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Quantum Reality: Theory and Philosophy 2nd edition [Kietas viršelis]

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(The Royal Hospital School, Ipswich,UK)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 482 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm, weight: 453 g, 18 Tables, black and white; 111 Line drawings, black and white; 30 Halftones, black and white; 46 Illustrations, color; 95 Illustrations, black and white
  • Serija: Discovering Physics
  • Išleidimo metai: 11-Nov-2022
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1032127341
  • ISBN-13: 9781032127347
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Quantum Reality: Theory and Philosophy 2nd editionDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 482 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm, weight: 453 g, 18 Tables, black and white; 111 Line drawings, black and white; 30 Halftones, black and white; 46 Illustrations, color; 95 Illustrations, black and white
  • Serija: Discovering Physics
  • Išleidimo metai: 11-Nov-2022
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1032127341
  • ISBN-13: 9781032127347
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781032127347.html
Raktažodžiai:
As probably the most successful scientific theory ever created, quantum theory has profoundly changed our view of the world and extended the limits of our knowledge, impacting both the theoretical interpretation of a tremendous range of phenomena and the practical development of a host of technological breakthroughs. Yet for all its success, quantum theory remains utterly baffling.

Quantum Reality: Theory and Philosophy, Second Edition cuts through much of the confusion to provide readers with an exploration of quantum theory that is as authoritatively comprehensive as it is intriguingly comprehensible. The book has been fully updated throughout to include the latest results in quantum entanglement, the theory and practical applications of quantum computing, quantum cosmology and quantum gravity. Needing little more than a school level physics and mathematics background, this volume requires only an interest in understanding how quantum theory came to be and the myriad ways it both explains how our universe functions and extends the reach of human knowledge.

Written by well-known physics author and teacher Dr. Jonathan Allday, this highly engaging work:

Presents a thorough grounding in the theoretical machinery of quantum physics

Offers a whistle-stop tour through the early part of the 20th century when the founding fathers of quantum theory forever altered the frontiers of human thought

Provides an example-filled interpretation of the theory, its applications, and its pinnacle in quantum field theory (QFT), so crucial in shaping ideas about the nature of reality

Separates fact from speculation regarding quantum physics ability to provide a starting point for philosophical queries into ultimate understanding and the limits of science

The world beneath the one that we experience with our senses is profoundly mysterious, and while we may never completely unravel that mystery, quantum theory allows us to come closer than ever to understanding where the science leaves off and the mystery begins. Quantum Reality: Theory and Philosophy, Second Edition makes that understanding accessible to anyone possessing a quest for knowledge and a sense of awe.
Forward xvii
Preface xix
About the Author xxi
Introduction 1(6)
1.1 Physics
1(1)
1.2 Philosophy
2(1)
Realists
3(1)
Instrumentalists
3(4)
PART 1
Chapter 1 Our First Encounter with the Quantum World: Light
7(16)
1.1 Some Opening Thoughts
7(1)
1.2 A little Light Reading
7(2)
1.3 Lasers and Video Cameras
9(1)
1.4 Photons
10(1)
1.5 An Interference Experiment
11(9)
1.5.1 Interference as a Wave Effect
12(4)
1.5.2 Mach-Zehnder with Photons
16(2)
1.5.3 Delayed Choice
18(2)
1.6 Summary
20(3)
Notes
20(3)
Chapter 2 Particles
23(12)
2.1 Particles and Waves
23(1)
2.1.1 Electrons and Electron Guns
23(1)
2.2 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment
24(10)
2.2.1 Turning Things Around
27(1)
2.2.2 Things Get More Puzzling
28(1)
2.2.3 So, Where Did It Go?
29(2)
2.2.4 What Does It All Mean?
31(3)
2.3 Summary
34(1)
Notes
34(1)
Chapter 3 Quantum States
35(20)
