| Preface |
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xiii | |
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Function and Structure of the respiratory system |
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1 | (12) |
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1 | (1) |
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Functions of the Respiratory System |
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2 | (2) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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Structure of the Respiratory System |
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4 | (9) |
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The Alveolar-Capillary Unit |
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4 | (3) |
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7 | (3) |
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The Muscles of Respiration and the Chest Wall |
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10 | (1) |
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The Central Nervous System and the Neural Pathways |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (42) |
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13 | (1) |
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Generation of a Pressure Gradient Between Atmosphere and Alveoli |
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14 | (7) |
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Passive Expansion of Alveoli |
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14 | (1) |
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Negative Intrapleural Pressure |
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14 | (1) |
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The Muscles of Respiration |
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15 | (5) |
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Summary of the Events Occurring During the Course of a Breath |
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20 | (1) |
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Pressure-Volume Relationships in the Respiratory System |
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21 | (11) |
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Compliance of the Lung and the Chest Wall |
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23 | (3) |
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Elastic Recoil of the Lung |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (3) |
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31 | (1) |
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Interaction of Lung and Chest Wall: The Static Pressure-Volume Curve |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (19) |
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Laminar, Turbulent, and Transitional Flow |
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35 | (3) |
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Distribution of Airways Resistance |
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38 | (1) |
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Control of Bronchial Smooth Muscle |
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38 | (1) |
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Lung Volume and Airways Resistance |
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39 | (1) |
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Dynamic Compression of Airways |
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40 | (3) |
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Assessment of Airways Resistance |
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43 | (7) |
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50 | (3) |
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53 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (30) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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The Standard Lung Volumes and Capacities |
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56 | (2) |
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Measurement of the Lung Volumes |
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58 | (8) |
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60 | (2) |
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Measurement of Lung Volumes Not Measurable with Spirometry |
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62 | (4) |
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Anatomic Dead Space and Alveolar Ventilation |
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66 | (2) |
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Measurement of Alveolar Ventilation |
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68 | (4) |
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Measurement of Anatomic Dead Space |
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68 | (1) |
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Physiologic Dead Space: The Bohr Equation |
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69 | (3) |
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Alveolar Ventilation and Alveolar Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Levels |
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72 | (5) |
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Partial Pressures of Respiratory Gases |
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73 | (2) |
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Alveolar Ventilation and Carbon Dioxide |
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75 | (1) |
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Alveolar Ventilation and Oxygen |
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75 | (2) |
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Regional Distribution of Alveolar Ventilation |
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77 | (4) |
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Demonstration of Differences Between Dependent and Nondependent Regions |
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77 | (1) |
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Explanation for Differences in Regional Alveolar Ventilation |
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78 | (2) |
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Alterations of Distribution at Different Lung Volumes |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (28) |
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85 | (1) |
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The Bronchial Circulation |
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86 | (2) |
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The Functional Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulation |
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88 | (4) |
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Determination of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance |
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89 | (1) |
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Distribution of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance |
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90 | (1) |
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Consequences of Differences in Pressure Between the Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations |
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90 | (2) |
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Pulmonary Vascular Resistance |
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92 | (7) |
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The Concept of a Transmural Pressure Gradient |
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92 | (1) |
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Lung Volume and Pulmonary Vascular Resistance |
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92 | (3) |
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Recruitment and Distensibility |
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95 | (3) |
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Control of Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle |
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98 | (1) |
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The Regional Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow: The Zones of the Lung |
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99 | (7) |
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Measurement of Total Pulmonary Blood Flow |
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100 | (2) |
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Determination of Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow |
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102 | (1) |
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The Regional Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow |
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102 | (2) |
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The Interaction of Gravity and Extravascular Pressure: The Zones of the Lung |
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104 | (2) |
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Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction |
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106 | (1) |
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Mechanism of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction |
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106 | (1) |
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Physiologic Function of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (6) |
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The Factors Influencing Liquid Movement in the Pulmonary Capillaries |
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107 | (1) |
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Lymphatic Drainage of the Lung |
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108 | (1) |
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Conditions That May Lead to Pulmonary Edema |
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109 | (4) |
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Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships |
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113 | (18) |
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113 | (1) |
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The Concept of Matching Ventilation and Perfusion |
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113 | (1) |
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Consequences of High and Low VA/QC |
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114 | (3) |
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Testing for Nonuniform Distribution of Inspired Gas and Pulmonary Blood Flow |
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117 | (9) |
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Testing for Nonuniform Distribution of Inspired Gas |
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117 | (3) |
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Testing for Nonuniform Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow |
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120 | (1) |
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Testing for Mismatched Ventilation and Perfusion |
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120 | (6) |
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Regional VA/QC Differences and Their Consequences in the Lung |
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126 | (5) |
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Regional Differences in the Ventilation-Perfusion Ratios in the Upright Lung |
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127 | (1) |
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The Consequences of Regional Ventilation-Perfusion Differences in the Normal Upright Lung |
