This study covers a period of some seventy-five years, from the abolition of right of qadam (priority) in 1905 until the adoption of the Law Concerning the Regulations for the Sufi Orders of 1976 by the Egyptian Parliament. During this period, regulations for the Sufi orders were contested and remained in limbo when amendments proposed by the shaykhs of the orders continued to be rejected by the mufti of Egypt.
The abolition of right of qadam generated a proliferation of Sufi orders. A core realm of sufi orders recognized by the authorities was known as "official Sufi orders". A larger group of Sufi orders emerged which did not have official recognition and was referred to as "free Sufi orders". The history of the Sufi orders in both categories in the post-qadam era is at the centre of the present study.
Preface
Introduction
1.- ?ufi Orders and their Shaykhs in the Early Twentieth Century
2.-The Abrogation of Qadam and the Proliferation of ?uruq
3.-Mu?ammad Bakhit al-Mu?i?i and his fatwas
4.-Notions of Bid?a and calls for I?la?: the Era of ?Abd al-?amid al-Bakri (1912-1940)
5.-The enigmatic shaykh: A?mad Murad al-Bakri (1940-1947)
6.- A?mad al-?awi (1947-1957): recruiting supporters
7.- The Socialist Era: Mu?ammad Ma?mud al-?Ilwan (1957-1969)
8.- ?uruq ?urra: Variety explored. Legal Status and Modi Operandi
9.- The Sufi Orders under Mu?ammad Ma?mud Ba?ba? al-?u?u?i (1970-1982)
10.- The Law of 1976 on the Organization of the Sufi Orders, and the Implementing Regulation of 1978
Epilogue
Appendix I: Schedule of the festivities for the birth of the Prophet in 1915
Appendix II: English Translation of the Law on the Organization of the Sufi Orders of 1976
References
Indices
Frederick de Jong Ph.D. (1977), Leiden University. Chair of Islamic Languages and Cultures in Utrecht University (1984-2009). Major publications concern Sufi orders, Muslim minorities in South-Eastern Europe and in Turkey, in addition to Uyghur language and culture.