3.1 Where Are We Now?
35(1)
3.2 Describing Classical Systems
35(3)
3.2.1 Chaos
37(1)
3.3 Describing Quantum Systems
38(13)
3.3.1 Specific Example: Mach-Zehnder Again
40(4)
3.3.2 Probability Amplitudes
44(1)
3.3.3 Relating Amplitudes to Probabilities
44(1)
3.3.4 Amplitudes, Complex Numbers and Phase
45(3)
3.3.5 States in Stern-Gerlach Experiment
48(1)
3.3.6 General Stern-Gerlach States
49(1)
3.3.7 Some Further Thoughts
50(1)
3.4 What Are Quantum States?
51(4)
Notes
52(3)
Chapter 4 A mpl itudes
55(10)
4.1 More on Amplitudes
55(4)
4.1.1 Change of Basis
58(1)
4.2 Dirac Notation
59(6)
4.2.1 Orthonormal Bases
60(1)
4.2.2 New Light Through
61(2)
4.2.3 Going the Other Way
63(1)
Notes
63(2)
Chapter 5 Measurement
65(12)
5.1 Embracing Change
65(1)
5.2 Types of States
65(1)
5.2.1 Eigenstates
65(1)
5.2.2 Mixed States
66(1)
5.3 Expectation Values
66(1)
5.4 Operators
67(3)
5.4.1 Operators and Physical Quantities
69(1)
5.4.2 Classical and Quantum
69(1)
5.5 How States Evolve
70(7)
5.5.1 Why Is State Collapse Necessary?
73(1)
5.5.2 Behind the Veil
74(1)
5.5.3 Determinism and Free Will
74(1)
Notes
75(2)
Chapter 6 Interference
77(14)
6.1 How Science Works?
77(1)
6.2 The Double-Slit Experiment
77(6)
6.2.1 The Double Slit with Electrons
79(3)
6.2.2 Wave/Particle Duality
82(1)
6.2.3 Wave Nature of Electrons
82(1)
6.3 Double-Slit Amplitudes
83(5)
6.3.1 Phase and Physics
84(2)
6.3.2 An Experiment with Phase
86(1)
6.3.3 The Interference Term
87(1)
6.3.4 Amplitudes and Electron Strikes
87(1)
6.4 Last Thoughts
88(3)
Notes
89(2)
Chapter 7 Free Particles
91(8)
7.1 The Position Basis
91(1)
7.2 The Amplitude for a Free Particle
91(7)
7.2.1 Classical Waves
92(2)
7.2.2 The Complex Wave of the Amplitude
94(1)
7.2.3 Frequency
95(1)
7.2.4 What Does the Amplitude Tell Us about the Motion of a Free Particle?
96(1)
7.2.5 Amplitudes, Energy, and Momentum
97(1)
7.3 Where Next?
98(1)
Notes
98(1)
Chapter 8 Identical Particles
99(16)
8.1 Some Opening Thoughts
99(1)
8.2 Particle Dodgems
99(5)
8.2.1 Scattering Amplitudes
101(2)
8.2.2 The Moral of the Story
103(1)
8.3 States of More Than One Particle
104(9)
8.3.1 Identical Particles
106(3)
8.3.2 States in Real World
109(2)
8.3.3 Overall States
111(1)
8.3.4 More Than Two Particles
111(1)
8.3.5 More General States
112(1)
8.3.6 A More Elegant Approach
112(1)
8.4 Final Thoughts
113(2)
Notes
113(2)
Chapter 9 Scattering Identical Bosons
115(12)
9.1 Scattering
115(2)
9.2 The Same, but Different: Identical Particles
117(3)
9.2.1 Using the Whole Detector
118(1)
9.2.2 And Another Way
119(1)
9.3 Transitions Away from States
120(3)
9.3.1 Spontaneous vs Stimulated
122(1)
9.3.2 Lasers
122(1)
9.4 Bose-Einstein Condensates
123(4)
9.4.1 Einstein's Argument
125(1)
Notes
126(1)
Chapter 10 Spin
127(16)
10.1 Fermions, Bosons, and Stern-Gerlach Magnets
127(1)
10.2 Angular Momentum
127(7)
10.2.1 Angular Momentum in Quantum Theory
129(1)
10.2.2 Eigenstates of Angular Momentum
129(2)
10.2.3 Magnetic Moments
131(1)
10.2.4 The Magnetic Moment of an Electron
132(1)
10.2.5 Intrinsic Angular Momentum
133(1)
10.3 Spin Operators
134(6)
10.3.1 Spin Matrices
135(4)
10.3.2 Fermions and Bosons
139(1)
10.4 Quantum Scale, Spin, Spinors and Twistors
140(3)
Notes
140(3)
Chapter 11 Fermion States
143(20)
11.1 States, Normalization, and Phase
143(1)
11.2 Exchange and Rotation
144(1)
11.3 Rotational Symmetry of States
145(6)
11.3.1 Reversing the Polarity of the Neutron Flow
146(3)
11.3.2 Coffee Mugs and Quantum States
149(1)
11.3.3 Spin, Symmetry, and Exchanges
150(1)
11.4 Time
151(6)
11.4.1 Spinning Things Round
153(2)
11.4.2 Rotation for More Fun and Profit
155(1)
