Preface |
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xix | |
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Part I Tolerance Analysis and Synthesis |
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1 | (172) |
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Chapter 1 A New Method of Expressing Functional Requirements and How to Allocate Tolerance to Parts |
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3 | (18) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (6) |
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4 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Statistical tolerancing methods |
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6 | (4) |
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10 | (7) |
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1.3.1 Functional requirements |
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11 | (3) |
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1.3.2 The tolerancing strategy |
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14 | (3) |
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17 | (2) |
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1.4.1 Efficiency of the proposed method |
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17 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Comparison to existing approaches |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 A Parametric Approach to Determine Minimum Clearance in Overconstrained Mechanisms |
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21 | (18) |
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22 | (2) |
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2.2 Compatibility relations between specification parameters |
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24 | (5) |
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2.2.1 Modeling the geometric constraints problem |
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24 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Compatibility relations for assemblability requirement |
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25 | (2) |
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2.2.3 Compatibility relations for mobility requirement |
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27 | (2) |
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2.3 Framework for minimum clearance determination |
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29 | (4) |
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2.3.1 Nominal and associated mechanism |
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30 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Actual and associated parts |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (3) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Quick GPS: Tolerancing of an Isolated Part |
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39 | (20) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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3.2.1 The positioning plan |
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40 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Description with positioning tables |
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41 | (1) |
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3.3 Datum system specifications |
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42 | (5) |
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3.3.1 Positioning requirements |
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42 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Positioning specifications |
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42 | (5) |
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3.4 Relative position of reference frames |
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47 | (5) |
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3.4.1 Links between reference frames |
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47 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Specification corresponding to links |
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49 | (3) |
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52 | (5) |
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52 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Data acquisition and verification |
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53 | (2) |
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3.5.3 Tolerancing process |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Synthesis and Statistical Analysis for 3D Tolerancing |
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59 | (18) |
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59 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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4.2 Stack-up tolerance synthesis |
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61 | (5) |
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61 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Analysis for worst case stack-up tolerances |
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63 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Analysis with the statistical approach |
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64 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Synthesis for stack-up tolerances |
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65 | (1) |
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4.3 Serial mechanisms with non-perfect contacts |
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66 | (2) |
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4.3.1 Analysis in the worst case |
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67 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Analysis with the statistical approach |
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67 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Synthesis for a serial mechanical system |
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68 | (1) |
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4.4 "Reducible" structure |
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68 | (4) |
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4.4.1 Parallel mechanical structure |
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68 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Introduction to "reducible" structure |
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70 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Algorithm and computational method |
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71 | (1) |
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4.5 Example of the pin-hole assembly |
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72 | (3) |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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4.6 Conclusion and discussion |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Discussion and future works |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Reliability Analysis of the Functional Specification Applied to a Helicopter Gas Turbine |
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77 | (22) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (5) |
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79 | (4) |
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5.3 Deterministic approach |
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83 | (3) |
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5.3.1 Sensitivity and elasticity analysis |
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84 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Discussion about the determinist results |
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86 | (1) |
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5.4 Probabilistic approach |
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86 | (10) |
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5.4.1 Definition of the state functions |
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88 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Determination of the statistical parameters from the tolerancing model |
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89 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Failure rate estimation |
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90 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Influence of the tolerancing parameters on the failure probability |
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91 | (2) |
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5.4.5 Sensibility analysis on the failure probability |
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93 | (1) |
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5.4.6 Parametric analysis of the Y8 parameter |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Inertial Tolerancing According to ISO GPS |
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99 | (26) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (14) |
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6.2.1 Definition of the functional requirement domain (FRD) applied to localization specification |
