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El. knyga: Quality of Growth and Poverty Reduction in China

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The rapid growth over the past three decades has been instrumental in lifting over 600 million people in China out of poverty, and people want to know why and how it happened. International evidence has made it clear that a global economy based on current patterns of consumption and production is simply not sustainable. Policymakers have repeatedly been advised that economic growth, poverty reduction, equity, and environment and resource sustainability must be integrated into national development strategies. What about China? The principle limitation of existing China-focused economic studies lies in its imbalances from the perspective of analysis and the impact of growth on poverty and inequality. A limited number of studies are devoted to structural transformation and China’s structural imbalances, social disparities and the impact of science and technology on growth and productivity. This book addresses the alarming environmental consequences of China’s growth patterns within an overall quality growth framework. It contributes to the economic growth and development literature and current policy discourse on China by expanding the policy analysis to include several important new areas using the most recent data available. This includes analyzing the macroeconomic factors that underlie the need for China to advance its economic transformation; examining how social inequalities, including health, education and gender, have evolved and presenting the scale of environmental problems associated with China’s growth miracle. This report represents the first attempt to integrate the issue of environmental sustainability and climate change into the quality growth context, providing readers with a comprehensive account of China’s success and challenges in its three decades of rapid economic growth.



Addressing the alarming environmental consequences of China's rapid rate of growth, this report contributes to the literature on Chinese economic growth and broadens the policy analysis in several important new areas, using the most recent data available.
1 Introduction and Overview
1(10)
1.1 The Quality Growth Framework
2(1)
1.2 The Growth Experience of China as a Case Study
3(2)
1.3 Economic Growth as a Means to Development
5(1)
1.4 China's Rising Importance in the Global System
6(1)
1.5 Policy Responses from China
6(1)
1.6 Objectives and Scope of the Book
7(4)
References
8(3)
2 China's Miracle in Growth and Poverty Reduction
11(18)
2.1 China's Economic Miracle
12(5)
2.1.1 Unprecedented Growth Record
12(1)
2.1.2 Rapid Structural Transformation and Urbanization
13(1)
2.1.3 Leading World Trader and FDI Destination
14(1)
2.1.4 Strong Fiscal Capacity and Foreign Exchange-Reserve
15(2)
2.2 Major Achievements in Rural Poverty Reduction
17(7)
2.2.1 Sharp Decline in Income Poverty
17(1)
2.2.2 Increased Household Ownership of Durable Goods
17(1)
2.2.3 Improvement in Health and Education
18(1)
2.2.4 Major Phases of Progress in Poverty Reduction
18(3)
2.2.5 Poverty Reduction Progress in the 592 Key Counties
21(2)
2.2.6 Improvement in Rural Infrastructure
23(1)
2.3 An International Perspective and Lessons from China
24(5)
2.3.1 A Comparative Perspective
24(3)
2.3.2 Lessons from China's Poverty Reduction Experience
27(1)
References
28(1)
3 Explaining China's Growth and Poverty Reduction Miracle
29(26)
3.1 How China Succeeded in Sustaining High Growth over Three Decades?
29(5)
3.1.1 Economic Reform Policies
30(1)
3.1.2 Government Commitment and the Chinese-Style Reform
30(1)
3.1.3 Strong Emphasis on Public Investment in Social Services and Rural Development
31(1)
3.1.4 Integration into the Global Economy
31(2)
3.1.5 Industrial Upgrading and Technological Innovation
33(1)
3.2 What Have Been the Sources of Growth?
34(5)
3.2.1 Source of Growth by Factor
34(2)
3.2.2 Source of Growth by Sector
36(3)
3.3 How China Achieve the Poverty Reduction Miracle?
39(14)
3.3.1 The Theoretical Foundation
39(6)
3.3.2 From Growth to Poverty Reduction
45(4)
3.3.3 From Inclusiveness to Poverty Reduction
49(2)
3.3.4 From Pro-poor Policies to Poverty Reduction
51(2)
3.4 Summary
53(2)
References
53(2)
4 Why China Must Advance Transformation and Improve the Quality of Growth
55(14)
4.1 The Middle-Income Trap
56(3)
4.1.1 The "Middle-Income Trap"
56(3)
4.2 Structural Imbalances
59(10)
4.2.1 Unbalanced Income Distribution
59(1)
4.2.2 Unbalanced Sectoral Composition
60(1)
4.2.3 Unbalanced Investment and Consumption Growth
61(3)
4.2.4 Unusually High Savings Rate
64(1)
4.2.5 Excessive Foreign Exchange Reserve
65(1)
4.2.6 Unbalanced Taxation Structure
66(1)
References
67(2)
5 Rising Income Inequality
69(10)
5.1 Key Features of Income Equality
70(2)
5.2 Sources of Rising Income Inequality
72(2)
5.3 Have the Majority of Chinese Benefited from the Growth Process?
74(5)
References
77(2)
6 Social Disparity and Inequality of Opportunity
79(10)
6.1 The Shrinking Role of Government in Social Services Provision
81(1)
6.2 Disparity in Health and Education
82(4)
6.3 Gender Inequality
86(3)
References
88(1)
7 Daunting Environmental Challenges
89(18)
7.1 The Environment and Resource Degradation
89(2)
7.1.1 A Looming Water Crisis
89(1)
7.1.2 Worst Air Quality in the World
90(1)
7.2 Rapid Motorization
91(3)
7.3 Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
94(5)
7.3.1 Intensive Energy Use
94(3)
7.3.2 The Largest Greenhouse Emitter in the World
97(2)
7.4 The Cost of Environmental and Resource Degradation
99(2)
7.4.1 Health Cost
99(1)
7.4.2 The Choking Point
100(1)
7.5 Responding to Environmental Challenges
101(6)
References
105(2)
Conclusions
107
Appendices
111
Appendix 1 Growth Incidence Curve
111(1)
Appendix 2 A Review of Pro-poor Growth Literature
112(1)
Appendix 3 Highlights of the New Development Outline for the Automobile Industry
113(1)
Appendix 4 Ambitious State Plans on Green-Energy Vehicles
114(3)
References 117
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