11.4.3 So Spin Is?
156(1)
11.5 Boson Spin States
157(3)
11.5.1 More on Time Reversal
158(1)
11.5.2 Time-Reversed Boson States
159(1)
11.6 Deep Waters
160(3)
Notes
160(3)
Chapter 12 Continuous Bases
163(648)
12.1 Representations
163(2)
12.2 Two Issues
165(6)
12.2.1 Probability Density
165(2)
12.2.2 Infinite State Expansions
167(1)
12.2.3 The Identity Operator
168(1)
12.2.4 A Short Aside: Projection Operators
169(2)
12.3 State Functions and Wave Functions
171(1)
12.4 Observables
172(639)
12.4.1 The Problem of Momentum
172(1)
12.4.2 Momentum in Quantum Theory
173(3)
12.4.3 Operators and Representations
176(1)
12.4.4 Expectation Values Again
177(1)
12.4.5 Operators and Variables
178(1)
Notes
179(2)
Chapter 13 Uncertainty
181(1)
13.1 Expectation Is Not Enough
181(5)
13.1.1 Developing Uncertainty
183(3)
13.2 Heisenberg's Principle
186(2)
13.2.1 So What?
186(1)
13.2.2 I'm Not Sure What You Mean by Uncertainty
187(1)
13.3 Yet More Uncertainty
188(3)
13.3.1 The Generalized Uncertainty Principle
189(1)
Notes
190(1)
Chapter 14 The Equations of Quantum Theory
191(14)
14.1 The Schrodinger Equations
191(3)
14.1.1 E and H
193(1)
14.1.2 Stationary States
193(1)
14.2 Ehrenfest's Theorem
194(3)
14.2.1 The Classical Limit
196(1)
14.2.2 Constants of Motion
197(1)
14.3 The Energy-Time Inequality
197(4)
14.3.1 I Really Don't Have the Time
200(1)
14.3.2 Energy/Time Uncertainty
201(1)
14.4 Time Evolution
201(1)
14.5 Conclusions
202(3)
Notes
203(2)
Chapter 15 Constrained Particles
205(1)
15.1 A Particle in a Box
205(11)
15.1.1 Another Brick in the Wall
206(2)
15.1.2 Normalization
208(1)
15.1.3 Energy within the Box
209(1)
15.1.4 Momentum in the Box
210(1)
15.1.5 Spatial Distribution
211(1)
15.1.6 Wave Packets
212(4)
15.1.7 Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Boxes
216(1)
15.2 The Hydrogen Atom
216(8)
15.2.1 Quantum Numbers for Hydrogen
220(1)
15.2.2 Visualising Hydrogen State Functions
221(3)
15.3 A Box Containing More Than One Electron
224(1)
15.3.1 Temperature and the Fermi Gas
225(1)
15.3.2 White Dwarf Stars
226(3)
Notes
229(4)
PART 2
Chapter 16 Genealogy
233(1)
16.1 The Scientific Community
233(1)
16.2 "It Was the Best of Times, It Was the Worst of Times"
234(3)
Notes
235(2)
Chapter 17 Planck and Einstein
237(10)