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101 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Tolerance synthesis of a stack of parts |
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103 | (2) |
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6.2.3 Example of tolerance synthesis |
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105 | (4) |
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6.2.4 Process capability indices applied to SDT |
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109 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Statistical tolerancing risk |
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110 | (1) |
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6.2.6 Inertial tolerancing: short reminder |
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111 | (1) |
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6.2.7 Inertial tolerancing with stack-up problem |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (7) |
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6.3.1 3D inertia definitions and comparison |
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114 | (3) |
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6.3.2 3D inertia definitions comparison |
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117 | (2) |
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6.3.3 3D inertia in the industrial context |
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119 | (2) |
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6.3.4 3D inertia- conclusions |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Tolerance Analysis based on Quantified Constraint Satisfaction Problems |
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125 | (20) |
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125 | (2) |
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7.2 Quantifier notion and mathematical formulation of tolerance synthesis |
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127 | (5) |
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7.2.1 Quantifier notion for geometrical product requirement |
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127 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Mathematical formulation of tolerance analysis for geometrical product requirement |
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128 | (4) |
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7.3 Worst case tolerance analysis based on quantified constraint satisfaction problems |
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132 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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7.3.2 New mathematical formulation of tolerance analysis for QCSP solver |
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133 | (1) |
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7.4 Statistical tolerance analysis based on constraint satisfaction problems and Monte Carlo simulation |
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134 | (5) |
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7.4.1 Algorithm for statistical tolerance analysis by Monte Carlo simulation and CSP technique |
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135 | (4) |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (3) |
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Chapter 8 Tolerance Analysis in Manufacturing Using the MMP, Comparison and Evaluation of Three Different Approaches |
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145 | (28) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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8.3 Tolerance analysis and virtual gauge |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (5) |
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8.4.1 Optimization technique |
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150 | (5) |
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155 | (3) |
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8.5.1 The combined approach functional elements |
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155 | (3) |
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8.6 Monte Carlo simulation |
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158 | (2) |
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8.7 Example and comparison |
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160 | (9) |
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160 | (4) |
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164 | (4) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (3) |
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Part II Simulation of Assemblies |
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173 | (126) |
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Chapter 9 A Chronological Framework for Virtual Sheet Metal Assembly Design |
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175 | (16) |
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175 | (4) |
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9.1.1 A generic product development process |
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176 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Automotive sheet metal assembly |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (9) |
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181 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Concept development |
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181 | (1) |
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9.2.3 System-level design |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (3) |
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9.3 Summary and future work |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 A Method to Optimize Geometric Quality and Motion Feasibility of Assembly Sequences |
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191 | (18) |
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191 | (3) |
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10.1.1 Problem motivation |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (2) |
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10.2 Modeling and algorithms |
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194 | (10) |
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10.2.1 Modeling connections |
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194 | (5) |
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10.2.2 Stability and variation analysis |
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199 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Assembly sequences |
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200 | (3) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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10.4 Industrial test case |
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204 | (2) |
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10.5 Conclusions and future work |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Modeling and Simulation of Assembly Constraints in Tolerance Analysis of Rigid Part Assemblies |
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209 | (22) |
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209 | (2) |
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11.2 SVA-TOL methodology overview |
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211 | (1) |
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11.3 Assembly constraint modeling |
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212 | (10) |
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11.3.1 Fully-constrained assembly |
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217 | (4) |
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11.3.2 Over-constrained assembly |
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221 | (1) |
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11.4 Case study one: assembly of two-part assembly |
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222 | (3) |
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11.5 Case study two: industrial application |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Tolerance Analysis with detailed Part Modeling |
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231 | (14) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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12.3 The proposed modeling and analysis of toleranced assemblies |
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233 | (1) |
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12.4 Simulation of non-ideal parts |
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234 | (1) |
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12.5 Relative positioning |
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235 | (4) |
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12.5.1 Defined objective functions |
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236 | (1) |
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12.5.2 Particle swarm optimization |
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237 | (1) |
