Learning Activities |
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xviii | |
Preface |
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xx | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxii | |
About the Authors |
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xxiii | |
About the Contributors |
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xxiv | |
Chapter 1 Looking at Race and Ethnicity-and Power |
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3 | (18) |
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What Are Race and Ethnicity? Why Do They Matter? |
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3 | (2) |
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Race as a Concept Rooted in North American Racial Slavery and Colonialism |
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4 | (1) |
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Biological/Social Data on Race |
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4 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 1.1 Letter to Your Race(s) |
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5 | (3) |
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5 | (1) |
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How Is Power Related to Race? Dominant and Subordinate Groups |
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6 | (2) |
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Power, Dominance, and the Construction of Race |
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7 | (1) |
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The Relationship of Other Racial Categories to Whiteness |
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8 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 1.2 Making Whiteness Visible |
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8 | (6) |
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Beyond the White/Black Dichotomy |
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8 | (1) |
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Examples of How Racial Categorizations Have Changed Over Time |
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9 | (1) |
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Resistance to Race-Based Systems of Inequality |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (4) |
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11 | (1) |
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More Than a Member of a Racial Group: Intersectionality |
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11 | (1) |
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Intersectional Approaches to Activism |
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12 | (2) |
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Doing Sociology 1.3 Intersectional Themes in the Arts |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Defining Terms Related to Race and Ethnicity |
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14 | (1) |
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The Emergence of Colorblind Racism |
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14 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 1.4 Reflecting on Colorblind Language and Racism |
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15 | (3) |
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Structural, Cultural, and Interpersonal Racism |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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How You Can Prepare for This Class |
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16 | (5) |
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17 | (1) |
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Racial Terminology in This Book |
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17 | (1) |
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Be Aware That Race and Racism Affect Everyone-Even Toddlers |
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17 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 1.5 When, Where, and How Have You Talked About Race? |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
Chapter 2 Identifying Racism throughout U.S. History |
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21 | (16) |
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How I Got Active in Sociology |
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21 | (2) |
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Seeing the Big Picture: The United States and Racism |
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22 | (1) |
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No United States Without Racism |
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22 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 2.1 What Would You Do? |
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23 | (5) |
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The United States Constitution and Racism |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Racism and Systemic Racism |
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24 | (4) |
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Racism and Genocide Against American Indians |
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25 | (1) |
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Asians and Racism in the United States |
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26 | (1) |
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European Ethnic Groups Who Eventually "Became" White |
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26 | (1) |
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Latinx Experience With Racism in the United States |
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26 | (1) |
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Scientific Racism and Justifications for Racial Inequalities |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 2.2 What Do You Understand? |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Racism and the History of Sociology |
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28 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 2.3 Discrimination Through the Years |
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28 | (4) |
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A More Inclusive Sociology |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (3) |
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30 | (1) |
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Using Sociology to Recognize and Address Institutional and Structural Racism |
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30 | (1) |
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Using the Sociological Imagination to Uncover and Address Systemic Racism |
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30 | (1) |
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Race-Based Policies and Schoolchildren's Access to Healthy Foods |
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30 | (1) |
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The COVID-19 Pandemic and Racial Health Inequities |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 2.4 Why Should Students Get Free Breakfasts and Lunches? |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (3) |
Chapter 3 Recognizing Systemic Racism as a Global Issue |
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37 | (24) |
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How I Got Active in Sociology |
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38 | (1) |
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Race is not a Uniquely American Experience |
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38 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 3.1 A Day in the Life |
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39 | (6) |
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Racism Without Racial Classifications |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Why Think About Race and Racism on a Global Level? |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Historical Context: Race and Empire |
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41 | (4) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (2) |
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Exhibiting White Supremacy on a Global Stage |
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45 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 3.2 Removing Colonial Symbols |
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45 | (4) |
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46 | (1) |
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Legacies of Colonial Racism |
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46 | (3) |
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Enduring Postcolonial Racial Categories |
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46 | (2) |