17.1 Where to Start?
237(1)
17.2 Planck's Life
237(1)
17.3 Planck Enters Research
237(3)
17.3.1 Planck's Formula for Black Body Spectra
239(1)
17.4 Einstein
240(3)
17.4.1 Quantization of Light
241(1)
17.4.2 The Photoelectric Effect
242(1)
17.4.3 Enter the Photon
242(1)
17.4.4 Bosons
243(1)
17.5 Final Thoughts
243(4)
Notes
244(3)
Chapter 18 Bohr
247(12)
18.1 The Godfather
247(1)
18.2 Early Life
247(1)
18.3 Atomic Theory
248(7)
18.3.1 Atomic Spectra
248(1)
18.3.2 Bohr's Atom
249(3)
18.3.3 Developments
252(3)
18.4 Complementarity
255(2)
18.4.1 Extensions
256(1)
18.5 Later Life
257(2)
Notes
258(1)
Chapter 19 Heisenberg
259(8)
19.1 Early Days
259(1)
19.2 The Development of Quantum Theory
259(5)
19.2.1 Cloud Chamber Tracks
261(1)
19.2.2 The Uncertainty Principle
261(2)
19.2.3 Quantum Concepts
263(1)
19.3 Later Life
264(3)
Notes
265(2)
Chapter 20 De Broglie & Schrodinger
267(8)
20.1 Beginnings
267(2)
20.1.1 Electron Diffraction
268(1)
20.2 Enter the Wave Equation
269(3)
20.2.1 Matter Waves
270(1)
20.2.2 So What Is
271(1)
20.2.3 Nobel Prizes
272(1)
20.3 Schrodinger's Philosophy
272(3)
Notes
273(2)
Chapter 21 Dirac
275(8)
21.1 Dirac's Influence on Quantum Physics
275(2)
21.2 Dirac, the Person
277(1)
21.3 Dirac's Views on the Meaning of Quantum Theory
278(5)
Notes
281(2)
Chapter 22 Conclusions
283(1)
Notes
284(3)
PART 3
Chapter 23 Quantum Correlations
287(1)
23.1 Two Threads
287(1)
23.2 Is Quantum Theory Complete?
287(8)
23.2.1 The EPR Argument
288(3)
23.2.2 Follow-Up by David Bohm
291(2)
23.2.3 Bohr's Reply to the EPR Argument
293(1)
23.2.4 Einstein and Bohr
294(1)
23.3 Schrodinger Introduces Entanglement
295(4)
23.3.1 Entanglement and Measurement
295(2)
23.3.2 The Sorry Tail of Schrodinger's Cat
297(2)
23.4 John Bell and Bohm's EPR
299(9)
23.4.1 Bell's Argument
300(1)
23.4.2 A Toy Model
301(1)
23.4.3 Bell's Formula
302(1)
Experimental Correlations, Se
302(1)
Local Hidden Variable Correlations, S1
303(2)
Quantum Mechanical Correlations, Sq
305(1)
23.4.4 Aspect's Experiment
306(2)
23.5 Implications
308(3)
Notes
308(3)
Chapter 24 Quantum Computing
311(14)
24.1 Historical Perspective
311(1)
24.2 The Fundamentals of Digital Computing
311(2)
24.2.1 A Bit More Information
312(1)
24.2.2 Logic Gates
312(1)
24.3 Quantum Analogues
313(6)
24.3.1 Qubits
313(2)
24.3.2 Quantum Gates
315(2)
24.3.3 The No-Cloning Theorem
317(1)
24.3.4 What Makes a Quantum Computer Quantum?
318(1)
24.4 Quantum Teleportation
319(3)
24.4.1 Experimental Implementation
322(1)
24.5 Practical Quantum Computers
322(3)
Notes
323(2)
Chapter 25 Density Operators
325(10)
25.1 Great Expectations
325(2)
