| Contributors |
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xi | |
| Preface |
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xii | |
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1 | (14) |
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The need for good reactor design |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (3) |
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6 | (7) |
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Well-mixed continuous reactors |
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7 | (3) |
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10 | (3) |
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The importance of catalysts |
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13 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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Reaction stoichiometry and thermodynamics |
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15 | (88) |
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Introduction, nomenclature and concepts |
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15 | (16) |
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Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis |
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15 | (1) |
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Reversible and `irreversible' reactions |
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15 | (1) |
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Reaction stoichiometry and stoichiometric coefficients |
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16 | (1) |
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The mole and molar mass and their use in stoichiometric calculations |
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17 | (14) |
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First stages in reactor design: material balance calculations |
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31 | (15) |
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Simple reactor systems with no `split-flow' features |
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32 | (7) |
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Material balances for reactor systems with by-pass, recycle and purge |
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39 | (7) |
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Thermal calculations on reactor systems |
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46 | (21) |
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46 | (3) |
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Enthalpies of reactor fluids as functions of temperature and conversion |
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49 | (1) |
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Thermal calculations in batch reactors: heat capacities of reactor fluids |
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50 | (5) |
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Thermal calculations for flow reactors at steady state |
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55 | (6) |
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The standard enthalpy change (δrHθ(T)) for a reaction and its use for thermal calculations on reactors |
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61 | (6) |
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Chemical equilibrium calculations: equilibrium conversion in reactor systems |
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67 | (36) |
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Introduction: Le Chatelier's principle and other basic concepts |
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67 | (5) |
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The thermodynamic treatment of chemical equilibrium in gas phase reactions |
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72 | (3) |
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The thermodynamic equilibrium constant based on ideal gas standard state at 1 bar |
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75 | (17) |
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Equilibrium approach temperature |
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92 | (1) |
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Chemical equilibrium in imperfect gas systems |
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92 | (4) |
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Chemical equilibria in liquid and mixed phase systems |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (5) |
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101 | (2) |
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Kinetics of homogeneous reactions and of reactions on solid catalyst surfaces |
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103 | (77) |
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Reactions in homogeneous fluids |
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103 | (21) |
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103 | (2) |
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Elementary, non-elementary and complex irreversible reactions |
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105 | (1) |
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Single reactions and their mechanisms |
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106 | (1) |
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Reaction rates in homogeneous systems as functions of composition |
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107 | (8) |
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Reaction rates as functions of temperature |
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115 | (2) |
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Simple collision theory for gas reaction rates |
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117 | (1) |
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A note on the transition state theory of reaction rates |
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118 | (5) |
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Rates of reversible reactions |
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123 | (1) |
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Calculation of reactor volumes from reaction rate data: reaction rates as functions of conversion |
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124 | (4) |
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Expressions giving the volumes of `ideal' reactors which are required to meet specified values of throughput and conversion: significance of reaction rate (-rA) in these expressions |
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124 | (4) |
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Reactions on catalyst surfaces |
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128 | (6) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Surface reaction rates and reaction rates per unit catalyst volume |
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129 | (3) |
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Industrial importance of catalysis |
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132 | (1) |
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Mechanisms involved in reactions catalysed by solid surfaces |
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132 | (2) |
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The role of adsorption in reactions catalysed by solid surfaces |
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134 | (9) |
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Types of adsorption onto solid surfaces: physical and chemical adsorption |
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134 | (5) |
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The Langmuir isotherm and other adsorption isotherms |
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139 | (4) |
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The kinetics of heterogeneously catalysed reactions |
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143 | (7) |
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Langmuir--Hinshelwood--Houghen--Watson reaction models |
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144 | (6) |
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Diffusional limitations on surface-catalysed reactions |
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150 | (20) |
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Definition of effectiveness factor and intrinsic reaction rate |
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150 | (2) |
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Diffusion into catalyst pores |
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152 | (4) |
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Effective diffusivity into catalyst pellets and effectiveness factor for spherical catalyst pellets |
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156 | (1) |
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Development of expression for effectiveness factor 77 for first-order reactions in isothermal spherical pellets |
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157 | (11) |
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Surface film resistance to reaction rate (interphase resistance) |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (10) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (6) |
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178 | (2) |
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Simple reactor sizing calculations |
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180 | (72) |
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The material balance equations for batch and continuous reactors |
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180 | (7) |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (5) |
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Residence times in `ideal' continuous flow reactors |
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187 | (4) |
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Determination of reactor volumes for given production rate and throughput specifications: homogeneous reactions under isothermal conditions |
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191 | (6) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (3) |
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The continuous stirred tank reactor |
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196 | (1) |
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Performance of series and parallel combinations of homogeneous plug flow reactors under isothermal conditions |
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197 | (1) |
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Plug flow reactors in series |
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197 | (1) |
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Plug flow reactors in parallel |
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197 | (1) |
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Performance of series and parallel combinations of continuous stirred tank reactors under isothermal conditions |
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198 | (8) |
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Parallel CSTR combinations |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (8) |
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Comparison of the performance of the various reactors and reactor combinations considered in Sections 4.3--4.5 |
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206 | (7) |
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Comparison of volume requirements of ideal CSTRs and PFRs under isothermal conditions |
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207 | (1) |
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Comparison of performance of various arrangements of CSTRs under isothermal conditions |
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208 | (5) |
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Thermal effects in `ideal' chemical reactors |
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213 | (25) |
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213 | (16) |
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Non-isothermal tubular reactors with heat exchange: simultaneous application of differential heat and mass balances |
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229 | (9) |
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Heterogeneous tubular reactor calculations |
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238 | (10) |
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Pressure drops in catalyst beds |