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Colorism and White Standards of Beauty |
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48 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 3.3 Colorism in Hollywood |
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49 | (4) |
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Postwar Migration Perpetuating Colonial Dynamics |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Contemporary Examples of Systemic Racism Around the World |
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50 | (3) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 3.4 Losing Your Identity |
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53 | (5) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Racialized Global Dynamics |
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54 | (3) |
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International Movement of People |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Fortress Europe and the Global Refugee Crisis |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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Global Powers and Racist Stereotypes |
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57 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 3.5 What You Know About Africa |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
Chapter 4 Seeing How Social Institutions Support Racism |
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61 | (28) |
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How I Got Active in Sociology |
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62 | (2) |
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US Institutions and Racism |
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62 | (2) |
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Recognizing Institutional Discrimination and Side-Effect Discrimination |
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63 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 4.1 Reacting to De Jure vs. De Facto Racist Policies |
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64 | (5) |
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64 | (1) |
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How Does the Political System Support Racial Discrimination? |
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64 | (5) |
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Weakening the Voting Rights Act |
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64 | (1) |
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Today's Style of Voter Suppression |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (2) |
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Doing Sociology 4.2 Voter Suppression and You |
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69 | (5) |
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69 | (1) |
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Examples of Institutional Racism in Other Parts of the U.S. Government |
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69 | (2) |
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69 | (2) |
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The Environmental Protection Agency |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (3) |
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Doing Sociology 4.3 Poor Air Quality: An Example of Racist Policy Making? |
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74 | (5) |
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The Federal Housing Administration and Enforcement of the Fair Housing Act of 1968 |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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Racial Discrimination in the Economic Institution |
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75 | (4) |
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Loss of Land Equals Loss of Wealth |
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76 | (1) |
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The Reels Brothers and Land Loss |
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76 | (1) |
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Racial Discrimination in Employment Today |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 4.4 Algorithmic Bias |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 4.5 School Funding and Your Education |
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80 | (5) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders-An Exception? |
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82 | (3) |
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Inequality Among AAPI Ethnic Groups |
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82 | (2) |
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Hitting the Asian American Glass Ceiling |
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84 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 4.6 Demographics and Work Experiences |
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85 | (1) |
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Institutional Discrimination and Racist Beliefs |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (2) |
Chapter 5 Cultural Supports for Systemic Racism In The United States |
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89 | (20) |
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How I Got Active in Sociology |
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89 | (1) |
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The Impact of American Media |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (4) |
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91 | (3) |
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Racial Bias in News Media |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 5.1 Who Holds Power in American Media? |
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94 | (7) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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The American Educational System |
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96 | (5) |
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Racial Toxicity, Racialized Expectations, and Consequences for Children of Color |
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96 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Eurocentric Curricula and the Invisibility of People of Color |
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98 | (1) |
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Distorted History and Maps |
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99 | (2) |
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Doing Sociology 5.2 Whose History? |
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101 | (5) |
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Alternatives to Public School Curricula |
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101 | (1) |
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Promoting Eurocentric Norms in American Schools: The Policing of Clothing and Hair |
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101 | (1) |
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Policing Black Girls' Hair |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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American Cultural Ideologies |
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103 | (7) |
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The Myth of the American Meritocracy: "If You Just Work Hard Enough" |
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103 | (2) |
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Colorblindness: "I Don't See Race" |
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105 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 5.3 Actively Responding to the Colorblind Ideology |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
Chapter 6 American Indians and Alaska Natives: Surviving Genocide |
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109 | (26) |
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How I Got Active in Sociology |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 6.1 In Massasoit's Shoes |
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112 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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The Five "Civilized" Tribes |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Relationships With the United States |
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112 | (2) |
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President Andrew Jackson, Indian Removal, and the Trail of Tears |
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113 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 6.2 The Forced Removal of Civilized Tribes |