25.2 Why Bother?
327(2)
25.3 The Density Operator and EPR/Bohm-Type Experiments
329(3)
25.3.1 Representing a State
330(1)
25.3.2 The Density Operator and Entangled States
331(1)
25.4 The Density Matrix and the Measurement Problem
332(3)
Notes
334(1)
Chapter 26 Interpretations
335(18)
26.1 What is An Interpretation?
335(1)
26.2 A Collection of Problems
336(7)
26.2.1 The Nature of Probability
336(4)
26.2.2 Reduction of the State Vector
340(2)
26.2.3 Entanglement
342(1)
26.2.4 Measurement
343(1)
26.3 Important Theorems
343(9)
26.3.1 Bell's Inequality
343(1)
26.3.2 The Kochen-Specker Theorem
344(1)
26.3.3 Proving the Kochen-Specker Theorem
344(1)
Opening Moves
344(2)
Development
346(2)
Endgame
348(4)
26.3.4 Consequences
352(1)
26.4 Carnegie Hall
352(1)
Notes
352(1)
Chapter 27 The Copenhagen Interpretation
353(20)
27.1 Bohr's Influence
353(1)
27.2 Bohr's View of Quantum Theory
354(7)
27.2.1 Classical Concepts Must Be Used to Describe the Results of Any Experiment
354(1)
27.2.2 During a Measurement It Is Impossible to Separate a Quantum Object from the Apparatus
355(3)
27.2.3 The Results of One Experimental Arrangement Cannot Necessarily Be Related to Another
358(1)
27.2.4 Classical Explanations
359(1)
27.2.5 Drawing the Threads Together
360(1)
27.3 Heisenberg and Potentia
361(2)
27.4 Von Neumann and Measurement
363(2)
27.4.1 The Mind of an Observer
364(1)
27.5 The Deep End
365(2)
27.6 Criticisms of the Copenhagen View
367(6)
27.6.1 The Problem of the Cut
367(3)
27.6.2 Problem of Collapse
370(1)
Notes
370(3)
Chapter 28 The Many Worlds Interpretation
373(20)
28.1 Everett, Wheeler, Bohr & DeWitt
373(1)
28.2 The Relative State Formulation 4
374(2)
28.3 Measurement Records
376(3)
28.3.1 And the Next One
378(1)
28.4 The Ontological Step
379(1)
28.5 Many Worlds Arrives
380(1)
28.6 Many Worlds Matures
381(7)
28.6.1 The Nature of Probability
381(1)
Everett's Solution
382(1)
Other Approaches
383(1)
Decision Theory Enters the Argument
383(4)
28.6.2 State Reduction
387(1)
28.6.3 Entanglement
387(1)
28.6.4 Measurement
387(1)
28.6.5 Bell's Inequality and the K-S Theorem
387(1)
28.7 Criticisms of the Many Worlds View
388(2)
28.8 Time Thoughts
390(3)
Notes
390(3)
Chapter 29 Assorted Alternatives
393(8)
29.1 Being in Two Minds about Something
393(3)
29.1.1 Mindless Hulks
394(1)
29.1.2 The Advantages of Having More Than One Mind
395(1)
29.2 Objective Collapse
396(5)
29.2.1 The Penrose Interpretation
396(3)
Notes
399(2)
Chapter 30 Consistent Histories
401(24)
30.1 Frameworks
401(4)
30.2 Quantum Reasoning
405(2)
30.2.1 Moggies and Sample Spaces
405(1)
30.2.2 Meaningless Statements
405(2)
30.2.3 Contextuality
407(1)
30.2.4 Non-Locality
407(1)
30.3 Histories
407(13)
30.3.1 Combining Histories
408(1)
30.3.2 Probabilities
409(2)
30.3.3 Consistent Histories
411(1)
30.3.4 Histories and Mach-Zehnder
412(3)
30.3.5 Measurement
415(2)
30.3.6 Decoherence and the Classical World
417(2)
30.3.7 Histories in Cosmology
419(1)
30.4 Ontology
420(5)
30.4.1 Pre-Probabilities
421(1)
30.4.2 Unicity
421(1)
30.4.3 Probability (Again)
422(1)
30.4.4 Other Issues
422(1)
Notes
423(2)
Chapter 31 The Ontological Interpretation
425(18)
31.1 Physics and Philosophy
425(1)
31.2 Wave and Particle
426(6)
31.2.1 Bohm's Version of the Schrodinger Equation
426(3)
31.2.2 The Quantum Potential Energy
429(3)
31.3 Probability
432(1)
31.4 Quantum Potential Energy in Action
433(3)
31.4.1 Quantum Potential Energy and the Double Slit Experiment
433(1)
31.4.2 Quantum Potential Energy and the Particle in a Box
434(1)
31.4.3 Spin
435(1)
31.4.4 Entanglement
436(1)
31.5 Information and Wave Function Collapse
436(3)
31.6 Deeper Waters
439(1)
31.7 Reactions to Bohm's Theory
440(3)
Notes
441(2)
Chapter 32 Quantum Field Theory
443(26)
