2 Drums
307(1)
20.4 Spacing
307(1)
20.5 Arrangement
308(1)
20.6 Support
308(1)
20.7 Platforms
308(1)
20.8 Maintenance
309(1)
20.9 Piping
310(1)
20.10 Nozzles
310(1)
20.11 Instrumentation
310(1)
20.12 Case Studies
311(4)
20.12.1 Fire at Feyzin Refinery, Lyon, France, January 4, 1966
311(1)
20.12.2 Fire at Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal, Buncefield, United Kingdom, December 11, 2005
311(1)
20.12.3 Explosions at Staveley Chemicals Limited, Derbyshire, United Kingdom, June 27, 1982
312(1)
20.12.4 MIC Release at Union Carbide India Ltd., Bhopal, India, December 3, 1984
312(1)
Further Reading
313(2)
21 Furnaces and Fired Equipment
21.1 General
315(1)
21.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
315(1)
21.2.1 Abbreviations
315(1)
21.2.2 Standards and Codes
315(1)
21.2.3 Terminology
316(1)
21.3 Design Considerations
316(1)
21.4 Types of Fired Equipment
317(1)
21.5 Location
318(1)
21.6 Spacing
319(1)
21.7 Arrangement
319(1)
21.8 Support
320(1)
21.9 Platforms
320(1)
21.10 Maintenance
320(1)
21.11 Piping
320(1)
21.12 Nozzles
321(1)
21.13 Instrumentation
322(1)
21.14 Miscellaneous
322(1)
21.15 Case Studies
322(3)
21.15.1 Fire at Conoco Ltd., Humber Refinery, South Killingholme, Immingham, United Kingdom, April 16, 2001
322(1)
21.15.2 Boiler Explosion During Plant Restart, Singapore, Early 21st Century
322(1)
Further Reading
323(2)
22 Distillation Columns and Towers
22.1 General
325(1)
22.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
325(1)
22.2.1 Abbreviations
325(1)
22.2.2 Standards and Codes
325(1)
22.2.3 Terminology
325(1)
22.3 Design Considerations
325(1)
22.4 Types of Towers
326(1)
22.4.1 Packed Towers
326(1)
22.4.2 Trayed Towers
326(1)
22.4.3 Vacuum Towers
327(1)
22.4.4 Stripper Columns
327(1)
22.4.5 Multieffect Distillation
327(1)
22.5 Location
327(1)
22.6 Spacing
327(1)
22.7 Arrangement
327(2)
22.8 Support
329(1)
22.9 Platforms
329(1)
22.10 Maintenance
329(4)
22.11 Piping
333(1)
22.12 Nozzles
333(2)
22.13 Instrumentation
335(1)
22.14 Miscellaneous
335(2)
22.15 Case Studies
337(2)
22.15.1 Explosion and Fire at DSM, Beek, The Netherlands, November 7, 1975
337(1)
22.15.2 Fire at Hickson & Welch Limited, Castleford, United Kingdom, September 21, 1992
337(1)
Further Reading
338(1)
23 Heat Exchangers
23.1 General
339(1)
23.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
339(1)
23.2.1 Abbreviations
339(1)
23.2.2 Standards and Codes
339(1)
23.2.3 Terminology
340(1)
23.3 Design Considerations
340(1)
23.4 Types of Exchangers
340(1)
23.5 Location
341(1)
23.6 Spacing
341(1)
23.7 Arrangement
342(3)
23.8 Support
345(1)
23.9 Platforms
345(1)
23.10 Maintenance
345(1)
23.11 Piping
345(6)
23.11.1 General
345(2)
23.11.2 Steam-Heated Exchangers
347(4)
23.12 Nozzles
351(1)
23.13 Instrumentation
351(1)
23.14 Case Studies
351(4)
23.14.1 Heat Exchanger Rupture and Ammonia Release, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Houston, Texas, United States, June 11, 2008
351(1)
