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Regulating Artificial Intelligence: Binary Ethics and the Law [Kietas viršelis]

, (Lazarski University, Poland)
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Exploring potential scenarios of artificial intelligence regulation which prevent automated reality harming individual human rights or social values, this book reviews current debates surrounding AI regulation in the context of the emerging risks and accountabilities. Considering the varying regulatory methodologies available, it focuses mostly EU’s regulation of artificial intelligence, in light of the comprehensive policy making process taking place at the supranational level.

Taking an ethics and humancentric approach towards artificial intelligence as the bedrock of future laws in this field, it analyses the relations between fundamental rights impacted by the development of artificial intelligence and ethical standards governing it. It contains a detailed and critical analysis of the EU’s Ethic Guidelines for Trustworthy AI, pointing at its practical applicability by the interested parties. Attempting to identify the most transparent and efficient regulatory tools that can assure social trust towards AI technologies, the book provides an overview of horizontal and sectoral regulatory approaches, as well as legally binding measures stemming from industries’ self-regulations and internal policies.

1 Instead of introduction - algorithmic society, artificial intelligence and ethics
1(5)
1.1 Topic's relevance
1(1)
1.2 Goal of the book
2(3)
1.3 Research design and methodology
5(1)
2 Re-defining of Artificial intelligence
6(9)
2.1 Artificial intelligence - review of definitions
6(3)
2.2 Legal and ethical challenges of artificial intelligence deployment
9(6)
2.2.1 Machine learning
9(3)
2.2.2 Machine reasoning
12(2)
2.2.3 Robotics - embodied artificial intelligence
14(1)
3 EU Policy making in the AI field
15(33)
3.1 Opening remarks
15(4)
3.2 Three pillars of EU's AI framework
19(17)
3.2.1 Boosting the EU's AI uptake in technological and industrial capacity
19(9)
3.2.2 Preparing for socio-economic change
28(6)
3.2.3 Ensuring appropriate ethical and legal framework based on EU's values
34(2)
3.3 Role of the European Commission
36(7)
3.3.1 Digital single market strategy
36(3)
3.3.2 AI communications and reports
39(4)
3.4 High level expert group on AI
43(3)
3.5 Participatory democracy in the field of AI on European level (European AI Alliance)
46(2)
4 Values first - ethic guidelines for trustworthy AI as a bedrock of regulatory approach
48(43)
4.1 Opening remarks
48(1)
4.2 Humancentric AI
49(5)
4.3 Ethics by design
54(1)
4.4 Foundations of trustworthy AI
55(15)
4.4.1 Opening remarks - why trust matters
55(3)
4.4.2 Lawful AI -fundamental rights and beyond
58(7)
4.4.3 Ethical principles
65(4)
4.4.4 Robust
69(1)
4.5 Implementing trustworthy AI
70(17)
4.5.1 Opening remarks
70(1)
4.5.2 Human agency and oversight
70(3)
4.5.3 Technical robustness and safety
73(1)
4.5.4 Privacy and data governance
73(2)
4.5.5 Transparency
75(3)
4.5.6 Diversity, non-discrimination and fairness
78(3)
4.5.7 Societal and environmental well-being
81(3)
4.5.8 Accountability
84(3)
4.6 Assessing trustworthy AI
87(3)
4.6.1 Assessment by developers and deployers of AI
87(1)
4.6.2 Governance structure of evaluation process
88(1)
4.6.3 Weaknesses of compliance assessment
89(1)
4.7 Relations between law and ethics in the field of AI - a critical look
90(1)
5 Non-technical methods of achieving trustworthy AI
91(17)
5.1 Regulatory perspective
91(4)
5.1.1 Risk-based approach v. precautionary principle-based approach
91(2)
5.1.2 Principle based approach v. prescriptive and casuistic rules
93(2)
5.2 Standardisation and certification
95(3)
5.3 Inclusiveness
98(5)
5.3.1 Involving design teams
98(1)
5.3.2 AI literacy and education
99(2)
5.3.3 Participative democracy and social dialogue
101(2)
5.4 Achieving trustworthiness - a focal problem reviewed
103(5)
6 Horizontal regulatory approach
108(29)
6.1 Preliminary remarks
108(1)
6.2 What is under threat?
108(14)
6.2.1 Non-discrimination and equality
108(3)
6.2.2 Consumer protection
111(3)
6.2.3 Data protection
114(4)
6.2.4 Intellectual property rules
118(3)
6.2.5 Cyber security
121(1)
6.3 Whose liability?
122(7)
6.3.1 Investor/producer
122(3)
6.3.2 Developer
125(2)
6.3.3 Deployer
127(2)
6.4 What liability?
129(6)
6.4.1 Civil liability and accountability
129(4)
6.4.2 Criminal liability
133(2)
6.5 Upsides of the horizontal regulatory approach
135(2)
7 Sectoral regulatory approach
137(18)
7.1 Opening remarks
137(5)
7.1.1 Regulatory sandboxes
138(1)
7.1.2 Self-regulation incentives
139(1)
7.1.3 Innovation deals and digital innovation hubs
140(2)
7.2 Leading industries self-regulation practices
142(13)
7.2.1 Automotive
142(2)
7.2.2 Aviation
144(2)
7.2.3 Financial services
146(1)
7.2.4 Medicine
147(3)
7.2.5 Military and defence
150(2)
7.2.6 Public sector - justice and administration
152(3)
8 Conclusions
155(25)
Bibliography
158(1)
Literature
158(9)
Legislation
167(1)
International law
167(1)
EU law
167(3)
Policy documents
170(1)
European commission communications, recommendations and working documents
170(1)
Expert groups deliverables
171(1)
Other EU institutions' documents
172(1)
Other secondary sources
172(3)
Internet sources
175(3)
IEEE and ISO standards on AI
178(2)
Index 180
Dominika Ewa Harasimiuk, PhD, an assistant professor of EU law at Lazarski University, Warsaw. From 2018 deputy dean for research and international cooperation at the same University. Research interests comprise the fields of EU citizenship, EU constitutional law, Internal market law, in particular free movement of goods and services, as well as regulatory and ethical challenges of algorithmic society.

Tomasz Braun, PhD, a Deputy Rector and Assistant Professor at azarski University and Lecturer of Financial, Corporate and Economic Law at numerous other Universities. He connects private legal practice with his research interests which combine normative studies on law, ethics, culture and politics.