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114 | (2) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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Opening the West for Whites |
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115 | (1) |
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The Black Hills and the End of the Indian Wars |
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115 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 6.3 The Narrative of Manifest Destiny |
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116 | (4) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (3) |
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117 | (1) |
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Killing Members of the Group |
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117 | (1) |
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Causing Serious Bodily or Mental Harm to Members of the Group |
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118 | (1) |
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Deliberately Inflicting on the Group Conditions of Life Calculated to Bring About Its Physical Destruction in Whole or in Part |
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118 | (1) |
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Imposing Measures Intended to Prevent Births Within the Group |
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118 | (1) |
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Forcibly Transferring Children of the Group to Another Group |
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118 | (1) |
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Forced Assimilation, Theft of Land, and Cultural Genocide |
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118 | (1) |
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The Indian Reorganization Act-A Reprieve |
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118 | (1) |
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The Termination and Relocation Acts |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 6.4 Boarding School Horrors |
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120 | (2) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 6.5 Alcatraz |
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122 | (5) |
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124 | (3) |
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125 | (1) |
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Alaska Natives: From Russian Colonization to Today |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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The Aleuts and World War II |
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126 | (1) |
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The Permanent Fund Dividend and the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANSCA) |
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126 | (1) |
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The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANSCA) of 1971 |
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126 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 6.6 Environmental Injustice in Alaska and the Lower 48 States |
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127 | (4) |
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128 | (1) |
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Challenges Facing American Indians and Alaska Natives Today |
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128 | (3) |
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129 | (1) |
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Violence Against Native American Women |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 6.7 Moving the IHS From a "Mess" to an Effective Program |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (3) |
Chapter 7 Defining, Attaining, and Benefitting From Whiteness |
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135 | (18) |
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How I Got Active in Sociology |
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135 | (1) |
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White: The Socially Constructed Default Race |
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135 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 7.1 How Many White People? |
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136 | (9) |
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Whiteness as a Social Construction |
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136 | (1) |
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Who Was "White" in American History? |
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136 | (2) |
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Changing Definitions of Whiteness |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Historic Advantages to Whiteness |
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140 | (5) |
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Racism and the Preservation of White Advantages |
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141 | (1) |
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Racism and the Concentration of Political, Social, and Economic Power Among Whites |
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142 | (1) |
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The Legacy of Centuries of Racism |
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142 | (2) |
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Racism and White Advantage in the Normal Functioning of Society |
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144 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 7.2 Always Check Your Understanding! |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Being the Social Norm Is a Privilege |
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146 | (1) |
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Avoiding Stereotypes Is a Privilege |
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146 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 7.3 The Privilege of Avoiding Negative Stereotypes |
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146 | (4) |
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Not Having to Wonder Is a Privilege |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (3) |
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148 | (1) |
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White Anger and White Supremacist Organizations |
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148 | (1) |
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White Supremacist Organizations |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 7.4 Examining White Supremacist Extremist Organizations |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
Chapter 8 Black Americans: Facing Slavery and Fighting for Justice |
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153 | (24) |
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How I Got Active in Sociology |
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153 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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Slavery and the Creation of Blackness |
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154 | (1) |
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Slavery in Northern States |
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155 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 8.1 How Slavery Made America |
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155 | (3) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Resilience and Resistance of African Americans Within the Institution of Slavery |
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156 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Nonviolent Acts of Resistance |
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158 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 8.2 Violent and Nonviolent Resistance |
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158 | (3) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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After Slavery: Reconstruction and Migration |
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159 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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The First Black Migration (1915-1940) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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The Second Black Migration 11940-1970) |
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161 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 8.3 What Have You Learned? |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Resilience: Religion and Empowerment Groups |
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161 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 8.4 Abolition, Black Power, and Black Churches |
