Credits |
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xii | |
Introduction |
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xiii | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xix | |
Conventions and Nomenclature |
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xxi | |
1 Introduction to Radial Flow Turbocompressors |
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1 | (43) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Definition of Turbomachinery |
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2 | (7) |
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1.3 Classification of Turbomachines |
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9 | (5) |
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1.4 Short History of Thermal Turbomachines |
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14 | (1) |
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1.5 Components of Radial Flow Turbocompressors |
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15 | (9) |
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1.6 Applications of Centrifugal Turbocompressors |
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24 | (16) |
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1.7 Some Other Publications |
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40 | (4) |
2 Energy Transfer |
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44 | (43) |
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44 | (1) |
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2.2 The Euler Turbine Equation |
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45 | (10) |
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2.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics |
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55 | (6) |
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2.4 The Steady Flow Energy Equation |
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61 | (5) |
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2.5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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66 | (3) |
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2.6 Energy Transfer in Radial Turbocompressors |
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69 | (5) |
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2.7 Different Ideal Compression Processes |
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74 | (7) |
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81 | (4) |
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2.9 The Compressor Stage as the Sum of Its Components |
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85 | (2) |
3 Equations of State |
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87 | (19) |
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87 | (1) |
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3.2 Equations of State for Perfect Fluids |
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88 | (4) |
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3.3 Equations of State for Real Gases |
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92 | (7) |
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3.4 The Aungier-Redlich-Kwong Cubic Equation of State |
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99 | (2) |
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3.5 Isentropic and Polytropic Processes with Real Gases |
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101 | (2) |
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3.6 The Aerodynamic Work with Real Gases |
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103 | (3) |
4 Efficiency Definitions for Compressors |
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106 | (29) |
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106 | (1) |
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4.2 Compressor Efficiency |
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107 | (4) |
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4.3 Isentropic Efficiency |
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111 | (7) |
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4.4 Polytropic Efficiency |
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118 | (11) |
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4.5 The Impeller Wheel Efficiency |
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129 | (1) |
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4.6 External Losses and Sideloads |
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130 | (1) |
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4.7 Efficiency in Diabatic Processes |
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130 | (4) |
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4.8 Efficiency Definitions for Real Gases |
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134 | (1) |
5 Fluid Mechanics |
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135 | (56) |
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135 | (1) |
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5.2 The Laws of Fluid Mechanics |
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136 | (6) |
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5.3 Pressure Gradients in Fluid Flows |
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142 | (6) |
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5.4 Coriolis and Centrifugal Forces in Impellers |
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148 | (7) |
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5.5 Boundary Layers and End-Wall Flows |
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155 | (16) |
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171 | (5) |
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176 | (4) |
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5.8 Jet-Wake Flow in Impellers |
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180 | (11) |
6 Gas Dynamics |
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191 | (19) |
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191 | (1) |
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6.2 Gas Dynamics of Ideal Gases |
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191 | (8) |
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6.3 Shock and Expansion Waves |
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199 | (4) |
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6.4 Shock Structure in Transonic Compressors |
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203 | (3) |
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6.5 Gas Dynamics of Real Gases |
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206 | (4) |
7 Aerodynamic Loading |
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210 | (37) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (8) |
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219 | (7) |
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226 | (10) |
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7.5 Blade Loading Parameters |
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236 | (11) |
8 Similarity |
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247 | (37) |
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247 | (1) |
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8.2 Similarity of Fluid Flows |
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248 | (4) |
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252 | (1) |
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8.4 Fluid Dynamic Similarity |
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253 | (8) |
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8.5 Thermodynamic Similarity |
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261 | (4) |
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8.6 Applications of Similarity Parameters |
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265 | (13) |
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8.7 Performance Corrections for Deviation from Similarity |
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278 | (6) |
9 Specific Speed |
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284 | (13) |
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284 | (1) |
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9.2 Specific Speed and Specific Diameter |
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284 | (6) |
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290 | (7) |
10 Losses and Performance |
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297 | (41) |
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297 | (1) |
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10.2 The Definition of Losses |
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298 | (5) |
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10.3 Viscous Loss Mechanisms |
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303 | (10) |
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10.4 Other Aerodynamic Losses |
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313 | (5) |
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10.5 Loss Correlations in Centrifugal Stages |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (5) |
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10.7 Global Estimate for Aerodynamic Efficiency at the Design Point |
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325 | (5) |
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10.8 Mean-Line Calculation of the Flow Conditions through the Stage |
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330 | (8) |
11 Impeller Design |
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338 | (67) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (3) |
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11.4 Flow Conditions at the Impeller Inlet |
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343 | (12) |
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11.5 Flow Conditions at the Impeller Throat |
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355 | (3) |
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11.6 Flow Conditions at Impeller Outlet |
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358 | (18) |
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11.7 The Compressor Characteristic as Influenced by Losses and Work |
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376 | (2) |
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11.8 Guidelines to Detailed Impeller Design |
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378 | (9) |
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11.9 Three-Dimensional Features |
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387 | (3) |
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390 | (3) |
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393 | (4) |
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11.12 Comparison with Rotors of Other Machine Types |
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397 | (8) |
12 Diffuser Design |
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405 | (38) |
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405 | (1) |
