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Reference Grammar of Spoken Tamil [Kietas viršelis]

(University of Pennsylvania)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 254 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 255x180x23 mm, weight: 670 g, 68 Tables, unspecified
  • Serija: Reference Grammars
  • Išleidimo metai: 14-Oct-1999
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0521640741
  • ISBN-13: 9780521640749
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Hardback, 254 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 255x180x23 mm, weight: 670 g, 68 Tables, unspecified
  • Serija: Reference Grammars
  • Išleidimo metai: 14-Oct-1999
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0521640741
  • ISBN-13: 9780521640749
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
This is a reference grammar of the standard spoken variety of Tamil, a language with 65 million speakers in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Singapore. The spoken variety is radically different from the standard literary variety, last standardized in the thirteenth century. The standard spoken language is used by educated people in their interactions with people from different regions and different social groups, and is also the dialect used in films, plays and the media. This book, a much expanded version of the author's Grammar of Spoken Tamil (1979), is the first such grammar to contain examples both in Tamil script and in transliteration, and the first to be written so as to be accessible to students studying the modern spoken language as well as to linguists and other specialists. The book has benefited from extensive native-speaker input and the author's own long experience of teaching Tamil to English-speakers.

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"An excellent reference work..." Anthropological Linguistics

Daugiau informacijos

A grammar containing authentic examples in both Tamil and Roman script, for students at all levels.
Phonology and Transliteration
1(24)
Introduction
1(2)
Background
1(1)
Standard Spoken Tamil
1(2)
Phonetics of Spoken Tamil
3(17)
Tamil Vowels
3(1)
Initial Position
4(1)
Final Position
4(1)
Words Ending in a Vowel plus Nasal
4(1)
The Epenthetic Vowel u
5(1)
Words Ending in Sonorants, Liquids and Glides
6(1)
Rhotics, Final and Otherwise
7(1)
Nasal Consonants
8(1)
Glides
9(1)
Stop Consonants
9(1)
Deletion of Intervocalic v and k
10(1)
Voiced Consonants
11(1)
Gemination
12(1)
Vowel Length
12(1)
Transliteration of LT and ST
12(8)
Sandhi
20(2)
Sandhi following front vowels
21(1)
Sandhi following back vowels
21(1)
Deletion of final sonorants
22(1)
Sandhi and noun classes
22(1)
Appendix
22(3)
The Nominal System
25(20)
Nouns and Noun Classes
25(2)
Nouns Ending in -am
25(1)
Nouns Ending in -ru
26(1)
Nouns Ending in -du
26(1)
Syntactic Usage of Oblique Forms
26(1)
Oblique and Genitive
27(1)
Number
27(2)
Form of the Plural Marker
28(1)
Use of ellaam `all, everything' for Plural
28(1)
Plurality and Case
29(1)
The Case System
29(8)
Dative Case
29(1)
The Dative Case Marker
30(1)
Locative Case
31(1)
Syntax of kitte
31(2)
Ablative Case
33(1)
Semantically Locative Forms
33(1)
Inanimate Nouns
33(1)
Animate Nouns
33(1)
Semantically Locative Expressions
33(1)
Associative/Instrumental Case
34(1)
Associative Case
34(1)
Instrumental Case: Means by Which
35(1)
Accusative Case
36(1)
Postpositions
37(7)
Postpositions Occurring with the Nominative
38(1)
seendu `together'
38(1)
muulam `with; by means of; through (the agency of); under the auspices of'
38(1)
varekkum, vare, vareyle `up to, until'
38(1)
Postpositions Occurring with the Oblique (Genitive)
39(1)
kuude `along with'
39(1)
meele `above, on top of, after'
39(1)
pakkam `near, in the vicinity of, by'
40(1)
toneyle `in the company of, with'
40(1)
ucciyle `top, at, on the top of'
40(1)
kiire `below, under'
40(1)
-nde, ande `near'
40(1)
Postpositions Occurring with the Dative
40(1)
aaha `for the sake of, on behalf of'
40(1)
adiyle `at the base, foot of'
40(1)
edire `opposite, across from; contrary to, facing, against'
41(1)
meele `above, on top of, after'
41(1)
pakkattule `near, in the vicinity of'
41(1)
ulle `by, within; into the inside of'
41(1)
badilaa `instead of'
42(1)
pinnaale `after'
42(1)
munnaale `before'
42(1)
Postpositions occurring with the accusative
42(1)
seettu `together'
42(1)
patti `about, concerning the topic of, regarding'
43(1)
paattu `at, to, towards'
43(1)
tavira `besides, except (for)'
43(1)
NP- NP-: `Within a Particular Time or Context'
44(1)
NP-ooda NP-aa
44(1)
NP-ooda NP-aa with Non-Time Expressions
44(1)
Mass Nouns
44(1)
The Tamil Verb Phrase
45(70)
The Verb Stem
45(1)
Imperatives and Infinitives
45(1)
The Imperative
45(2)
Negative Imperative
46(1)
Imperative plus een `why'
46(1)
Forms of Address
47(4)
Use of Singular Polite um
47(1)
Plural (Honorific) Polite (u)nga(!)