23.14.2 Catastrophic Rupture of Heat Exchanger, Tesoro Refinery, Anacortes, Washington, United States, April 2, 2010
352(1)
23.14.3 Gas Explosion, Esso Natural Gas Plant, Longford, Victoria, Australia, September 25, 1998
352(1)
23.14.4 Explosion of Condenser During Chemical Process, Singapore, Early 21st Century
353(1)
Further Reading
353(2)
24 Reactors
24.1 General
355(2)
24.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
357(1)
24.2.1 Abbreviations
357(1)
24.2.2 Standards and Codes
357(1)
24.2.3 Terminology
357(1)
24.3 Design Considerations
357(5)
24.3.1 Batch Stirred Tank Reactors
358(3)
24.3.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors
361(1)
24.3.3 Fixed-Bed Reactors
361(1)
24.3.4 Fluidized Bed Reactors
361(1)
24.4 Types of Reactor
362(1)
24.5 Location
362(1)
24.6 Arrangement
362(1)
24.7 Support
362(1)
24.8 Platforms
363(1)
24.9 Maintenance
363(1)
24.10 Piping
363(1)
24.11 Nozzles
364(1)
24.12 Instrumentation
364(1)
24.13 Miscellaneous
364(2)
24.13.1 Reactor Safety
364(1)
24.13.2 Aging
365(1)
24.13.3 Heating
365(1)
24.13.4 Cooling
366(1)
24.14 Case Studies
366(3)
24.14.1 Polymerization Runaway Reaction, United Kingdom, May 1992
366(1)
24.14.2 ICMESA Chemical Company, Seveso, Italy, July 10, 1976
367(1)
24.14.3 Explosion and Fire at Shell, Stanlow, United Kingdom, March 20, 1990
367(1)
Further Reading
368(1)
25 Mixers
25.1 General
369(1)
25.2 Design Considerations
369(1)
25.3 Types of Mixer
369(3)
25.3.1 Dynamic Solids Mixers
369(2)
25.3.2 Static Solids Mixers
371(1)
25.3.3 Dynamic Liquid Mixers
371(1)
25.3.4 Static Liquid Mixers
371(1)
25.3.5 Mixer-Settlers
372(1)
25.3.6 Gas---Liquid Mixers
372(1)
25.4 Spacing
372(1)
25.5 Arrangement
372(1)
25.6 Support
373(1)
25.7 Maintenance
374(1)
25.8 Piping
374(1)
25.9 Instrumentation
374(1)
25.10 Case Studies
374(3)
25.10.1 Unsafe Access to Lime Tank Mixer, United Kingdom, 2015
374(1)
25.10.2 Sierra Chemical Co. High Explosives Accident, Mustang, Nevada, United States, January 7, 1998
374(1)
25.10.3 Mixing and Heating a Flammable Liquid in an Open Top Tank, Universal Form Clamp, Inc., Bellwood, Illinois, United States, June 14, 2006
375(1)
Further Reading
376(1)
26 Filters
26.1 General
377(1)
26.2 Design Considerations
377(1)
26.3 Types of Filters
377(7)
26.3.1 Line Filters and Strainers
377(1)
26.3.2 Batch Filters
378(3)
26.3.3 Continuous Filters
381(1)
26.3.4 Cross-Flow Membrane Filtration
381(1)
26.3.5 Rotary Vacuum Filter
382(2)
26.4 Location
384(1)
26.5 Spacing
384(1)
26.6 Arrangement
384(1)
26.7 Platforms
385(1)
26.8 Maintenance
385(1)
26.9 Piping
385(1)
26.10 Nozzles
386(1)
26.11 Instrumentation
386(1)
26.12 Miscellaneous
386(1)
26.13 Case Studies
387(2)
26.13.1 Explosion in a Carboxymethyl Cellulose Production Plant, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, July 11, 2009
387(1)
26.13.2 Personnel Injuries from Hot Oil Leak at Shell Refinery, Martinez, California, United States, November 8, 2005
387(1)
