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Radioactivity in the Environment: Physicochemical aspects and applications [Kietas viršelis]

(retired professor of physics)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 696 pages, aukštis x plotis: 244x175 mm, weight: 1410 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 26-Sep-2000
  • Leidėjas: Elsevier Science Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 0444829547
  • ISBN-13: 9780444829542
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Hardback, 696 pages, aukštis x plotis: 244x175 mm, weight: 1410 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 26-Sep-2000
  • Leidėjas: Elsevier Science Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 0444829547
  • ISBN-13: 9780444829542
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Numerous sources of ionizing radiation can lead to human exposure: natural sources, nuclear explosions, nuclear power generation, use of radiation in medical, industrial and research purposes, and radiation emitting consumer products. Before assessing the radiation dose to a population one requires a precise knowledge of the activity of a number of radionuclides. The basis for the assessment of the dose to a population from a release of radioactivity to the environment, the estimation of the potential clinical heath effects due to the dose received and, ultimately, the implementation of countermeasures to protect the population, is the measurement of radioactive contamination in the environment after the release.
It is the purpose of this book to present the facts about the presence of radionuclides in the environment, natural and man made. There is no aspect of radioactivity, which has marked the passing century, not mentioned or discussed in this book.

Numerous sources of ionizing radiation can lead to human exposure: natural sources, nuclear explosions, nuclear power generation, use of radiation in medical, industrial and research purposes, and radiation emitting consumer products. Before assessing the radiation dose to a population one requires a precise knowledge of the activity of a number of radionuclides. The basis for the assessment of the dose to a population from a release of radioactivity to the environment, the estimation of the potential clinical heath effects due to the dose received and, ultimately, the implementation of countermeasures to protect the population, is the measurement of radioactive contamination in the environment after the release.