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12.2 Effect of the Flow at the Impeller Outlet |
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406 | (6) |
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412 | (5) |
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417 | (6) |
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12.5 Ideal Pressure Recovery in a Vaned Diffuser |
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423 | (1) |
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12.6 Zones of Pressure Recovery in a Vaned Diffuser |
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424 | (2) |
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12.7 Vaneless Space and Semivaneless Space |
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426 | (2) |
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12.8 Blockage at the Throat in Diffuser Channels |
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428 | (2) |
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12.9 Matching the Diffuser Throat with the Impeller |
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430 | (3) |
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12.10 Wedge Diffuser Channels |
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433 | (2) |
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12.11 Cascade Diffuser Channels |
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435 | (5) |
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440 | (1) |
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12.13 Downstream Semivaneless Space and Vaneless Space |
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441 | (1) |
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441 | (2) |
13 Casing Component Design |
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443 | (23) |
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443 | (1) |
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13.2 Casing and Rotor Configurations |
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444 | (2) |
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13.3 Inlet or Suction Nozzle |
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446 | (1) |
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13.4 Intermediate Inlet Nozzles |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (6) |
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13.7 Return Channel System |
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455 | (4) |
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459 | (2) |
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461 | (5) |
14 Geometry Definition |
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466 | (14) |
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466 | (1) |
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14.2 Coordinate Systems for Turbomachinery |
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466 | (2) |
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14.3 Axisymmetric and Blade-to-Blade Stream Surfaces in Radial Compressors |
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468 | (2) |
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14.4 Geometry Definition of Flow Channels |
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470 | (8) |
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14.5 Geometry Definition of Blades and Vanes |
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478 | (2) |
15 Throughflow Code for Radial Compressors |
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480 | (48) |
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480 | (1) |
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15.2 A Preliminary Overview of the Throughflow Method |
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481 | (8) |
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15.3 Notation for the Blade Angles of the Velocity Gradient Equation |
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489 | (3) |
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15.4 The Throughflow Equation of Motion |
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492 | (5) |
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15.5 Streamline Curvature Velocity Gradient Equation |
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497 | (7) |
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15.6 The Iterative Scheme |
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504 | (2) |
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15.7 Empirical Modifications |
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506 | (2) |
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508 | (5) |
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15.9 Pressure Gradient from Blade Force |
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513 | (2) |
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515 | (11) |
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15.11 Use of Throughflow in Design |
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526 | (2) |
16 Computational Fluid Dynamics |
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528 | (37) |
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528 | (1) |
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16.2 Historical Background to Turbomachinery CFD |
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529 | (7) |
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16.3 The Governing Equations |
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536 | (1) |
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16.4 The Modern Numerical Method |
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537 | (9) |
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16.5 Stage Calculations with Interface Planes |
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546 | (4) |
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550 | (4) |
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554 | (6) |
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16.8 Checklists for the Design Process with CFD |
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560 | (5) |
17 Compressor Instability and Control |
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565 | (36) |
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565 | (1) |
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17.2 Instabilities in Compressors |
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566 | (18) |
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17.3 Off-Design Operation of Radial Compressors |
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584 | (3) |
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17.4 Typical Operating Range of Single-Stage Radial Turbocompressors |
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587 | (3) |
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17.5 Stability Control and Enhancement |
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590 | (11) |
18 Maps and Matching |
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601 | (42) |
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601 | (1) |
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18.2 Methods of Map Prediction |
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602 | (3) |
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18.3 Map Prediction for Single Stages |
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605 | (14) |
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18.4 Apparent Efficiency Due to Heat Transfer Effects |
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619 | (1) |
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18.5 Extrapolation of a Measured Map |
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620 | (4) |
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18.6 Map Prediction for Multiple Stages |
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624 | (4) |
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18.7 Matching of the Diffuser with the Impeller |
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628 | (1) |
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18.8 Matching in Multistage Compressors |
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629 | (2) |
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18.9 Matching of the Compressor to a Turbine in a Gas Turbine |
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631 | (3) |
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18.10 Matching Issues of a Compressor in a Turbocharger |
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634 | (9) |
19 Structural Integrity |
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643 | (45) |
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643 | (1) |
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19.2 Open or Closed Impellers |
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644 | (1) |
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19.3 Impeller Manufacturing and Materials |
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645 | (4) |
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19.4 Introduction to Static Blade Loading of Impellers |
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649 | (3) |
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19.5 Introduction to Dynamic Blade Loading of Impellers |
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652 | (8) |
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19.6 Computational Methods |
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660 | (1) |
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19.7 Design Data for Mechanical Analysis |
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661 | (4) |
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19.8 Assessment of Fatigue |
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665 | (1) |
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19.9 Vibrational Considerations |
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666 | (7) |
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673 | (2) |
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675 | (2) |
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677 | (7) |
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684 | (4) |
20 Development and Testing |
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688 | (27) |
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688 | (1) |
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20.2 Design and Development for Centrifugal Compressors |
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688 | (10) |
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698 | (4) |
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20.4 Basic Research and Development Tests |
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702 | (6) |
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20.5 Instrumentation and Measurements |
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708 | (6) |
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20.6 Determination of Stall and Surge |
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714 | (1) |
References |
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715 | (37) |
Index |
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752 | |