47(1)
Polite (Honorific) Plural
47(1)
Honorific (u)nga(!)
48(1)
Other Uses
48(1)
Singular Non-Polite
48(1)
Singular Informal Non-Polite
48(1)
Hortative laam `let's (VERB)', `shall we (VERB)?'
48(1)
Hortative
48(1)
Other Address Forms
49(1)
(a)daa and (a)dii (non-polite)
49(1)
(a)daa with Female Child
50(1)
Use of (a)daa and (a)dii with Non-Kin
50(1)
appaa `father, older man' and ammaa `mother, older woman' (pol.)
50(1)
Imperative Honorifics
50(1)
(a)yyaa and (a)mmaa
50(1)
(a)yyaa (masculine) and (a)mmaa (feminine)
50(1)
annaacci, annaa; akkaa; tampi; tangacci
51(1)
Finite Verbs
51(7)
`Strong Verbs' with Tense Markers
52(1)
`Weak' Verbs, with Tense Marker
53(1)
Graul's Class II: Weak Present/future, Past
53(2)
Verbs with Weak Present/Future but Past with Doubled Retroflex Consonant
55(1)
Verbs of the Problematical Class V
56(1)
The Verb: Person-Number-Gender (PNG) Agreement
57(1)
vaa `come'
58(1)
poo `go'
58(1)
Transitivity and Verb Classes
58(7)
Overview: Classification of the Tamil Verb
60(1)
Graul's Verb Classes
61(1)
Transitivity
61(3)
Dative Subjects
64(1)
Sample Paradigms of Common Verbs
65(9)
Examples of Strong Verbs (Graul's Class VII)
65(1)
paaru `see': INF: paakka AVP paattu `having seen'
65(1)
iru `be located': INF: irukka AVP: irundu `having been'
65(3)
saappidu `eat' INF: saappida AVP: saappittu `having eaten'
68(1)
vaangu `buy'. INF: vaanga; AVP: vaangu `buy' vaangi `having bought'
69(1)
vandidu `definitely come' INF: vandida; AVP: vandittu `having definitely come'
69(1)
padi `study' INF: padikka, AVP: padiccu `having studied'
70(2)
Neuter Past
72(1)
Use of cci with class III verbs
72(1)
Neuter Future
73(1)
The Infinitive
73(1)
Infinitives of Strong Verbs
73(1)
Infinitives of Other Verbs
73(1)
Exceptions
74(1)
Transitivity, Causation and Verb Classes
74(3)
Phonological Correlates of Transitive/intransitive Distinction
74(1)
Strong/weak vs. Transitive/intransitive
75(1)
Exceptions
75(1)
Other Patterns Distinguishing Transitive and Intransitive
75(1)
Stems with NC Versus CC
76(1)
Causative Pairs with Doubled Stem-final Consonant
76(1)
Causative Marking with an Added Suffix or
77(1)
Derived Causatives
77(1)
Modal Auxiliaries
77(3)
Homonymy with Lexical Verbs
80(1)
Use of Aspect Marker aahu with modal num
80(1)
Verbal Aspect
80(2)
Aspect and Commentary
81(1)
Where do Aspectual Verbs Come from?