26.13.3 Employee Suffers Chemical Burns While Changing Filter, Incon Processing LLC, Batavia, Illinois, United States, September 13, 2008
388(1)
27 Centrifuges
27.1 General
389(1)
27.2 Standards and Codes/Terminology
389(1)
27.2.1 Standards and Codes
389(1)
27.2.2 Terminology
389(1)
27.3 Design Considerations
389(1)
27.3.1 High Solids Feed
390(1)
27.3.2 Low Solids Feeds
390(1)
27.4 Types of Centrifuge
390(2)
27.5 Location
392(1)
27.6 Spacing
393(1)
27.7 Arrangement
393(1)
27.8 Support
393(1)
27.9 Platforms
393(1)
27.10 Maintenance
394(1)
27.11 Piping
394(2)
27.12 Instrumentation
396(1)
27.13 Miscellaneous
396(1)
27.13.1 Centrifuge Safety
396(1)
27.14 Case Studies
396(3)
27.14.1 Unbalanced Basket Centrifuge Loses Shaft
396(1)
27.14.2 Explosion in Decanter Centrifuge, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States, May 5, 2010
397(1)
Further Reading
397(2)
28 Solids Handling Plant
28.1 General
399(1)
28.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
400(1)
28.2.1 Abbreviation
400(1)
28.2.2 Standards and Codes
400(1)
28.2.3 Terminology
401(1)
28.3 Types of Solids Handling Equipment
401(9)
28.3.1 Solids Size Reduction
401(4)
28.3.2 Solid/Solid Separators
405(2)
28.3.3 Gas/Solid Separators
407(3)
28.4 Location
410(1)
28.5 Spacing
410(1)
28.6 Arrangement
410(1)
28.7 Support
411(1)
28.8 Maintenance
411(1)
28.9 Miscellaneous
411(5)
28.9.1 Environmental Considerations
411(4)
28.9.2 Explosion Protection and Prevention
415(1)
28.10 Case Studies
416(3)
28.10.1 Corn Starch Dust Explosion at General Foods Ltd., Banbury, United Kingdom, 1981
416(1)
28.10.2 Grain Storage Dust Explosion, Blaye, France, 1977
416(1)
28.10.3 Sverdlovsk Anthrax Disaster, Sverdlovsk, Russia, March/April 1979
417(1)
Further Reading
417(2)
29 Dryers
29.1 General
419(1)
29.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
419(1)
29.2.1 Abbreviations
419(1)
29.2.2 Standards and Codes
419(1)
29.2.3 Terminology
420(1)
29.3 Design Considerations
420(1)
29.3.1 Product Flow
420(1)
29.3.2 Airflow
420(1)
29.4 Types of Dryer
420(5)
29.4.1 Low-Airflow, Vacuum, and Freeze Dryers
420(1)
29.4.2 Rotary Dryers
421(1)
29.4.3 Belt Dryers
421(1)
29.4.4 Continuous Fluid Bed Dryers
422(1)
29.4.5 Batch Fluid Bed Dryers
422(1)
29.4.6 Spray Dryers
422(1)
29.4.7 Pneumatic or Flash Dryers
422(1)
29.4.8 Tray and Tunnel Dryers
422(3)
29.4.9 Evaporators
425(1)
29.4.10 Crystallizers
425(1)
29.4.11 Aftercoolers
425(1)
29.5 Location
425(1)
29.6 Spacing
426(1)
29.7 Arrangement
426(1)
29.7.1 Belt Dryers
426(1)
29.7.2 Evaporators
427(1)
29.7.3 Crystallizers
427(1)
29.8 Support
427(1)
29.9 Platforms
427(5)
29.9.1 Evaporators
427(5)
29.10 Maintenance
432(1)
29.10.1 General
432(1)
29.10.2 Rotary Dryers
432(1)
29.10.3 Spray Dryers
433(1)
29.10.4 Flash Dryers
433(1)
29.10.5 Evaporators
433(1)
29.11 Instrumentation
433(1)
29.12 Miscellaneous
433(6)
29.12.1 Explosion Protection
433(4)
29.12.2 Dryer Steam Pipework
437(2)
29.13 Case Studies
439(2)