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12.5.3 Independence of the positioning steps |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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12.6 Analysis of the positioned assemblies |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (3) |
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Chapter 13 Assembly Method Comparison Including Form Defect |
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245 | (14) |
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245 | (3) |
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245 | (1) |
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13.1.2 Actual lack of CAD |
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246 | (1) |
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13.1.3 State of the art and proposal |
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246 | (2) |
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13.2 Geometric model for simulation |
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248 | (4) |
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13.2.1 Part with form defects |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (1) |
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13.2.3 Function for optimization |
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250 | (2) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (3) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (3) |
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Chapter 14 Influence of Geometric Defects on Service Life |
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259 | (14) |
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259 | (4) |
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259 | (1) |
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14.1.2 Service life functional requirements |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (2) |
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14.2 Calculation methodology of contact pressure and orbital speed variation |
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263 | (5) |
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14.2.1 Schedule of the methodology |
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265 | (1) |
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14.2.2 Introduction of geometric defects in FEM |
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265 | (1) |
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14.2.3 Model of geometric defect |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (3) |
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268 | (1) |
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14.3.2 Effect of the localization defect on orbital speed variation |
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269 | (1) |
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14.3.3 Effect of the orientation defect on the contact load and orbital speed variation |
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269 | (1) |
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14.3.4 Effect of the form defects and undulation on speed variation |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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Chapter 15 Gapspace Multi-dimensional Assembly Analysis |
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273 | (26) |
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273 | (2) |
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15.2 Representing dimensions and tolerances |
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275 | (1) |
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15.3 Geometric tolerances |
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276 | (3) |
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15.4 Perfect form tolerance zones |
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279 | (1) |
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15.5 Assembly tolerance specification |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (1) |
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15.8 Manufacturing dimensioning schemes |
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282 | (2) |
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15.9 The revised 2D tolerance chart |
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284 | (1) |
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15.10 Parametric representation of the PF-tolerance zone of a CS-feature |
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284 | (4) |
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15.11 Surfaces of revolution |
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288 | (1) |
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15.12 Nominal dimensions of the CS |
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288 | (1) |
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15.13 ID constraining simplices |
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289 | (1) |
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15.14 2D constraining simplices |
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290 | (3) |
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293 | (4) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (132) |
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Chapter 16 Impact of the Sampling Strategy on Geometrical Checking Uncertainties |
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301 | (16) |
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301 | (1) |
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16.2 Geometrical verification and virtual gauges |
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302 | (2) |
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16.2.1 Verification by virtual gauge without best fit |
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302 | (1) |
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16.2.2 Verification with associated feature |
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303 | (1) |
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16.2.3 Statistical point of view |
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304 | (1) |
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16.3 Field of probability of the presence of matter |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (2) |
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16.5 Interference probability map |
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308 | (1) |
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16.5.1 Geometrical verification process |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (5) |
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16.6.1 Envelope zone specification |
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309 | (3) |
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16.6.2 Perpendicularity specification |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (2) |
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Chapter 17 Predetermination of Measurement Uncertainty in the Application of Computed Tomography |
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317 | (14) |
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317 | (1) |
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17.2 Prior investigations |
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318 | (1) |
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17.3 Measurements of user-controllable influences |
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319 | (4) |
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17.4 Estimation of influences |
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323 | (2) |
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17.5 Calculation of the task-specific measurement uncertainty according to GUM |
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325 | (4) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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Chapter 18 Application of Function Oriented Parameters for Areal Measurements in Surface Engineering |
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331 | (14) |
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331 | (1) |
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18.2 Surface measurements |
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332 | (1) |
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18.3 Functional parameters |
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333 | (2) |
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18.3.1 2D functional parameters from ISO 13565-2 |
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333 | (1) |
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18.3.2 3D functional parameters |
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334 | (1) |
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18.4 Characterization of the whole application |
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335 | (1) |
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18.5 Case study: spreading liquid on metal surfaces |
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336 | (7) |
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18.5.1 Step 1: gathering information |
