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Phonology and Transliteration |
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1 | (24) |
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1 | (2) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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Phonetics of Spoken Tamil |
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3 | (17) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Words Ending in a Vowel plus Nasal |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Words Ending in Sonorants, Liquids and Glides |
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6 | (1) |
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Rhotics, Final and Otherwise |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Deletion of Intervocalic v and k |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Transliteration of LT and ST |
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12 | (8) |
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20 | (2) |
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Sandhi following front vowels |
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21 | (1) |
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Sandhi following back vowels |
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21 | (1) |
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Deletion of final sonorants |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (20) |
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25 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Syntactic Usage of Oblique Forms |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (2) |
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Form of the Plural Marker |
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28 | (1) |
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Use of ellaam `all, everything' for Plural |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (8) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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Semantically Locative Forms |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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Semantically Locative Expressions |
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33 | (1) |
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Associative/Instrumental Case |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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Instrumental Case: Means by Which |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (7) |
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Postpositions Occurring with the Nominative |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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muulam `with; by means of; through (the agency of); under the auspices of' |
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38 | (1) |
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varekkum, vare, vareyle `up to, until' |
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38 | (1) |
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Postpositions Occurring with the Oblique (Genitive) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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meele `above, on top of, after' |
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39 | (1) |
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pakkam `near, in the vicinity of, by' |
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40 | (1) |
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toneyle `in the company of, with' |
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40 | (1) |
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ucciyle `top, at, on the top of' |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Postpositions Occurring with the Dative |
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40 | (1) |
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aaha `for the sake of, on behalf of' |
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40 | (1) |
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adiyle `at the base, foot of' |
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40 | (1) |
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edire `opposite, across from; contrary to, facing, against' |
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41 | (1) |
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meele `above, on top of, after' |
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41 | (1) |
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pakkattule `near, in the vicinity of' |
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41 | (1) |
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ulle `by, within; into the inside of' |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Postpositions occurring with the accusative |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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patti `about, concerning the topic of, regarding' |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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tavira `besides, except (for)' |
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43 | (1) |
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NP- NP-: `Within a Particular Time or Context' |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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NP-ooda NP-aa with Non-Time Expressions |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (70) |
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45 | (1) |
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Imperatives and Infinitives |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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Imperative plus een `why' |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (4) |
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Use of Singular Polite um |
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47 | (1) |
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Plural (Honorific) Polite (u)nga(!) |
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47 | (1) |
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Polite (Honorific) Plural |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Singular Informal Non-Polite |
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48 | (1) |
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Hortative laam `let's (VERB)', `shall we (VERB)?' |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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(a)daa and (a)dii (non-polite) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Use of (a)daa and (a)dii with Non-Kin |
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50 | (1) |
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appaa `father, older man' and ammaa `mother, older woman' (pol.) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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(a)yyaa (masculine) and (a)mmaa (feminine) |
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50 | (1) |
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annaacci, annaa; akkaa; tampi; tangacci |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (7) |
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`Strong Verbs' with Tense Markers |
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52 | (1) |
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`Weak' Verbs, with Tense Marker |
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53 | (1) |
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Graul's Class II: Weak Present/future, Past |
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53 | (2) |
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Verbs with Weak Present/Future but Past with Doubled Retroflex Consonant |
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55 | (1) |
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Verbs of the Problematical Class V |
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56 | (1) |
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The Verb: Person-Number-Gender (PNG) Agreement |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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Transitivity and Verb Classes |
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58 | (7) |
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Overview: Classification of the Tamil Verb |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (1) |
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Sample Paradigms of Common Verbs |
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65 | (9) |
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Examples of Strong Verbs (Graul's Class VII) |
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65 | (1) |
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paaru `see': INF: paakka AVP paattu `having seen' |
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65 | (1) |
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iru `be located': INF: irukka AVP: irundu `having been' |
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65 | (3) |
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saappidu `eat' INF: saappida AVP: saappittu `having eaten' |
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68 | (1) |
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vaangu `buy'. INF: vaanga; AVP: vaangu `buy' vaangi `having bought' |
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69 | (1) |
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vandidu `definitely come' INF: vandida; AVP: vandittu `having definitely come' |
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69 | (1) |
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padi `study' INF: padikka, AVP: padiccu `having studied' |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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Use of cci with class III verbs |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Infinitives of Strong Verbs |
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73 | (1) |
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Infinitives of Other Verbs |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Transitivity, Causation and Verb Classes |
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74 | (3) |
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Phonological Correlates of Transitive/intransitive Distinction |
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74 | (1) |
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Strong/weak vs. Transitive/intransitive |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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Other Patterns Distinguishing Transitive and Intransitive |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Causative Pairs with Doubled Stem-final Consonant |
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76 | (1) |
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Causative Marking with an Added Suffix or |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (3) |
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Homonymy with Lexical Verbs |
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80 | (1) |
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Use of Aspect Marker aahu with modal num |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (2) |
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81 | (1) |
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Where do Aspectual Verbs Come from? |
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82 | (1) |
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Syntax of Aspectual Verbs |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Primarily Aspectual Verbs |
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83 | (19) |
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Inventory of Aspect Markers |
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83 | (2) |
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Morphophonemics of Aspectual Verbs |
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85 | (1) |
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Primarily Aspectual Verbs |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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vayyi `Future Utility, Put away, Put Somewhere for Safekeeping |
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86 | (1) |
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vayyi `Future Utility.' and Tense Marking |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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aahu `Expected Result; Finality' |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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vaa `Iterative; Connected Continuity' |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Primarily Attitudinal Aspectual Verbs |