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128 | (3) |
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131 | (12) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (2) |
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Limitations of Gas Transfer |
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134 | (2) |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide |
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137 | (2) |
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Measurement of Diffusing Capacity |
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139 | (4) |
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The Transport of Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide in The Blood |
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143 | (22) |
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143 | (1) |
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Transport of Oxygen by the Blood |
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144 | (2) |
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144 | (1) |
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Chemically Combined with Hemoglobin |
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145 | (1) |
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Chemical Reaction of Oxygen and Hemoglobin |
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146 | (1) |
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Hemoglobin and the Physiologic Implications of the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve |
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146 | (4) |
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The Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve |
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146 | (4) |
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Influences on the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve |
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150 | (9) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Physiologic Consequences of the Effects of Temperature, pH, PCO2, and 2,3-BPG |
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151 | (3) |
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Other Factors Affecting Oxygen Transport |
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154 | (5) |
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Transport of Carbon Dioxide by the Blood |
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159 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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The Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Curve |
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161 | (1) |
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The Bohr and Haldane Effects Explained |
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161 | (4) |
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The Regulation of Acid-Base Status |
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165 | (24) |
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165 | (1) |
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The Chemistry of Acids, Bases, and Buffers |
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166 | (2) |
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The Quantification of Acidity |
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166 | (1) |
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The Importance of Body pH Regulation |
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167 | (1) |
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Sources of Acids in the Body |
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168 | (1) |
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Buffer Systems of the Human Body |
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168 | (6) |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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Buffers of the Interstitial Fluid |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (4) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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Respiratory and Renal Compensatory Mechanisms |
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178 | (3) |
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Respiratory Compensatory Mechanisms |
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178 | (1) |
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Renal Compensatory Mechanisms |
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179 | (2) |
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Summary of Renal and Respiratory Contributions to Acid-Base Balance |
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181 | (1) |
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Clinical Interpretation of Blood Gases and Acid-Base Status |
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181 | (2) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (6) |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (28) |
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189 | (1) |
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The Generation of Spontaneous Rhythmicity |
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190 | (1) |
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The Medullary Respiratory Center |
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191 | (2) |
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The Dorsal Respiratory Group |
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191 | (2) |
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The Ventral Respiratory Group |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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The Pontine Respiratory Group |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Reflex Mechanisms of Respiratory Control |
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195 | (7) |
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Respiratory Reflexes Arising from Pulmonary Stretch Receptors |
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195 | (4) |
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Respiratory Reflexes Arising from Receptors in the Airways and the Lungs |
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199 | (1) |
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Respiratory Reflexes Arising from Pulmonary Vascular Receptors (J Receptors) |
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199 | (2) |
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Respiratory Reflexes Arising from the Cardiovascular System |
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201 | (1) |
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Respiratory Reflexes Arising from Muscles and Tendons |
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201 | (1) |
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Reflex Respiratory Responses to Pain |
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202 | (1) |
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Influences of Higher Centers |
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202 | (1) |
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The Response to Carbon Dioxide |
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202 | (7) |
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Peripheral Chemoreceptors |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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The Response to Hydrogen Ions |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (5) |
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Nonrespiratory Functions of The Lung |
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217 | (14) |
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217 | (1) |
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Pulmonary Defense Mechanisms |
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217 | (6) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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Filtration and Removal of Inspired Particles |
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218 | (5) |
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Nonrespiratory Functions of the Pulmonary Circulation |
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223 | (3) |
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Reservoir for the Left Ventricle |
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223 | (1) |
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The Pulmonary Circulation as a Filter |
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224 | (2) |
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Fluid Exchange and Drug Absorption |
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226 | (1) |
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Metabolic Functions of the Lung |
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226 | (5) |
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Metabolism of Vasoactive Substances |
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227 | (1) |
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Formation and Release of Chemical Substances for Local Use |
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228 | (1) |
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Formation and Release into the Blood of Substances Produced by Lung Cells |
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229 | (1) |
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Other Metabolic Functions |
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229 | (2) |
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The Respiratory System Under Stress |
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231 | (22) |
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231 | (1) |
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Exercise and the Respiratory System |
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231 | (7) |
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232 | (4) |
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236 | (2) |
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Altitude and Acclimatization |
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238 | (6) |
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239 | (3) |
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242 | (2) |
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Diving and the Respiratory System |
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244 | (9) |
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244 | (1) |
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Effects of Immersion up to the Neck |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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The Use of Underwater Breathing Apparatus |
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247 | (6) |
| STUDY QUESTIONS |
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253 | (22) |
| APPENDIX |
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275 | (4) |
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I. Symbols Used in Respiratory Physiology |
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275 | (1) |
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II. The Laws Governing the Behavior of Gases |
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275 | (1) |
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III. Frequently Used Equations |
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276 | (1) |
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IV. Pulmonary Function Test Decision Tree |
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277 | (1) |
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V. Table of Normal Respiratory and Circulatory Values |
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278 | (1) |
| Suggested Readings |
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279 | (14) |
| Index |
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293 | |