82(1)
Syntax of Aspectual Verbs
82(1)
Aspect and Markedness
82(1)
Primarily Aspectual Verbs
83(19)
Inventory of Aspect Markers
83(2)
Morphophonemics of Aspectual Verbs
85(1)
Primarily Aspectual Verbs
85(1)
(v)idu `completive'
85(1)
vayyi `Future Utility, Put away, Put Somewhere for Safekeeping
86(1)
vayyi `Future Utility.' and Tense Marking
87(1)
iru
88(1)
aahu `Expected Result; Finality'
89(1)
aahu `Expected Result'
89(1)
poodu `Malicious Intent'
90(1)
vaa `Iterative; Connected Continuity'
91(1)
poo `Change of State'
92(1)
Primarily Attitudinal Aspectual Verbs
93(1)
tallu `Distributive', `Riddance', `Exdeixis'
93(1)
tole `Impatience, Disgust'
93(2)
The Aspectual Verb koo
95(1)
Aspectual Distinctions
96(1)
Self-affective or Self-benefactive Action
96(2)
Simultaneity
98(2)
Durative or Continuous Action
100(1)
Inchoative and Punctual Notions
100(1)
poodu `Malicious Intent'
101(1)
Lexical Problems
102(1)
Summary
102(3)
Pragmatic Considerations
103(1)
Grammaticalization
104(1)
Negatives
105(1)
Defective Verb Forms
105(2)
Dative-Statives
105(1)
Syntax of Dative-stative Verbs
106(1)
Modality and Dative-Stative Verbs
107(1)
Complex Morphology and Dative-statives
107(1)
Verbalizers and Compound Verbs
107(8)
Transitive Absolutes
109(1)
Common Verbalizers
110(1)
pannu `make, do'
110(1)
adi `Pejorative Action'
111(1)
edu `Inchoative'
112(1)
padu `Experience Emotions' and `Passive'
112(1)
padu `Experience Emotions'
112(1)
padu with Other Verbs: `Passive'
113(1)
pidi `Increase, Augment'
113(1)
sollu as a Performative Verb
114(1)
Pronouns and Pro-forms
115(8)
Pronouns and Agreement
115(2)
Inclusive and Exclusive
115(1)
Neuter Forms
115(2)
Sandhi
117(1)
Pronoun Deletion
117(1)
Genitive and Oblique Forms
117(2)
Demonstrative Pronouns
119(4)
Pronouns and Case
120(1)
The Reflexive Pronoun
121(2)
Adjectives
123(16)
Use in the Sentence and with Nouns
124(1)
Predicate Adjectives: tu and cu suffixes
124(1)
Demonstrative Adjectives
125(1)
Other Variations, other Deictic Sets
125(1)
Comparison of Adjectives
126(1)
Superlatives of Adjectives: Locative plus Emphatic
127(1)
Adjectives Derived from other Constituents
127(2)
Denominal Adjectives
127(1)
Deverbal Adjectives
128(1)
Adjectives Derived from Nouns with aana
129(1)
Quantifiers and Numerals
129(10)
Quantifiers
129(3)
Cardinal Numerals
132(2)
Numbers of Persons
134(1)
Indeterminate Quantities
135(1)
Ordinal Numbers
136(3)
Syntax: Introduction
139(30)
Nouns
139(1)
Verbal Syntax
140(1)
Adjectival Syntax
141(1)
Adverbs
141(1)
Negative Forms
142(7)
Ordinary Verbal Negation (non-Future, non-Habitual)
142(1)
Habitual Negative
143(1)
Past Habitual Negative
144(1)
Alternative Form of Negative Past Habitual
144(1)
Future Negative
144(1)
Negative Result Clauses: Verbal Noun + anaale
145(1)
Negative Simultaneity: VB1 -aame VB2
146(1)
Simultaneous Negative + iru: durative negative
147(1)
Obstinate Negative: VB + maatteen-ngadu
148(1)
The Obstinate Negative Embedded
149(1)
The Archaic Tenseless Negative
149(1)
Interrogation
149(2)
The `yes-no' Question Marker Suffix -aa
150(1)
The Question Marker Prefix -e
151(1)
The Reportive Marker -aam
151(1)
Quotative Sentences
151(6)
Direct and Indirect Speech