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162 | (3) |
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African American Empowerment Groups |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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The Civil Rights Movement |
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163 | (2) |
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163 | (1) |
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Black Pride and Black Power |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 8.5 Perceptions of Black Groups |
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165 | (4) |
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166 | (1) |
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Black Ethnic Groups in America |
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166 | (5) |
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The Immigration Experiences of African, Afro Latinx, and Caribbean Immigrants |
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166 | (3) |
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Doing Sociology 8.6 Attitudes Toward the United States |
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169 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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The Fight for Racial Justice and Resilience Today |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (2) |
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Doing Sociology 8.7 The New Jim Crow |
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171 | (2) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (3) |
Chapter 9 Forever Foreigners? Asian American Ethnic Groups |
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177 | (22) |
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How I Got Active in Sociology |
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178 | (6) |
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Asians in America: Early Immigration, Anti-Asian Policies, and Resistance |
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178 | (6) |
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Initial Immigration Waves |
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178 | (3) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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The End of Exclusionary Asian Immigration Policies |
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183 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 9.1 Did You Know? Asian American History and Resistance |
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184 | (2) |
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184 | (1) |
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The Beginnings of Contemporary Asian America: Becoming "Asian American" |
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184 | (2) |
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Coining the Pan-Ethnic Asian American Race |
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184 | (1) |
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San Francisco State College Strike |
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185 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 9.2 Pros and Cons of the Term Asian |
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186 | (4) |
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Gidra, "Voice of the Asian American Movement" |
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186 | (1) |
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International Hotel Protests |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (2) |
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188 | (2) |
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Doing Sociology 9.3 Asian Americans in the Media |
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190 | (5) |
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"Bamboo Ceiling" and Education |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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From Print Magazines to Blogs |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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Doing Sociology 9.4 Constance Wu's Reflections on Crazy Rich Asians |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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|
196 | (3) |
Chapter 10 Understanding Latinxs' Presence in the United States |
|
199 | (24) |
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How I Got Active in Sociology |
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200 | (3) |
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Development of Hispanic, Latino/a, and Latinx Classifications and Identities |
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200 | (3) |
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The Social Construction of Hispanic, Latino/a, and Latinx |
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|
200 | (1) |
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Distinguishing Between Hispanic, Latino/a, and Latinx |
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202 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 10.1 Hispanic, Latino/A, and Latinx: Which Should the U.S. Census Use? |
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203 | (3) |
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Colorism and Becoming White |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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Fertility and Population Growth or Decline |
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206 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 10.2 Controlling Population Growth |
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206 | (7) |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (1) |
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Latinxs' Socioeconomic Experiences |
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209 | (4) |
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Jobs, Unemployment, and Education |
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209 | (4) |
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Doing Sociology 10.3 Improving College Graduation Rates |
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213 | (5) |
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213 | (1) |
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Political Mobilization: Fighting for Equity and Justice |
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213 | (5) |
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Social Mobilization and Activism |
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213 | (2) |
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Why Do Latinx Come to the United States? |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Politics and Political Engagement of Latinxs |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 10.4 Fees to apply for citizenship |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (3) |
Chapter 11 Jewish, Arab, and Muslim Americans: Experiencing Ethnocentrism as Racism |
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223 | (22) |
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How I Got Active in Sociology |
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223 | (6) |
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Jews, Arabs, and Muslims in the United States |
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224 | (5) |
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224 | (1) |
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History of Jewish Americans |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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History of Arab Americans |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (2) |
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Doing Sociology 11.1 The Diversity of Jews, Arabs, and Muslims in the United States |
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229 | (3) |
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229 | (1) |
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Antisemitism, Orientalism, and Islamophobia |
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229 | (3) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 11.2 Understanding Implicit Bias |
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232 | (6) |
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232 | (1) |
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Negotiating Race and Racism: Jews, Arabs, and Muslims |
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233 | (5) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (2) |
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Doing Sociology 11.3 Perceived Discrimination Against Religious Groups |