32.1 Why Are We Doing This?
443(1)
32.2 Taking Identical Particles Seriously
443(2)
32.2.1 Particle Labels
444(1)
32.2.2 Substance Abuse
445(1)
32.3 States in Quantum Field Theory
445(9)
32.3.1 Fock States
446(1)
32.3.2 The Vacuum
447(1)
32.3.3 Up and Down We Go
447(1)
32.3.4 Change of Basis
447(1)
32.3.5 Orderly Matters
448(1)
32.3.6 Fermions and Bosons
449(1)
32.3.7 The Number Is Up
450(1)
32.3.8 Normalization
451(1)
32.3.9 Round and Round We Go
452(1)
32.3.10 Multiparticle Operators Representing Observables
453(1)
32.4 Basis for Progress
454(4)
32.4.1 So Why Is It Called Quantum Field Theory?
455(2)
32.4.2 Wave-Particle Duality
457(1)
32.5 Interactions in Quantum Field Theory
458(5)
32.5.1 Interaction Operators
459(2)
32.5.2 Interaction Potentials
461(2)
32.6 Vacuum Fluctuations
463(2)
32.6.1 Fields and Numbers
464(1)
32.7 Quantum Gravity
465(4)
32.7.1 Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG)
466(1)
32.7.2 String Theory
466(1)
32.7.3 Prospects
466(1)
Notes
467(2)
Chapter 33 Personal Conclusions
469(5)
33.1 Popular Opinion
469(1)
33.2 Quantum Reality
469(4)
33.2.1 Critical Realism
470(1)
33.2.2 Copenhagenism & Consistent Histories
471(1)
33.2.3 Many Worlds and Many Minds
472(1)
33.2.4 The Ontological Interpretation
473(1)
33.2.5 Objective Collapse
473(1)
33.3 Conclusions
473(1)
Notes 474(1)
Appendix List of Important Rules 475(2)
Index 477
Jonathan Allday took his first degree in physics at Cambridge, then moved to Liverpool University where he gained a PhD in particle physics in 1989. While carrying out his research, he joined with a group of academics and teachers working on an optional syllabus to be incorporated into A-level Physics. This new option was designed to bring students up to date on advances in particle physics and cosmology. An examining board accepted the syllabus in 1993 and now similar components appear on many advanced courses and some aimed at GCSE level. Shortly after this, Jonathan started work on Quarks, Leptons and the Big Bang, published by CRC Press and now in its 3rd edition, which was intended as a rigorous but accessible introduction to these topics. Since then, he has also written Apollo in Perspective, Second edition; Quantum Reality; and Space-time: An Introduction to Einstein's Theory of Gravity also published by CRC, as well as co-authoring various textbooks for 16+ levels. He is also active writing articles for Physics Review which is a journal intended for 16+ physicists. After more than 30 years in teaching and school management, Jonathan has now retired and lives with his family in Worcestershire.