It is the purpose of this book to present the facts about the presence of radionuclides in the environment, natural and man made. There is no aspect of radioactivity, which has marked the passing century, not mentioned or discussed in this book.
Preface xi
Introduction
1(4)
Radioactive Nuclides In Nature
5(28)
Long-lived radionuclides and their series
9(6)
Uranium decay chain
11(3)
Thorium decay chain
14(1)
Cosmic-ray-produced radionuclides
15(6)
Radioactivity in rocks and soils
21(3)
Radioactivity in the water
24(3)
Radioactivity in the air
27(6)
References
31(2)
Technologically Modified Exposure To Natural Radiation
33(28)
Radiation from coal fired power plants
34(8)
Radiation exposure due to exploration and use of phosphates
42(7)
Enhanced exposure to cosmic rays
49(4)
Miscellaneous sources of radiation
53(8)
Radiation exposures due to geothermal energy production
53(1)
Consumer products
53(1)
References
54(7)
Man-Made Radioactivity
61(56)
Introduction
61(4)
Isotopes in everyday life
65(23)
Food and agriculture
66(4)
Food preservation
70(3)
Medical applications
73(1)
Radiopharmaceuticals
74(4)
Diagnostic methods in cardiology
78(2)
Radionuclides in the treatment of disease
80(2)
Industrial applications
82(1)
Radioisotopes as tracers
83(1)
Radioisotope instruments
84(3)
Radiation in manufacturing
87(1)
Manufacturing of radioisotopes
88(29)
U.S.A
88(7)
France
95(12)
Germany
107(4)
United Kingdom
111(2)
Russia
113(1)
Others
114(2)
References
116(1)
Measurements of Radioactivity
117(142)
Radiation interaction with matter
117(20)
Heavy charged particles
117(1)
Energy loss due to ionization
118(5)
Ranges of charged particles
123(2)
Rutherford scattering
125(1)
Electrons
126(1)
Gamma and X-Rays
127(3)
Absorption coefficients
130(3)
Neutrons
133(1)
Penetrating powers of ionizing radiations
134(3)
Radiation detectors
137(24)
Charged particle detection
137(1)
Gamma and X-ray detection
138(1)
Gas-filled detectors
139(5)
Scintillation detector
144(2)
Semiconductor detector
146(13)
Thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs)
159(1)
Nuclear track detectors
159(1)
Photographic film as a radiation detector
160(1)
Neutron detection
160(1)
Radiometric methods
161(46)
Counting
161(2)
2π α-counting method
163(1)
4π β-counting with a 4π gas flow counter
164(2)
4π β-counting with a liquid scintillation spectrometer
166(1)
4π α-counting with a liquid scintillation spectrometer
166(1)
4π β-γ coincidence counting method
167(2)
Gamma spectrometry
169(8)
Beta particle spectrometry
177(2)
Alpha particle spectrometry
179(5)
Liquid scintillation measurement method
184(8)
Radiochemical analysis
192(1)
Introduction
192(1)
Analysis of strontium
193(2)
Analysis of tritium
195(1)
Caesium analysis
196(3)
Determination of actinides
199(6)
Rapid methods
205(1)
Rapid determination of transuranic elements and plutonium
205(1)
Rapid determination of 90Sr
206(1)
Non-radiometric methods
207(24)
Methods based on X-ray spectrometry
209(1)
Methods based on ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
210(2)
Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES)
212(1)
Laser excited resonance ionization spectroscopy (LERIS)
213(1)
Methods based on mass spectrometry
214(2)
ICP-MS
216(6)
AMS
222(7)
Laser-induced photoacoustic spectroscopy (LPAS)
229(2)
QA/QC Procedures
231(28)
Intercomparison
234(4)
Reference materials
238(10)
References
248(11)
Radiation Safety
259(46)
Introduction
259(13)
Internal contamination
269(3)
Some definitions (glossary)
272(6)
Basic safety standards
278(8)
Occupational exposure
283(1)
Medical exposure
284(1)
Dose limits
284(2)
Radiation dose assessment
286(6)
Stages from release to human exposure
287(2)
Dose assessment models
289(3)
Dosimetry
292(13)
Dosimetry in radiotherapy
292(1)
The IAEA/WHO network of SSDLS
293(2)
High-dose dosimetry
295(6)
References
301(4)
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
305(46)
Introduction
305(1)
The status of nuclear power in the world
306(17)
Nuclear safety
323(3)
Releases of effluents
326(5)
Management of radioactive wastes
331(7)
Research reactors
338(1)
Advanced nuclear power plants
339(4)
Nuclear fusion
343(8)
References
347(4)
The Bomb
351(26)
Introduction
351(14)
Health effects of the atomic bomb
365(2)
Weapon production
367(4)
Illicit trafficking and nuclear terrorism
371(6)
References
376(1)
Monitoring Accidentally Released Radionuclides In The Environment
377(112)
Introduction
377(4)
Pathways and samples of interest
381(7)
Guidelines for radiological monitoring of the environment
388(14)
Objectives of environmental monitoring
390(12)
Early warning and emergency response systems
402(6)
Sample collection and preparation
408(9)
Air
411(1)
Water
412(1)
Soil
412(1)
Biota
413(4)
Measurements of airborne radioactivity
417(32)
Measurement of particulates
417(25)
Radon gas measurement methods
442(7)
Monitoring food
449(4)
Mobile radiological unit
453(2)
Measurement of radioactivity in water
455(4)
The Chernobyl accident
459(18)
Introduction
459(5)
The accident
464(4)
Environment contamination
468(4)
Hot particles
472(2)
A review of the accident---ten years later
474(3)
Convention on early notification of a nuclear accident
477(12)
References
482(7)
Bomb Test Sites
489(72)
Introduction
489(19)
Atmospheric testing
491(5)
Underground testing
496(12)
Maralinga test site
508(5)
Testing site in the Marshall Islands
513(12)
Semipalatinsk nuclear test site
525(5)
French testing sites
530(31)
References
554(7)
International Safeguards
561(52)
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
562(3)
IAEA Analytical capabilities for safeguards
565(14)
Analytical requirements for safeguards
570(1)
Equipment needs for special and non-routine inspections
571(8)
Safeguards implementation in Japan
579(3)
UN Security Council Resolutions 687 and 707
582(16)
Analysis of samples from inspections of Iraq
598(7)
Strengthening the safeguards system
605(8)
References
612(1)
Environmental Monitoring For safeguards
613(28)
Signatures of undeclared activities
614(11)
Signaures of an unndeclared reactor
615(3)
Undeclared HEU production
618(2)
Signatures from reprocessing of Pu
620(2)
Discharges from Sellafield reprocessing plant
622(3)
Pathways of the releases
625(4)
Analytical methodology
629(12)
Sampling techniques
629(4)
Use of bioaccumulators
633(5)
References
638(3)
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
641(34)
The Treaty
643(4)
Preamble to the Treaty
643(1)
Summary of the Treaty
644(3)
International monitoring system
647(21)
The seismic Monitoring Network
647(4)
The Radionuclide Monitoring Network
651(14)
The Hydroacoustic Monitoring Network
665(1)
The Infrasound Monitoring Network
666(2)
International Data Center (IDC)
668(2)
On-site inspections
670(5)
References
673(2)
Index 675


Dr. Vladivoj (Vlado) Valkovic, professor of physics, received his PhD in physics in 1964, with the thesis Nuclear reactions with 14.4 MeV neutrons.” He was employed with the Institute Ruder Boskovic from 1961 until his retirement in 2004. During this time, he also worked at Rice University, Houston, Texas (1965-67, 1970-73, 1975-77, as a professor of physics) and International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (1989-1996, as a Head of Physics-Chemistry-Instrumentation Laboratory). Since 2004 he has been active through his companies VALKOVIC Consulting and SAGITTARIUS Consulting. The list of his professional collaborations includes: Institute Jozef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia (Associated member); Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Legnaro (Padova), Italy (1986-1996: Guest scientist and fellow); Free University, Amsterdam, Holland (1981-1982: Visiting professor); University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia (1973-1975, 1977-1979: Professor of physics); University of Houston, Department of Physics Houston, Texas, USA (1971-1973: Adjunct professor). He is a fellow of American Physical Society and Institute of Physics (London), and he is the author of 18 books and more than 390 scientific and technical publications in major scientific journals in the research areas of nuclear physics and instrumentation application of nuclear techniques to problems in biology, medicine, environmental research and trace element analysis. His present interests include the role of trace elements in biological systems, influence of weak magnetic fields on trace element concentration factors and the role trace elements play in the origin of life in the Universe.