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238 | (2) |
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239 | (1) |
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Fighting for Racial Justice |
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239 | (1) |
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Jewish American Activism and Advocacy |
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239 | (1) |
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Arab American Activism and Advocacy |
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240 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 11.4 U.S. Racial Classifications and Fighting Racism |
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240 | (2) |
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Muslim American Activism and Advocacy |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
Chapter 12 Challenging and Changing Racial Categories? Interracial Marriage and Multiracial Americans |
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245 | (24) |
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How I Got Active in Sociology |
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245 | (3) |
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Historical Overview of Multiracial People in America |
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246 | (2) |
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Race, Multiracial People, and Slavery |
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247 | (1) |
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Race and Class: Maintaining the Social Hierarchy |
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247 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 12.1 Race as a Social Construct |
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248 | (5) |
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Asian Immigration: Xenophobia |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Impacts of Discrimination |
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249 | (4) |
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Sanctioning of Personal Decisions |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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Persistence of the One-Drop Rule |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 12.2 Understanding the Impact of Passing |
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253 | (2) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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Cultural Hegemony and Racism |
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254 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 12.3 Exploring Cultural Hegemony in Media |
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255 | (5) |
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Race and Media Representation Today |
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256 | (1) |
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Overrepresentation of Black-White Couples |
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256 | (1) |
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Breaking Out of the Black-White Binary |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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Abolishing Antimiscegenation Legislation and the Multiracial Movement |
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258 | (2) |
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Fighting Antimiscegenation Laws |
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258 | (1) |
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Multiracial Movements and the U.S. Census |
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259 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 12.4 A Separate Multiracial Category on the U.S. Census |
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260 | (2) |
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260 | (1) |
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Carving Out Space: Multiracial Organizations |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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Revising or Curbing Racism? |
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262 | (1) |
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Monoracism and Multiracial Families |
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262 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 12.5 When Multiracial Becomes Monoracial: Encounters With Law Enforcement |
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262 | (3) |
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Working for Racial Justice Means Confronting Anti-Black and -Brown Prejudice and Discrimination |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (3) |
Chapter 13 How Racism Hurts and Antiracism Helps Everyone |
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269 | (16) |
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How I Got Active in Sociology |
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269 | (2) |
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How Does Racism Hurt Everyone, Including White People? |
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269 | (2) |
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Examples of How Racism Hurts Everyone |
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270 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 13.1 Recognizing Collateral Consequences |
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271 | (4) |
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Durkheim's External and Internal Inequality |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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Why Is it Hard to Talk About Racism-And When Do We? |
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272 | (3) |
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Normalization of Racism and the Racial Hierarchy |
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272 | (2) |
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Recognizing and Talking About Racism in the Criminal Justice System |
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274 | (1) |
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Racism's Reliance on Hierarchy |
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274 | (1) |
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Impacts of the Racial Hierarchy in the United States |
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275 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 13.2 Talking Across Racial Lines |
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275 | (3) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 13.3 Explaining White Fragility |
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278 | (3) |
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278 | (1) |
|
How Can Antiracism Benefit Everyone? |
|
|
278 | (3) |
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|
278 | (1) |
|
White Antiracist Activism |
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|
279 | (1) |
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|
280 | (1) |
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Doing Sociology 13.4 Interest Convergence and Antiracism |
|
|
281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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|
282 | (3) |
Chapter 14 Dismantling Systemic Racism |
|
285 | (16) |
|
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How I Got Active in Sociology |
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|
285 | (2) |
|
Systemic Racism, Agency, and Social Change |
|
|
286 | (1) |
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How Change Happens: Practices, Social Norms, and Policies |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Doing Sociology 14.1 Using Your Sociological Tool Kit |
|
|
287 | (3) |
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287 | (1) |
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|
288 | (2) |
|
Building Racial Consciousness and Literacy |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Humanization, Storytelling, and Representation |
|
|
288 | (2) |
|
Doing Sociology 14.2 The Power of Stories |
|
|
290 | (5) |
|
Movement and Coalition Formation |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (3) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Destroying the Material Base |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Advancing Democracy and Political Equality |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Doing Sociology 14.3 Practicing Active Inclusion |
|
|
295 | (4) |
|
Working for Decarceration and Legal Justice |
|
|
295 | (3) |
|
Redefining Racial Discrimination |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
Glossary |
|
301 | (6) |
References |
|
307 | (18) |
Index |
|
325 | |