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248 | (4) |
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250 | (2) |
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Non-ideal flow in chemical reactors and the residence time distribution |
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252 | (24) |
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252 | (1) |
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Quantitative descriptions of non-ideal flow |
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253 | (2) |
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The residence time distribution |
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255 | (3) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (2) |
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The residence time distribution for some selected flow models |
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258 | (10) |
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258 | (1) |
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Cascade of perfectly mixed tanks |
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259 | (4) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (1) |
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Turbulent tubular reactor with recycle |
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266 | (1) |
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Dead zones and short circuits |
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267 | (1) |
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How can non-ideal flow be quantitatively described? |
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268 | (1) |
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Calculation of performance when flow is non-ideal |
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268 | (6) |
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274 | (2) |
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Catalyst design and manufacture |
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276 | (25) |
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276 | (5) |
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276 | (2) |
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Influence of mass transport on catalyst behaviour |
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278 | (1) |
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Influence of heat transfer |
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279 | (1) |
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Types of catalyst reactors |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (3) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (2) |
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284 | (8) |
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Incorporation of the active species |
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284 | (6) |
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290 | (2) |
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Characterisation of catalysts |
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292 | (4) |
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Chemical characterisation |
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293 | (1) |
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Physical characterisation |
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294 | (1) |
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Characterisation of used catalysts |
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295 | (1) |
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Industrial catalyst examples |
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296 | (5) |
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296 | (1) |
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Selective ethyne removal from ethene |
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297 | (2) |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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Overview of catalytic reactor design |
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301 | (11) |
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301 | (2) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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Methodology of catalytic reactor design |
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304 | (5) |
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Design of a catalytic converter using ammonia synthesis as an example |
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306 | (3) |
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Start-up operation and the need for care |
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309 | (3) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (32) |
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312 | (1) |
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Fluid mechanics of fluidised beds |
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312 | (8) |
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Fluidisation phenomena in gas-fluidised systems |
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314 | (6) |
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Reactions in gas-fluidised beds |
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320 | (24) |
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Reaction on a spherical particle |
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320 | (2) |
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First-order chemical reaction in fixed beds |
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322 | (1) |
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First-order chemical reaction in a well-mixed fluidised bed |
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322 | (4) |
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Second- and higher-order reactions in a well-mixed fluidised bed |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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Plug flow in the particulate phase |
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328 | (4) |
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Combustion of solid particles |
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332 | (9) |
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341 | (2) |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (32) |
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344 | (1) |
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Applications of three-phase reactors |
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344 | (3) |
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Triglyceride hydrogenation |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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Fine chemical/pharmaceutical production |
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346 | (1) |
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Types of three-phase reactor |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (14) |
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Reaction rate equation for slurry reactor based on power law expression for surface reaction rate |
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352 | (7) |
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Rate expression based on Langmuir--Hinshelwood--Hougen--Watson (LHHW) models for catalytic reactions |
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359 | (3) |
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362 | (5) |
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Rate expressions for the transport and reaction processes undergone by reactant A |
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363 | (1) |
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Material balance for reactant A moving in plug flow through a catalyst bed |
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364 | (1) |
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Rate expressions for the transport and reaction of reactant B |
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365 | (1) |
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Material balance on species B moving in plug flow through a catalyst bed |
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365 | (1) |
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Integrated equations giving catalyst mass required for given conversion |
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365 | (2) |
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367 | (9) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (52) |
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376 | (2) |
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378 | (10) |
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First: a little microbiology -- and its applications |
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378 | (6) |
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A (very) little biochemistry |
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384 | (4) |
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Biological reaction kinetics |
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388 | (11) |
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388 | (4) |
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Basic unstructured microbial growth kinetics |
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392 | (5) |
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Unstructured models of microbial product formation |
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397 | (2) |
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Unstructured substrate consumption models |
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399 | (1) |
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Choices in bioreactor configuration and operating mode |
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399 | (12) |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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Completely mixed stirred-tank reaciors |
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402 | (4) |
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Operations with multiple CSTRs |
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406 | (1) |
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CSTR and/or PFR; a simplified exercise in optimisation |
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407 | (2) |
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CSTR with recycle: improving productivity and conversion |
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409 | (2) |
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Batch and continuous reactor modes and configurations: practical comparisons |
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411 | (2) |
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Batch fermentation: advantages and disadvantages |
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411 | (1) |
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Continuous fermentation: advantages and disadvantages |
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412 | (1) |
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Fed-batch operation: advantages and disadvantages |
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412 | (1) |
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Fed-batch operation of bioreactions |
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413 | (6) |
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The Crabtree effect and how it lowers the yield of Bakers' yeast |
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413 | (1) |
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Fed-batch bioreaction models |
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414 | (5) |
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Other reaction rate limitations in bioreaction systems |
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419 | (5) |
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Oxygen transfer in aerated and agitated bioreactors |
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421 | (1) |
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Improving oxygen transfer in bioreactors |
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422 | (2) |
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Other design requirements in bioreactors |
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424 | (4) |
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426 | (2) |
| Symbols |
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428 | (5) |
| Index |
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433 | |
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