Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles provides an overview of PET chemistry, highlighting the main degradation, depolymerization processes and pathways of PET, along with the applications of recycled monomers derived from PET waste. The latest methodologies of recycling and feedstock recovery are covered, providing critical foundational information. In addition, the book discusses a range of established methods of polymer recycling, with an emphasis on real world industrial case studies and the latest academic research. Users will find in-depth lifecycle and cost analysis of each waste management method, comparing the suitability and feasibility of each to support the decision -making process.
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is the most recycled plastic in the world, but still represents a significant amount of landfill waste. This book presents an update on new regulations, providing recommendations for new opportunities in this area, including new processing methods and applications for recycled PET.
- Features a comprehensive introduction to the waste management of PET bottles, from regulatory concerns, to the range of different methods of materials recovery
- Enables practitioners to choose the most efficient and effective waste management process
- Includes detailed lifecycle and cost analysis information
- Compares traditional thermal recycling methods with more recently developed monomer recovery and chemical recycling methods
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Physical and Chemical Properties |
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2 | (4) |
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1.3 Synthesis and its Chemistry |
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6 | (3) |
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1.4 Continuous Melt Phase Polymerization |
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9 | (1) |
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1.5 Catalyst Chemistry and Mechanism |
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9 | (4) |
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13 | (2) |
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1.7 Structure---Property Relationship of PET |
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1.8 New Enzymatic Route to Synthesize Polyester |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (4) |
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2 Regulations on Recycling PET Bottles |
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34 | (1) |
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3 Materials Recovery, Direct Reuse and Incineration of PET Bottles |
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37 | (24) |
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37 | (3) |
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3.2 An Overview of Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottle Management |
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40 | (13) |
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3.2.1 Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottle |
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40 | (5) |
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3.2.2 Types of Polyethylene Terephthalate Recycling |
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45 | (3) |
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3.2.3 Materials Recovery From Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles |
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48 | (2) |
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3.2.4 Incineration of Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste |
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50 | (2) |
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3.2.5 Landfilling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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4 Chemical Depolymerization of PET Bottles via Glycolysis |
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61 | (24) |
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61 | (5) |
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61 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Secondary Recycling |
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61 | (2) |
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4.1.3 Tertiary or Chemical Recycling |
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63 | (2) |
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4.1.4 Quaternary Recycling |
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65 | (1) |
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4.2.1 Catalyzed Glycolysis |
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4.2.2 Solvent-Assisted Glycolysis |
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4.2.3 Supercritical Glycolysis |
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4.2.4 Microwave-Assisted Glycolysis |
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4.3 Factors Influencing Glycolysis |
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4.3.5 Reactions Conditions |
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4.4 Advantages and Drawbacks of Glycolysis |
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4.5 Analytical Techniques |
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4.6 Applications of the Glycolyzed Products |
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4.6.1 Polyurethane Products |
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77 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Unsaturated Polyesters |
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78 | (1) |
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4.6.3 Acrylate/Methacrylate-Terminated Products |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (4) |
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84 | (1) |
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5 Depolymerization of PET Bottle via Methanolysis and Hydrolysis |
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85 | (24) |
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85 | (1) |
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5.2 Depolymerization of Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles |
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86 | (7) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (3) |
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90 | (3) |
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5.3 Depolymerization Kinetics of Polyethylene Terephthalate |
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93 | (3) |
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5.4 Pros and Cons of Depolymerization Methods |
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96 | (1) |
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5.5 History of Feedstock Recycling Techniques From a Standpoint of Patents |
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97 | (2) |
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5.6 Representative Chemical Recycling Processes Based on Methanolysis and Hydrolysis |
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99 | (5) |
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5.6.1 Eastman Kodak Process |
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101 | (1) |
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5.6.4 Chungnam National University Process |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (4) |
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6 Chemical Depolymerization of PET Bottles via Ammonolysis and Aminolysis |
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109 | (26) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (12) |
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122 | (7) |
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129 | (3) |
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132 | (3) |
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7 Chemical Depolymerization of PET Bottles via Combined Chemolysis Methods |
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135 | (14) |
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135 | (1) |
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7.2 Various Chemolysis Processes |
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136 | (2) |
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7.2.1 Methanolysis Process |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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7.2.5 Commercial Viability |