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93 | (1) |
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tallu `Distributive', `Riddance', `Exdeixis' |
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93 | (1) |
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tole `Impatience, Disgust' |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Self-affective or Self-benefactive Action |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (2) |
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Durative or Continuous Action |
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100 | (1) |
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Inchoative and Punctual Notions |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (3) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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Syntax of Dative-stative Verbs |
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106 | (1) |
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Modality and Dative-Stative Verbs |
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107 | (1) |
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Complex Morphology and Dative-statives |
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107 | (1) |
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Verbalizers and Compound Verbs |
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107 | (8) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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padu `Experience Emotions' and `Passive' |
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112 | (1) |
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padu `Experience Emotions' |
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112 | (1) |
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padu with Other Verbs: `Passive' |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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sollu as a Performative Verb |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (8) |
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115 | (2) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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Genitive and Oblique Forms |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (4) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (16) |
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Use in the Sentence and with Nouns |
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124 | (1) |
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Predicate Adjectives: tu and cu suffixes |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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Other Variations, other Deictic Sets |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Superlatives of Adjectives: Locative plus Emphatic |
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127 | (1) |
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Adjectives Derived from other Constituents |
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127 | (2) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Adjectives Derived from Nouns with aana |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (10) |
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129 | (3) |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (3) |
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139 | (30) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (7) |
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Ordinary Verbal Negation (non-Future, non-Habitual) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Alternative Form of Negative Past Habitual |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Negative Result Clauses: Verbal Noun + anaale |
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145 | (1) |
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Negative Simultaneity: VB1 -aame VB2 |
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146 | (1) |
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Simultaneous Negative + iru: durative negative |
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147 | (1) |
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Obstinate Negative: VB + maatteen-ngadu |
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148 | (1) |
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The Obstinate Negative Embedded |
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149 | (1) |
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The Archaic Tenseless Negative |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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The `yes-no' Question Marker Suffix -aa |
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150 | (1) |
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The Question Marker Prefix -e |
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151 | (1) |
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The Reportive Marker -aam |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (6) |
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Direct and Indirect Speech |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Adverbial Participles (AVP) |
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154 | (1) |
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Consecutive Action, Positive |
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154 | (1) |
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Consecutive Action, Negative -aame, aama (l) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Positive Adjectival Participles: Past or Present Tense marker + -a |
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155 | (1) |
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Negative Adjectival Participle: -aada |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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WH-Interrogatives and Clitic Suffixes |
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157 | (3) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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WH-Interrogatives + aavadu |
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159 | (1) |
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WH-Interrogatives + um + Negative |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (6) |
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Syntactic Conditional: -nnu + aa(l) |
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161 | (1) |
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Negative Conditional -aattaa |
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162 | (1) |
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Negative Conditional of iru |
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163 | (1) |
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The Conditional + -taanee |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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WH-Interrogatives + Dubitative oo |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (3) |
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166 | (1) |
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Immediate Consecutive Action |
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167 | (1) |
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Immediate Consecutive with odane |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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Infinitive for Simultaneity |
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168 | (1) |
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Complex Syntax and Related Topics |
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169 | (28) |
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Syntactic Modality: Probability, Possibility and Chance |
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169 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (3) |
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Reduplication, Positive-Negative.: Vb1 POS-AVP + Vb1 NEG-AVP |
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171 | (1) |
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`Echo-word' Reduplication |
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172 | (1) |
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Emphatic Reduplication of Infinitive and Finite Verb |
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172 | (1) |
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Distributive Reduplication |
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173 | (1) |
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Reduplicated Onomatopoeic Expressions |
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174 | (1) |
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The Quotative Verb -nnu in Complex Sentences |
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174 | (5) |
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-nnu: Relative Clause/Embedded Sentence Marker |
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174 | (1) |
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nnu in Intent Constructions |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Intent Constructions with Nouns |
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176 | (1) |
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Verbal Noun + Adverbial -aa(y) + iru/nene/sollu |
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176 | (1) |
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Noun + Dative + nnu: `intended for' |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Obstinate Negative Embedded |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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Factive Complement Clauses |
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179 | (2) |
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X ngravaru: (Someone) called `X' |
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181 | (1) |
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Onomatopoeic Expressions with nnu |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (2) |
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183 | (1) |
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poola Contracted: Counterfactual? |
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183 | (1) |
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Contracted pla in Other Expressions |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (2) |
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Clitics oo, ee, aa, um, een |
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187 | (7) |
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Doubt Markers oo and -een |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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The Ultra-Polite/Deferential doubt Marker -een |
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188 | (1) |
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`Whether-or-not' in Interrogative Constructions |
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189 | (1) |
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Wh-interrogative + Vb + oo, a-word VB |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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Conjunctions ...-um... -um, ...-aa... -aa |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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...aavadu...aavadu `either, or' |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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`Emphatic' -ee, taan, taanee, mattum |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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The Verb paaru in Various Permutations |
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194 | (3) |
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paaru Meaning `try verb-ing', `try to verb' |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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paattu Meaning (Direct the Attention) `at, towards' |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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paattu with Time Expressions |
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196 | (1) |
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The Concessive of paaru with Interrogative eppa |
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196 | (1) |
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Appendix: Literary Tamil Equivalents of Spoken Tamil Paradigms |
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197 | (24) |
References |
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221 | (2) |
Index |
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223 | |