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Radio Science Techniques for Deep Space Exploration [Kietas viršelis]

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"Radio signals are used to communicate information between robotic space missions throughout the solar system and stations on Earth. These signals are altered in their electromagnetic properties between transmission and reception due to propagation effects caused primarily by intervening media as well as forces acting on the spacecraft. When observed for their scientific potential, such alternations can provide very valuable information about the nature and environment of the planetary bodies or solar system targets under exploration. This also applies to signals transmitted from one spacecraft and received at another, in the case of multi-spacecraft missions. The media that the radio links propagate through include planetary atmospheres, ionospheres, rings, plasma tori, cometary material, or the solar corona. The Doppler shift to the frequency of the signals caused by the relative motion between the spacecraft and ground stations, or any transmitter-receiver combination, can contain scientific information about the gravitational forces acting on the spacecraft resulting from the bulk mass, density distribution, and global interior structure of the planets or moons, among other effects"--

Explore the development and state-of-the-art in deep space exploration using radio science techniques

In Radio Science Techniques for Deep Space Exploration, accomplished NASA/JPL researcher and manager Sami Asmar delivers a multi-disciplinary exploration of the science, technology, engineering, mission operations, and signal processing relevant to deep space radio science. The book discusses basic principles before moving on to more advanced topics that include a wide variety of graphical illustrations and useful references to publications by experts in their respective fields.

Complete explanations of changes in the characteristics of electromagnetic waves and the instrumentation and technology used in scientific experiments are examined.

Radio Science Techniques for Deep Space Exploration offers answers to the question of how to explore the solar system with radio links and better understand the interior structures, atmospheres, rings, and surfaces of other planets. The author also includes:

  • Thorough introductions to radio science techniques and systems needed to investigate planetary atmospheres, rings, and surfaces
  • Comprehensive explorations of planetary gravity and interior structures, as well as relativistic and solar studies
  • Practical discussions of instrumentation, technologies, and future directions in radio science techniques

Perfect for students and professors of physics, astronomy, planetary science, aerospace engineering, and communications engineering, Radio Science Techniques for Deep Space Exploration will also earn a place in the libraries of engineers and scientists in the aerospace industry.

Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Author and Contributors xvii
1 Investigations and Techniques
1(38)
1.0 Introduction
1(1)
1.1 Historical Background
2(3)
1.1.1 The Field of Radio Science
3(2)
1.2 Fundamental Concepts
5(9)
1.2.1 Categories of RS Investigations
10(2)
1.2.2 Related Fields
12(2)
1.3 Historical Development
14(4)
1.4 Overview of the Radio Science Instrumentation System
18(8)
1.4.1 Flight System
23(1)
1.4.2 Ground System
24(2)
1.4.3 Other Ground Stations
26(1)
1.5 Noise, Error Sources, and Calibrations
26(3)
1.6 Experiment Implementation, Data Archiving, and Critical Mission Support
29(1)
1.7 Radio Science at Home
30(2)
1.8 Future Directions
32(1)
1.9 Summary and Remaining
Chapters
32(3)
Appendix 1A Selected Accomplishments and Planned Observations in Spacecraft Radio Science
35(1)
1A.1 Selected Accomplishments in Radio Science
35(1)
1A.2 Planned Observations in the Near-Term
36(1)
1A.3 Planned Observations in the Long Term
37(2)
2 Planetary Atmospheres, Rings, and Surfaces
39(30)
2.1 Overview of Radio Occultations
39(6)
2.2 Neutral Atmospheres
45(7)
2.2.1 Abel Inversion
48(4)
2.3 Ionospheres
52(1)
2.4 Rings
53(11)
2.4.1 Ring Occultation Observables
55(1)
2.4.2 Ring Occultation Analysis
56(4)
2.4.3 Ring Diffraction Correction
60(1)
2.4.4 Data Decimation and Profile Resolution
61(1)
2.4.5 Signal-to-noise Ratio-resolution Tradeoff
61(3)
2.5 Surface Scattering
64(5)
3 Gravity Science and Planetary Interiors
69(54)
3.1 Overview
69(5)
3.2 Gravity Observables and Formulations
74(9)
3.2.1 Alternative Basis and Methods
75(1)
3.2.2 Tidal Forces and Time Variable Gravity
76(5)
3.2.3 Covariance Analysis
81(2)
3.3 Earth and Moon Gravity Measurements and the Development of Crosslinks
83(4)
3.4 Shape and Topography Data for Interpretation of Gravity Measurements
87(8)
3.4.1 Imagery
92(1)
3.4.2 Altimetry
93(1)
3.4.3 Space-based Radar
94(1)
3.4.4 Radio Occultations
94(1)
3.4.5 Ground-based Radar
94(1)
3.4.6 Examples of Results of Gravity-Topography Analysis
94(1)
3.5 Application to Solar System Bodies
95(11)
3.5.1 Moon
96(1)
3.5.2 Mercury
96(1)
3.5.3 Venus
97(1)
3.5.4 Mars
97(2)
3.5.5 Jupiter
99(3)
3.5.6 Saturn
102(1)
3.5.7 Uranus
103(1)
3.5.8 Neptune
104(1)
3.5.9 Pluto
104(1)
3.5.10 Asteroids and Comets
104(1)
3.5.11 Pioneer and Earth Flyby Anomalies
105(1)
3.6 A User's Guide
106(5)
3.6.1 Calculation of Observables and Partials
108(1)
3.6.2 Estimation Filter
109(1)
3.6.3 Solution Analysis
109(2)
Appendix 3A Planetary Geodesy
111(1)
3A.1 Planetary Geodesy: Gravitational Potentials and Fields
111(3)
3A.2 Gravity Determination Technique
114(1)
3A.3 Dynamical Integration
114(2)
3A.4 Processing of Observations
116(1)
3A.5 Filtering of Observations
117(6)
4 Solar and Fundamental Physics
123(58)
4.1 Principles of Heliospheric Observations
123(3)
4.2 Inner Heliospheric Electron Density
126(1)
4.3 Density Power Spectrum
127(1)
4.4 Intermittency, Nonstationarity, and Events
127(1)
4.5 Faraday Rotation
128(1)
4.6 Spaced-receiver Measurements
128(1)
4.7 Space-time Localization of Plasma Irregularities
129(1)
4.8 Utility for Telecommunications Engineering
130(1)
4.9 Precision Tests of Relativistic Gravity
131(2)
4.10 Scientific Goals and Objectives
133(3)
4.10.1 Determine γ to an Accuracy of 2 × 10-6
134(1)
4.10.2 Determine β to an Accuracy of -3 × 10-5
135(1)
4.10.3 Determine η to an Accuracy of at Least 4.4 × 10-4
135(1)
4.10.4 Determine α1 to an Accuracy of 7.8 × 10-6
135(1)
4.10.5 Determine the Solar Oblateness to an Accuracy of 4.8 × 10-9
135(1)
4.10.6 Test Any Time Variation of the Gravitational Constant, G, to an Accuracy of 3 × 10-13 Per Year
135(1)
4.10.7 Characterize the Solar Corona
136(1)
4.11 Comparison with Other Experiments
136(2)
4.11.1 Cassini
136(1)
4.11.2 Gravity Probe B
137(1)
4.11.3 Messenger
137(1)
4.11.4 Lunar Laser Ranging
137(1)
4.11.5 Gaia
137(1)
4.12 MORE Summary
138(1)
4.13 Anomalous Motion of Pioneers 10 and 11
138(1)
Appendix 4A Solar Corona Observation Methodology Illustrated by Mars Express
139(1)
4A.1 Formulation
139(2)
4A.2 Total Electron Content from Ranging Data
141(2)
4A.3 Change in Total Electron Content from Doppler Data
143(1)
4A.4 Electron Density
144(1)
4A.5 Coronal Mass Ejections
145(5)
4A.6 Separation of Uplink and Downlink Effects from Plasma
150(2)
4A.7 Earth Atmospheric Correction
152(1)
4A.8 Example Data
153(4)
Appendix 4B Faraday Rotation Methodology Illustrated by Magellan Observations
157(1)
4B.1 Formulation
157(1)
4B.2 Coronal Radio Sounding
158(2)
4B.3 The Faraday Rotation Effect
160(1)
4B.4 Measurement of the Total Electron Content
161(1)
4B.5 Combining the Faraday Rotation and Total Electron Content
162(2)
4B.6 Instrument Overview: The Magellan Spacecraft
164(1)