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138 | (1) |
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7.3 Combined Chemolysis Process |
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7.3.1 Glycolysis---Hydrolysis |
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138 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Glycolysis---Methanolysis |
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139 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Methanolysis---Hydrolysis |
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139 | (2) |
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7.3.4 Glycolysis---Aminolysis |
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7.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Combined Chemolysis |
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7.5 Summary of Products From Chemolysis |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (5) |
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8 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of PET Bottles |
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149 | (20) |
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8.1 Goal Definition Scope |
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150 | (1) |
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8.1.6 Need for the Project |
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8.1.7 Targeted Audience and Use of the Study Product System |
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8.1.9 Assessment Boundaries |
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155 | (2) |
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8.1.10 General Exclusions |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (5) |
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8.2.1 General Methodology |
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8.2.2 Upstream and Downstream Life Cycle Methodology |
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158 | (2) |
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8.2.3 Manufacturing Stage |
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160 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Product Usage and Recycling Stage |
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160 | (2) |
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8.2.5 Life Cycle Inventory Limitations and Uncertainties |
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162 | (1) |
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8.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment |
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162 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis |
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163 | (1) |
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8.4 Qualitative Risk Screening of Selected Chemicals |
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164 | (1) |
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8.5 Conclusions and Suggestions |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (4) |
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9 Applications of Waste Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Bottles |
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169 | (22) |
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169 | (2) |
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9.2 PET Bottles---Fiber---Fabric |
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171 | (4) |
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9.3 PET Bottles---Resins for Coatings and Recycled Polymer Composites |
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175 | (5) |
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180 | (3) |
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181 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Polyurethane Dispersions |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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9.5 Microfibrillar Polymer Composites |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (6) |
Index |
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191 | |
Dr. Sabu Thomas (Ph.D.) is the Director of the School of Energy Materials, School of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of Mahatma Gandhi University, India. He received his Ph. D. in 1987 in Polymer Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, India. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, London, and a member of the American Chemical Society. He has been ranked no.1 in India about the number of publications (most productive scientists). Prof. Thomass research group specialized areas of polymers which includes Polymer blends, Fiber filled polymer composites, Particulate-filled polymer composites and their morphological characterization, Ageing and degradation, Pervaporation phenomena, sorption and diffusion, Interpenetrating polymer systems, Recyclability and reuse of waste plastics and rubbers, Elastomer cross-linking, Dual porous nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering, etc. Prof. Thomass research group has extensive exchange programs with different industries, research, and academic institutions all over the world and is performing world-class collaborative research in various fields. Professors Centre is equipped with various sophisticated instruments and has established state-of-the-art experimental facilities which cater to the needs of researchers within the country and abroad. His H Index- 133, Google Citations- 86424, Number of Publications- 1300, and Books-160.
Ajay Vasudeo Rane (Dr.) is currently a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Durban University of Technology. His areas of research include structural, mechanical, and morphological properties of materials (specially polymer composite materials). Dr. Ajay Vasudeo Rane is a member of the Royal Society of South Africa, the South African Institution of Mechanical Engineering, affiliate member of the South African Institution of Chemical Engineers and, a member of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers. He has edited five books and has contributed book chapters and technical manuscripts in peer reviewed journals and presented research works at national and international conferences. Krishnan Kanny (Dr./Prof.) is currently Director and Full Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Durban University of Technology, South Africa. He is also the Director of the Composites Research Group. Professor Kanny holds a PhD in Materials Science and Engineering from Tuskegee University, Alabama, USA. Prof Kanny is a registered Professional Technologist (Pr. Tech. Eng) with The Engineering Council of South Africa and holds professional memberships with: the Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA), the South African Institute of Mechanical Engineers (SaiMech.E), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronomics (AIAA) and is an NRF rated scientist category C1. Krishnan Kanny is a professional engineer and scientist with over thirty years experience in management, leadership, and human resources development. Additionally, he has over twenty-five years of research experience in manufacturing, robotics, and advanced engineering materials as well as extensive experience in mechanical engineering product, process and system design including development, implementation, and commissioning. Krishnan Kannys professional interests include designing, processing, and testing of composite materials systems, reinforced thermosets/ thermoplastics, and nano-infused structures for aerospace, naval and automotive applications. He also has extensive experience on failure analyses including computational and analytical modeling and characterization & Morphological analysis including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Xray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Abitha V.K. is a Senior Research Fellow at the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, India. Her areas of research include rubber, polymer blends, fibre filled polymer composites, particulate filled polymer composites and their morphological and structural characterization. Dr. Abitha has written several book chapters, and has co-edited three books with Elsevier. Martin George Thomas is a research student at the International and Interuniversity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kottayam, Kerala, currently performing research into the areas of epoxy nanocomposites.