29.13.1 Dow Chemical Factory Explosion, King's Lynn, United Kingdom, June 27, 1976
439(1)
29.13.2 Benzoyl Peroxide Explosion, Catalyst Systems, Inc., Gnadenhutten, Ohio, United States, January 2, 2003
440(1)
Further Reading
440(1)
30 Filling and Packaging 30.1 General
441(12)
30.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
441(3)
30.2.1 Abbreviations
441(1)
30.2.2 Standards and Codes
441(1)
30.2.3 Terminology
441(3)
30.3 Design Considerations
444(5)
30.3.1 Line Layout
444(2)
30.3.2 Process and Packaging Reconciliation
446(1)
30.3.3 Filling Equipment
446(2)
30.3.4 Labeling
448(1)
30.3.5 Wrapping and Palletizing
448(1)
30.3.6 Product Checking
449(1)
30.4 Case Studies
449(4)
30.4.1 Fire and Explosions at Barton Solvents, Des Moines, Iowa, United States, October 29, 2007
450(1)
30.4.2 Fire at North West Aerosols Ltd., Liverpool, United Kingdom, December 13, 2005
450(3)
Part IV Detailed Layout: Materials Transfer Systems
31 Pumps
31.1 General
453(1)
31.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
453(1)
31.2.1 Abbreviations
453(1)
31.2.2 Standards and Codes
453(1)
31.2.3 Terminology
454(1)
31.3 Design Considerations
454(1)
31.4 Types of Pumps
454(3)
31.4.1 Centrifugal Pumps
454(3)
31.4.2 Positive Displacement Pumps
457(1)
31.4.3 Momentum Pumps
457(1)
31.5 Location
457(2)
31.6 Spacing
459(1)
31.6.1 Centrifugal Pumps
459(1)
31.7 Arrangement
460(1)
31.8 Support
460(1)
31.9 Maintenance
460(1)
31.10 Piping
460(1)
31.11 Nozzles
461(1)
31.12 Instrumentation
461(1)
31.13 Case Studies
461(2)
31.13.1 Lack of Flooded Suction, Pharmaceutical Site, United Kingdom, 2015
461(1)
31.13.2 Explosion at Aztec Catalysts, Elyria, Ohio, United States, August 27, 1993
461(1)
Further Reading
462(1)
32 Compressors
32.1 General
463(1)
32.2 Abbreviation/Standards and Codes/Terminology
463(1)
32.2.1 Abbreviation
463(1)
32.2.2 Standards and Codes
463(1)
32.2.3 Terminology
464(1)
32.3 Design Considerations
464(1)
32.4 Types of Compressors
464(1)
32.4.1 Positive Displacement Compressors
464(1)
32.4.2 Rotodynamic Compressors
464(1)
32.4.3 Fans
465(1)
32.5 Location
465(1)
32.6 Spacing
465(1)
32.7 Arrangement
465(2)
32.8 Support
467(1)
32.9 Maintenance
467(1)
32.10 Piping
468(1)
32.10.1 Positive Displacement Compressor Piping
468(1)
32.10.2 Centrifugal Compressor Piping
468(1)
32.11 Case Studies
469(2)
32.11.1 Reciprocating Compressor Valves Destroyed by Poor Pipework Layout, Korea, 1989
469(1)
32.11.2 Explosion and Fire, Shell Chemical Company, Deer Park, Texas, United States, June 22, 1997
469(1)
Further Reading
470(1)
33 Conveyors
33.1 General
471(1)
33.2 Standards and Codes
471(1)
33.2.1 International Standards and Codes
471(1)
33.2.2 European Standards and Codes
471(1)
33.2.3 British Standards and Codes
472(1)
33.2.4 US Standards and Codes
472(1)
33.3 Design Considerations
472(2)
33.3.1 Belt Conveyors
472(1)
33.3.2 Pneumatic Conveyors
472(2)
33.3.3 Vibratory Conveyors
474(1)
33.3.4 Worm Conveyors
474(1)
33.4 Types of Conveyor
474(3)
33.4.1 Belt Conveyors
