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El. knyga: Public Transport: Its Planning, Management and Operation

(University of Westminster, UK)

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Public Transport provides an accessible introductory text to the field of public transport systems, covering bus, coach, rail, metro, domestic air and taxi modes. The market structure is set out, together with data collection methods. The technology of bus and rail systems is introduced with particular reference to peak capacity and energy consumption. An analysis of cost structures and costing methods leads into a review of pricing concepts and their application. In addition to issues related to urban systems, specific chapters cover rural public transport and the long-distance sector. A concluding chapter examines long-run policy issues, such as likely population changes and scope for substitution of travel. The primary context taken is that of the British Isles, drawing extensively on data such as the National Travel Survey in England. However, the principles and findings are also broadly applicable to countries of similar per capita income and population density.

This sixth edition introduces a new chapter on data collection and survey methods for public transport systems in addition to a general update of the text to reflect the latest statistical evidence, research findings and policy changes. Public Transport is an essential textbook for both students in transport and those in related fields. This is an invaluable resource for transport planners in local authorities and consultancies.
List of figures
x
List of tables
xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xiv
1 Organisation and control of transport in the British Isles
1(18)
Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Public spending on transport in the United Kingdom
The operating industries in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Regulation
Other organisations
Concluding comments
2 The role of public transport
19(35)
The overall pattern
Definitions and concepts
Aggregate trends in Britain
Composition of rail and bus markets
Variations in public transport use by age, gender and time period
The `market gearing' concept
Changes in individuals' travel over time
Public transport and car use
The London case
Aggregate forecasting of public transport demand
Impact of car ownership
3 Data collection for public transport
54(17)
Basic concepts in survey methods
Means by which a respondent may be contacted or intercepted
Sampling issues
Panel or longitudinal surveys
Attitudinal data
New forms of data collection
Some general considerations
4 Service quality and marketing
71(17)
Limitations of aggregate demand analysis
Current service quality indicators
User perception of service quality
Quantifying the effects of service quality on ridership
Importance of different attributes
Marketing and quality initiatives by bus operators
The role of competition
Marketing to the individual customer
Conclusions
5 The technology of bus and coach systems
88(22)
Some general principles in public transport technology
Design of buses and coaches
Buses on road networks
Conclusion
6 Urban railways and rapid transit systems
110(21)
Early developments
Types of urban rail system
Basic system characteristics
Current urban rail developments in Britain
Conclusions
7 Network planning
131(27)
Typical network structures
Urban form and land use
Design of public transport networks
Stop and route spacing
Access distances to the network
Route length and headway
Bus network planning methods
Park and ride (P&R)
Public transport in low-density situations
Concluding comments
Appendix: a technique for illustrating optimal interstation spacing
8 Costing and cost allocation methods
158(20)
The structure of costs
Rail cost allocation
Examples of overall average costs
Statistical models of cost structures
Concluding observations
9 Pricing theory and practice
178(23)
Basic concepts
Price elasticity
The form of the demand curve, and its implications
Is there a case for premium pricing?
Fare collection methods
Experience since local bus deregulation
Longer-term developments
Concluding comments
10 Rural public transport
201(21)
Defining `rural'
Patterns of demand
Types of service provided
The `rural transport problem'
Impacts of the 1985 Transport Act and subsequent policies
Evaluation of rural bus provision
Concluding observations
11 Long-distance public transport
222(32)
Introduction
The present long-distance market in Britain
Current patterns and recent trends within each mode
Development in technology
The network structure in Britain and policy issues
Some concluding observations
12 Some current policy issues
254(15)
Long-run demand issues
Alternative scenarios
Has a fundamental change occurred in the relationship between public transport use and established causal factors?
Substitution for travel
Capacity constraints
Separation of infrastructure and operations
Issues in pricing policy
Issues in specific sectors
Some concluding thoughts
Index 269
Peter White is Emeritus Professor of Public Transport Systems at the University of Westminster in London, UK. Within this field, his particular interests include rural transport, data collection methods, and the deregulation and privatisation of the bus and coach sectors, together with privatisation of railway systems.