4B.7 Instrument Overview: The Deep Space Network
165(1)
4B.8 Data Processing and Results
166(1)
4B.9 Conclusion
167(4)
Appendix 4C Precision Doppler Tracking of Deep Space Probes and the Search for Low-frequency Gravitational Radiation
171(1)
4C.1 Background
171(1)
4C.2 Response of Spacecraft Doppler Tracking to Gravitational Waves
172(2)
4C.3 Noise in Doppler GW Observations and Their Transfer Functions
174(2)
4C.4 Detector Performance
176(3)
4C.4.1 Periodic and Quasi-periodic Waves
176(1)
4C.4.2 Burst Waves
177(1)
4C.4.3 Stochastic Waves
178(1)
4C.5 Sensitivity Improvements in Future Doppler GW Observations
179(2)
5 Technologies, Instrumentation, and Operations
181(50)
5.1 Overview
181(10)
5.1.1 End-to-End Instrumentation Overview
182(5)
5.1.2 Experiment Error Budgets
187(4)
5.2 Key Concepts and Terminology
191(12)
5.2.1 The Allan Deviation for Frequency and Timing Standards
191(6)
5.2.2 Signal Operational Modes
197(3)
5.2.3 Reception Modes
200(2)
5.2.4 Signal Carrier Modulation Modes
202(1)
5.3 Radio Science Technologies
203(14)
5.3.1 Spacecraft Ultrastable Oscillator
204(9)
5.3.2 Spacecraft Ka-band Translator
213(2)
5.3.3 Spacecraft Open-loop Receiver
215(1)
5.3.4 Spacecraft Radio Science Beacon
215(1)
5.3.5 Ground Water Vapor Radiometer
215(1)
5.3.6 Ground Advanced Ranging Instrument
215(1)
5.3.7 Ground Bethe Hole Coupler
216(1)
5.3.8 Ground Advanced Pointing Techniques
217(1)
5.4 Operations and Experiment Planning
217(1)
5.5 Data Products
218(13)
5.5.1 Range Rate
219(1)
5.5.2 Range
220(2)
5.5.3 Delta Differential One-way Ranging (Delta-DOR)
222(1)
5.5.4 Differenced Range Versus Integrated Doppler
222(1)
5.5.5 Open-loop Receiver (Radio Science Receiver)
223(1)
5.5.6 Media Calibration
224(1)
5.5.7 Spacecraft Trajectory
225(1)
5.5.8 Calibration Data Sets
225(2)
Appendix 5A Spacecraft Telecommunications System and Radio Science Flight Instrument for Several Deep Space Missions
227(4)
6 Future Directions in Radio Science Investigations and Technologies
231(36)
6.1 Fundamental Questions toward a Future Exploration Roadmap
231(4)
6.1.1 Fundamental Questions about the Utility of RS Techniques
232(1)
6.1.2 Possible Triggers for Specific Innovations for Future Investigations
233(1)
6.1.3 Possible Synergies with Other Fields
233(1)
6.1.4 Examining Relevant Methodologies
234(1)
6.2 Science-Enabling Technologies: Constellations of Small Spacecraft
235(8)
6.2.1 Constellations for Investigations of Atmospheric Structure and Dynamics
236(2)
6.2.2 Constellations for Investigations of Interior Structure and Dynamics
238(1)
6.2.3 Constellations for Simultaneous and Differential Measurements
239(1)
6.2.4 Constellations of Entry Probes and Atmospheric Vehicles
240(1)
6.2.5 Constellations for Investigations of Planetary Surface
241(2)
6.3 Science-enabling via Optical Links
243(1)
6.4 Science-enabling Calibration Techniques
243(3)
6.4.1 Earth's Troposphere Water Vapor Radiometry
244(1)
6.4.2 Antenna Mechanical Noise
244(1)
6.4.3 Advanced Ranging
245(1)
6.5 Summary
246(2)
Appendix 6A The National Academies Planetary Science Decadal Survey, Radio Science Contribution, 2009: Planetary Radio Science: Investigations of Interiors, Surfaces, Atmospheres, Rings, and Environments
247(1)
6A.1 Summary
248(1)
6A.2 Background
248(1)
6A.3 Historical Opportunities and Discoveries
249(1)
6A.4 Recent Opportunities and Discoveries
249(1)
6A.5 Future Opportunities
250(2)
6A.6 Technological Advances in Flight Instrumentation
252(1)
6A.7 The Future of Flight Instrumentation
253(1)
6A.7.1 Crosslink Radio Science
253(1)
6A.7.2 Ka-band Transponders and Other Instrumentation
254(1)
6A.8 Ground Instrumentation
254(1)
6A.8.1 NASA's Deep Space Network
254(1)
6A.8.2 Other Facilities
254(1)
6A.9 New Communications Architectures: Arrays and Optical Links
255(1)
6A.10 Conclusion and Goals
255(3)
Appendix 6B The National Academies Planetary Science Decadal Survey, Radio Science Contribution: Solar System Interiors, Atmospheres, and Surfaces Investigations via Radio Links: Goals for the Next Decade
257(1)
6B.1 Summary
258(1)
6B.2 Current Status of RS Investigations
259(1)
6B.3 Key Science Goals for the Next Decade
260(2)
6B.4 Radio Science Techniques for Achieving the Science Goals of the Next Decade
262(1)
6B.5 Technology Development Needed in the Next Decade
263(4)
References 267(44)
Acronyms and Abbreviations 311(20)
Index 331
SAMI W. ASMAR is Manager of Strategic Partnerships for the Interplanetary Network Directorate at NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, and the General Secretary of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. He has over thirty years experience in the field of radio science and, among other recognition, has been awarded three NASA Exceptional Achievement Medals.