152(1)
Intent
153(1)
Adverbial Participles (AVP)
154(1)
Consecutive Action, Positive
154(1)
Consecutive Action, Negative -aame, aama (l)
154(1)
Adjectival Participles
155(1)
Positive Adjectival Participles: Past or Present Tense marker + -a
155(1)
Negative Adjectival Participle: -aada
156(1)
Verbal Nouns
157(1)
WH-Interrogatives and Clitic Suffixes
157(3)
WH-Interrogatives + -um
158(1)
WH-Interrogatives + -oo
158(1)
WH-Interrogatives + aavadu
159(1)
WH-Interrogatives + um + Negative
160(1)
Conditional
160(6)
Syntactic Conditional: -nnu + aa(l)
161(1)
Negative Conditional -aattaa
162(1)
Negative Conditional of iru
163(1)
The Conditional + -taanee
163(1)
Concessive
164(1)
Concessive + e-words
164(1)
Syntactic Concessive
165(1)
Negative Concessives
165(1)
WH-Interrogatives + Dubitative oo
165(1)
Consecutive Action
166(3)
Simultaneity
166(1)
Immediate Consecutive Action
167(1)
Immediate Consecutive with odane
167(1)
Verbal Noun and Dative
167(1)
Infinitive for Simultaneity
168(1)
Complex Syntax and Related Topics
169(28)
Syntactic Modality: Probability, Possibility and Chance
169(2)
Syntactic Possibility
169(1)
60% or More Certainty
170(1)
Negative Probability
170(1)
Reduplication
171(3)
Reduplication, Positive-Negative.: Vb1 POS-AVP + Vb1 NEG-AVP
171(1)
`Echo-word' Reduplication
172(1)
Emphatic Reduplication of Infinitive and Finite Verb
172(1)
Distributive Reduplication
173(1)
Reduplicated Onomatopoeic Expressions
174(1)
The Quotative Verb -nnu in Complex Sentences
174(5)
-nnu: Relative Clause/Embedded Sentence Marker
174(1)
nnu in Intent Constructions
175(1)
Intent
175(1)
Tense
175(1)
Variants
176(1)
Intent Constructions with Nouns
176(1)
Verbal Noun + Adverbial -aa(y) + iru/nene/sollu
176(1)
Noun + Dative + nnu: `intended for'
177(1)
Quotative -nnu Embedded
177(1)
Obstinate Negative Embedded
178(1)
Factive Constructions
179(2)
Factive Complement Clauses
179(2)
X ngravaru: (Someone) called `X'
181(1)
Onomatopoeic Expressions with nnu
181(2)
poola and maadiri
183(2)
Sentence + poola irukku
183(1)
poola Contracted: Counterfactual?
183(1)
Contracted pla in Other Expressions
184(1)
maadiri
184(1)
Cleft Sentences
185(2)
Clitics oo, ee, aa, um, een
187(7)
Doubt Markers oo and -een
187(1)
Clitic -oo plus Varia
187(1)
The Ultra-Polite/Deferential doubt Marker -een
188(1)
`Whether-or-not' in Interrogative Constructions
189(1)
Wh-interrogative + Vb + oo, a-word VB
189(1)
The Clitic -um
190(1)
Conjunctions ...-um... -um, ...-aa... -aa
191(1)
...um...um: X `and' Y
191(1)
...aa...aa: Disjunction
191(1)
...aavadu...aavadu `either, or'
192(1)
aavadu in Isolation
192(1)
`Emphatic' -ee, taan, taanee, mattum
192(1)
Presupposed Knowledge
193(1)
The Verb paaru in Various Permutations
194(3)
paaru Meaning `try verb-ing', `try to verb'
194(1)
Verb-Infinitive + paaru
194(1)
Verb + AVP + paaru
194(1)
Lexical Combinations
195(1)
Postpositions plus paaru
195(1)
paattu Meaning (Direct the Attention) `at, towards'
195(1)
paattu + VERB
195(1)
paattu with Time Expressions
196(1)
The Concessive of paaru with Interrogative eppa
196(1)
Appendix: Literary Tamil Equivalents of Spoken Tamil Paradigms
197(24)
References 221(2)
Index 223