474(1)
33.4.2 Pneumatic Conveyors
474(1)
33.4.3 Vibratory Conveyors
474(2)
33.4.4 Worm Conveyors
476(1)
33.4.5 "En Masse" Flow Conveyors and Elevators
476(1)
33.4.6 Bucket Elevators
477(1)
33.4.7 Other Conveyors
477(1)
33.5 Support
477(1)
33.6 Maintenance
477(3)
33.6.1 Belt Conveyors
477(1)
33.6.2 Air Slide Conveyors
478(1)
33.6.3 Worm Conveyors
478(1)
33.6.4 En Masse Conveyors
479(1)
33.6.5 Bucket Elevators
479(1)
33.7 Piping
480(1)
33.8 Case Studies
480(3)
33.8.1 Mining Disaster, Creswell Colliery, Derbyshire, United Kingdom, September 26, 1950
480(1)
33.8.2 Fire at Biolab UK Ltd., Cheltenham, United Kingdom, September 2006
481(1)
Further Reading
481(2)
34 Piping
34.1 General
483(1)
34.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
483(2)
34.2.1 Abbreviations
483(1)
34.2.2 Standards and Codes
483(1)
34.2.3 Terminology
484(1)
34.3 Design Considerations
485(1)
34.3.1 Standards and Codes
485(1)
34.3.2 Pipe Materials Selection and Sizing
485(1)
34.3.3 Bends and Fittings
485(1)
34.3.4 Flanges
486(1)
34.4 Piping Layout Considerations
486(2)
34.4.1 General
486(1)
34.4.2 Maintenance Access and Headroom
486(1)
34.4.3 Location
487(1)
34.5 Use of Piperacks
488(10)
34.5.1 General
488(6)
34.5.2 Design Methodology
494(1)
34.5.3 Rules of Thumb for Piperack Design
495(3)
34.6 Plot Piping
498(2)
34.6.1 General
498(1)
34.6.2 Piping Within Buildings
499(1)
34.7 Utility Systems
500(2)
34.7.1 Steam Piping and Tracing
501(1)
34.7.2 Air Piping
501(1)
34.7.3 Cooling Water Piping
501(1)
34.7.4 Fuel Piping
502(1)
34.7.5 Refrigerant Piping
502(1)
34.7.6 Firefighting Water Piping
502(1)
34.7.7 Vent Connections
502(1)
34.7.8 Washing Down Facilities
502(1)
34.8 Valves and Bleed Points
502(5)
34.8.1 Vents, Drains, and Sample Points
502(1)
34.8.2 Valve Location
503(1)
34.8.3 Shutoff Valves
503(2)
34.8.4 Throttling Valves
505(1)
34.8.5 Check Valves
505(1)
34.8.6 Control Valves
505(1)
34.8.7 Relief Devices
506(1)
34.9 Testing and Inspection
507(1)
34.10 Case Studies
507(6)
34.10.1 Chemical Release and Fire at the Associated Octel Company Ltd., Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, United Kingdom, February 1, 1994
507(1)
34.10.2 Fire at BP Oil, Grangemouth Refinery, Falkirk, United Kingdom, March 13, 1987
508(1)
34.10.3 Pharmaceutical Process Vessel Hanging From Pipework, United Kingdom, 2015
508(1)
34.10.4 Cyclohexane Release Due to Cold Weather, Chalampe, France, December 17, 2002
508(1)
34.10.5 Dangerous LPG Chiller Layout as a Result of Failure to Carry Out Hydraulic Analysis, Asia, 2016
509(1)
Further Reading
510(3)
Part V Detailed Layout: Other
35 Pipe Stress Analysis
35.1 General
513(1)
35.2 Abbreviations, Standards, and Codes
513(1)
35.2.1 Abbreviations
513(1)
35.2.2 Standards and Codes
513(1)
35.3 Design Considerations
514(14)
35.3.1 Pumps
514(1)
35.3.2 Turbines
514(1)
35.3.3 Compressors
514(1)
35.3.4 Fired Heaters
515(1)
35.3.5 Heat Exchangers
515(1)
35.3.6 Piping
515(1)
35.3.7 Pipe Supports