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336 | (1) |
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18.5.2 Step 2: modeling the system |
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336 | (1) |
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18.5.3 Step 3: application of a functional test |
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337 | (4) |
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18.5.4 Step 4: surface requirements |
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341 | (1) |
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18.5.5 Step 5: measurement system |
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341 | (1) |
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18.5.6 Step 6: functional parameters |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (2) |
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Chapter 19 Validation of a Reception or Production Control Process by the Inertial Indicator Ig |
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345 | (10) |
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345 | (1) |
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19.2 Comparison of the "production controls" and "reception controls" approaches |
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346 | (2) |
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19.3 Production bias and measure bias |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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19.5 Inertia of the control process and inertia of the production process |
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349 | (3) |
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19.5.1 Law of composition |
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349 | (1) |
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19.5.2 Disturbances due to bias |
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350 | (1) |
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19.5.3 Definition of the inertial "nde" |
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350 | (2) |
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19.6 Inertia of the control process and total customer inertia (control of reception) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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Chapter 20 Detection of Areas with Critically Reduced Thickness of Formed Sheet Metal Parts Using Two Oppositely Positioned Fringe Projection Systems |
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355 | (16) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (11) |
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20.2.1 Measuring system and data fusion |
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356 | (4) |
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20.2.2 Methods of data analysis |
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360 | (2) |
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20.2.3 Algorithm for the calculation of minimal wall thicknesses |
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362 | (5) |
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20.3 Visualization and discussion of results |
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367 | (2) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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Chapter 21 Variability of the Manufacturing Process in the GPS Framework: A Case Study |
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371 | (14) |
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371 | (2) |
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373 | (5) |
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21.2.1 Measurement uncertainty |
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374 | (4) |
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21.2.2 Process variability |
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378 | (1) |
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378 | (4) |
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21.3.1 Simulations with independent component analysis (ICA) |
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379 | (3) |
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21.4 Simulation with seasonal trend decomposition (STL) |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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Chapter 22 Virtual CMM-based Sampling Strategy Optimization |
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385 | (20) |
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385 | (4) |
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22.1.1 Conformance to geometric tolerances |
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386 | (1) |
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22.1.2 Evaluating geometric error |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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22.3 Proposed methodology |
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390 | (5) |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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22.3.3 Evaluating the uncertainty; the virtual CMM |
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392 | (3) |
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22.3.4 Cost function minimization |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (4) |
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399 | (2) |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (4) |
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Chapter 23 Impact of Workpiece Shape Deviations in Coordinate Metrology |
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405 | (14) |
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405 | (2) |
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23.2 Evaluation in coordinate metrology |
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407 | (2) |
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409 | (1) |
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23.4 Application to CMM data |
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410 | (5) |
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23.4.1 Resampling point clouds |
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410 | (1) |
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23.4.2 Influence of single measurement points |
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411 | (1) |
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23.4.3 Evaluation uncertainty |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (2) |
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415 | (2) |
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23.5.1 Simulation procedure |
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415 | (1) |
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23.5.2 Simulation results |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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Chapter 24 Quality Assurance of Micro-gears via 3D Surface Characterization |
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419 | (12) |
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419 | (1) |
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24.2 Test specimen and experimental equipment |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (7) |
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24.3.1 Benefits of a 3D characterization |
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421 | (2) |
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423 | (5) |
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428 | (1) |
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428 | (1) |
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429 | (2) |
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Part IV Touerancing in the PLM |
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431 | (112) |
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Chapter 25 Geometric Specification at the Beginning of the Product Lifecycle |
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433 | (22) |
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433 | (3) |
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25.2 Study of the skeleton |
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436 | (6) |
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25.2.1 Presentation of the models used |
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436 | (1) |
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25.2.2 Description of the mechanism and first simulations |
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437 | (4) |
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25.2.3 Conclusion of the first step |
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441 | (1) |
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25.3 Study of the functional surfaces |
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442 | (8) |
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25.3.1 Presentation of the models used |
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442 | (1) |
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25.3.2 Details of the mechanism and second step of simulation |