516(12)
35.4 Analysis Methods
528(5)
35.4.1 General Pipe Stress Analysis
528(2)
35.4.2 Flexibility Analysis of Pipework
530(3)
35.4.3 Visual Analysis
533(1)
35.4.4 Approximate Estimation
533(1)
35.4.5 Comprehensive Calculation
533(1)
35.5 Case Studies
533(2)
35.5.1 Flixborough (Nypro UK) Explosion, June 1, 1974
533(1)
35.5.2 Operators Scalded by Hot Liquid From Incinerator, Singapore, Early 21st Century
534(1)
Further Reading
534(1)
36 Instrumentation
36.1 General
535(1)
36.2 Abbreviations/Standards and Codes/Terminology
535(1)
36.2.1 Abbreviations
535(1)
36.2.2 Standards and Codes
535(1)
36.2.3 Terminology
535(1)
36.3 Design Considerations
535(1)
36.4 Types of Instrument
536(1)
36.4.1 Sensors
536(1)
36.4.2 Actuators
537(1)
36.5 Location
537(1)
36.5.1 Sensors
537(1)
36.5.2 Actuators
538(1)
36.6 Spacing
538(1)
36.7 Arrangement
538(1)
36.7.1 Pressure Sensors
538(1)
36.7.2 Temperature Sensors
539(1)
36.7.3 Level Sensors
539(1)
36.7.4 Flow Sensors
539(1)
36.8 Support
539(1)
36.9 Platforms
539(1)
36.10 Maintenance
539(1)
36.10.1 Flowmeters
539(1)
36.11 Piping
540(1)
36.11.1 Orifice Plate Flowmeters
540(1)
36.11.2 Rotameters
540(1)
36.12 Nozzles
540(1)
36.13 Instrumentation
540(1)
36.14 Case Studies
540(7)
36.14.1 Release of Chemicals From International Biosynthetics Limited, Widnes, United Kingdom, December 7, 1991
541(1)
36.14.2 Fire Due to Sight Glass Leak, Singapore, Early 21st Century
541(1)
36.14.3 Contact With Hydrofluoric Acid During Decommissioning of Pressurized Tank, Singapore, Early 21st Century
541(1)
36.14.4 Loss of Containment at Elevated Flare Tower, Singapore, Early 21st Century
542(1)
36.14.5 Explosion and Fire at Chemical Manufacturing Plant, Singapore, Early 21st Century
542(1)
Further Reading
543(4)
Part VI Appendices
Appendix A CAD
547(18)
Appendix B Hazard Assessment Calculations
565(54)
Appendix C Plant Separation Tables
619(24)
Appendix D Variations on the Methodology
643(42)
Appendix E Masterplanning
685(8)
Appendix F Conversion Factors for Older and "British" Units
693(4)
Appendix G Consolidated Glossary
697(10)
Appendix H Consolidated Codes and Standards
707(10)
Index 717
Eur Ing Dr Seįn Moran CEng is a practising chemical engineer with over thirty years of experience in process design, commissioning, and troubleshooting. He started his career with international process engineering contractors before setting up his own consultancy in 1996, specializing in process and hydraulic design for water, sewage and industrial effluent treatment plants. Sean spent several years in academia, where he held positions including a Royal Academy of Engineering Visiting Professorship, and is a strong advocate for the overhaul of traditional university chemical engineering curricula. He is the author of three textbooks and many articles on process plant design and layout, and has an international portfolio of design and forensic engineering projects.
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