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443 | (7) |
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25.3.3 Conclusion of the second step |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (3) |
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Chapter 26 Ontological Model of Tolerances for Interoperability in Product Lifecycle |
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455 | (14) |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (2) |
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26.2.1 Information modeling as an ontology |
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457 | (1) |
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26.2.2 Choice of ontology language |
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457 | (1) |
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458 | (1) |
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26.4 Ontology of tolerances |
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459 | (5) |
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26.5 Example of tolerance ontology instantiation |
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464 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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466 | (3) |
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Chapter 27 A PLM-Based Multi-Sensor Integration Measurement System for Geometry Processing |
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469 | (16) |
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469 | (2) |
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27.2 Sensor integration methodology |
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471 | (4) |
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471 | (2) |
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27.2.2 Physical integration of multiple sensors |
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473 | (1) |
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27.2.3 Laser guide metrology |
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474 | (1) |
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27.3 Ontology modeling in a PLM-context |
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475 | (3) |
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27.3.1 Description of ontology modeling |
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476 | (1) |
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27.3.2 Ontology modeling in Protege |
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476 | (2) |
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478 | (2) |
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27.4.1 Shape analysis based on the shape index and curvedness |
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478 | (1) |
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27.4.2 Quality evaluation |
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479 | (1) |
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27.5 Experiments validation |
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480 | (2) |
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482 | (1) |
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483 | (1) |
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483 | (2) |
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Chapter 28 Comparison of Gear Geometric Specification Models Regarding the Functional Aspect |
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485 | (18) |
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485 | (4) |
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28.2 Specification models |
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489 | (1) |
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490 | (7) |
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490 | (2) |
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28.3.2 Geometrical modeling |
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492 | (1) |
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28.3.3 Virtual meshing simulation |
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493 | (2) |
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495 | (1) |
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28.3.5 Evaluation of the kinematic characteristics |
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496 | (1) |
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497 | (2) |
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497 | (1) |
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497 | (1) |
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28.4.3 Comparing the results |
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498 | (1) |
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499 | (3) |
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502 | (1) |
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Chapter 29 Effects of Geometric Variation on Perceived Quality |
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503 | (18) |
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503 | (4) |
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29.1.1 Types of robustness |
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504 | (1) |
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29.1.2 The product experience |
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505 | (1) |
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29.1.3 Perceived quality of non-nominal products |
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505 | (1) |
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29.1.4 Design as a process of communication |
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506 | (1) |
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29.2 A framework for describing visual robustness to geometric variation |
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507 | (4) |
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29.2.1 Visual reference level |
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508 | (3) |
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511 | (1) |
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512 | (1) |
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513 | |
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29.3 Visual fit complexity assessment method |
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511 | (6) |
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29.4 Discussion and conclusions |
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517 | (1) |
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518 | (3) |
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Chapter 30 Geometric Requirement Variations Throughout the Product Lifecycle |
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521 | (22) |
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521 | (1) |
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522 | (1) |
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522 | (1) |
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522 | (1) |
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30.3 Definitions and concepts |
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523 | (2) |
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523 | (1) |
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30.3.2 Functional requirements |
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524 | (1) |
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30.4 Functional requirements throughout lifecycle stages |
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525 | (6) |
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30.4.1 General principles |
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525 | (2) |
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30.4.2 Computational rules |
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527 | (4) |
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30.5 Case study: a simple 1D crosshead guide |
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531 | (8) |
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531 | (2) |
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30.5.2 Dimension driven calculation |
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533 | (2) |
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30.5.3 Functional requirement driven calculation |
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535 | (2) |
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30.5.4 Geometry driven calculation |
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537 | (2) |
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30.6 Conclusion and perspectives |
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|
539 | (1) |
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30.6.1 High level management of functional requirements |
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539 | (1) |
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540 | (1) |
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540 | (1) |
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541 | (2) |
List of Authors |
|
543 | (6) |
Index |
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549 | |