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El. knyga: Research Methods for Construction

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(formerly University of Bath), (University of Hong Kong)
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 11-Sep-2021
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119814740
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Research Methods for ConstructionDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 11-Sep-2021
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119814740
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"For many people, the prospect of embarking on a research project is a daunting one. However, especially for people who are associated with a project-oriented industry, such as property development, building design, construction, or facilities management, familiarity with the nature of projects and their management is a significant advantage. Dr Martin Barnes, an ex-chairperson of the Association of Project Managers (APM), has described a project as a task or an activity which has a beginning (start), a middle and an end that involves a process which leads to an output (product/solution). Thus, getting married is a project but staying married is not a project! Staying married is a process. Despite the situation that much research is carried out as part of a long-term "rolling" programme, each individual package of research is an entity which is complete in itself, while contributing to the overall programme"--

The fifth edition of this book provides a coherent, comprehensive examination and explanation of construction research. It pursues a processual approach and addresses both theoretical/philosophical considerations as well as practical applications – to academic activities and to industry and practice. A pervading theme amongst editors of research journals is the lack of research rigour commonly encountered in construction research papers submitted for consideration. The express aim of this book, like its previous editions, is to emphasise what rigour in construction research means and to enable its achievement to render any research valid and reliable. The new edition has undergone a significant restructuring to enhance the logical flow based around the development of a research cascade which leads from the question, through a range of research activities to produce results and conclusions. Significant new or enhanced material includes additional attention given to axiology, determinism and stochasticism, along with particular attention throughout to ethics, data protection and access, new material on theory borrowing, sensemaking and directionally motivated reasoning, along with additional models and details pertaining to translation.

About the Authors ix
Preface to the Fifth Edition xi
Part 1 Producing A Proposal 1(58)
1 Introduction
3(38)
1.1 The concept of research
3(4)
1.1.1 Research: a careful search/investigation
4(1)
1.1.2 Research: contribution to knowledge
4(2)
1.1.3 A learning process
6(1)
1.1.4 Contextual factors affecting research
6(1)
1.2 Classifications of research
7(5)
1.2.1 Pure and applied research
7(1)
1.2.2 Quantitative and qualitative research
8(3)
1.2.3 Other categories of research
11(1)
1.3 Theories and paradigms
12(13)
1.3.1 Development of knowledge
13(3)
1.3.2 Testing a theory
16(3)
1.3.3 Paradigms
19(1)
1.3.4 Positivism
20(1)
1.3.5 Interpretivism
21(2)
1.3.6 Pragmatism
23(1)
1.3.7 Models and hypotheses
23(2)
1.4 Research styles
25(6)
1.4.1 Action research
25(1)
1.4.2 Ethnographic research
26(1)
1.4.3 Surveys
27(1)
1.4.4 Case studies
28(1)
1.4.5 Experiments
29(2)
1.5 Quantitative and qualitative approaches
31(4)
1.5.1 Quantitative approaches
32(1)
1.5.2 Qualitative approaches
32(1)
1.5.3 Triangulated studies
32(1)
1.5.4 Data sources
33(2)
1.6 Where to begin
35(1)
1.7 Summary
36(1)
References
37(4)
2 Topic for Study
41(18)
2.1 Selection of a topic
41(7)
2.1.1 Resources
41(2)
2.1.2 Subject selection
43(3)
2.1.3 Choosing a topic
46(1)
2.1.4 Evaluating alternatives
46(1)
2.1.5 Refining a topic
47(1)
2.2 Writing the proposal
48(8)
2.2.1 Aim
49(1)
2.2.2 Proposition
49(1)
2.2.3 Objectives
50(1)
2.2.4 Hypotheses
51(2)
2.2.5 Methodology and methods
53(2)
2.2.6 Programme
55(1)
2.2.7 Deliverables and industrial or practitioner support
55(1)
2.3 Summary
56(1)
References
56(3)
Part 2 Executing The Research 59(272)
3 Initial Research
61(49)
3.1 The research process
61(8)
3.1.1 Initial phase
64(2)
3.1.2 Data and information
66(2)
3.1.3 Dynamic process
68(1)
3.2 Initial search
69(6)
3.2.1 Definitions and assumptions
71(1)
3.2.2 Theory and literature reviews
71(1)
3.2.3 Analysing data from a search
72(3)
3.3 Literature based discovery
75(1)
3.4 Assembling the theoretical framework
76(8)
3.4.1 Theory borrowing
79(4)
3.4.2 Theorising
83(1)
3.5 Philosophy and paradigms
84(12)
3.5.1 Ontology, epistemology, and axiology
86(2)
3.5.2 Positivism
88(1)
3.5.3 Realism
89(2)
3.5.4 Interpretivism
91(1)
3.5.5 Constructivism
92(1)
3.5.6 Phenomenalism
93(2)
3.5.7 Postmodernism
95(1)
3.5.8 Pragmatism
96(1)
3.6 Fuzzy thinking
96(1)
3.7 Theoretical models and constructs
97(4)
3.7.1 Theoretical model
98(2)
3.7.2 Constructs
100(1)
3.8 Proper referencing
101(2)
3.9 Summary
103(1)
Notes
104(1)
References
104(6)
4 Approaches to Empirical Work
110(72)
4.1 Starting data collection
110(1)
4.2 Experience
111(1)
4.3 Reasoning and inference
112(10)
4.3.1 Sensemaking
114(1)
4.3.2 Motivated reasoning
115(2)
4.3.3 Determinism and stochasticism
117(2)
4.3.4 Complexity
119(3)
4.4 Systems of methods
122(1)
4.5 Research design
123(6)
4.5.1 Context
126(1)
4.5.2 Variance and errors
126(1)
4.5.3 Empiricism, rationalism, and verification
127(2)
4.6 Qualitative and quantitative approaches
129(6)
4.6.1 When are qualitative approaches employed?
130(4)
4.6.2 When are quantitative approaches employed?
134(1)
4.7 Experimental
135(10)
4.7.1 Experiments and quasi-experiments
135(3)
4.7.2 Variables
138(3)
4.7.3 Experimental control
141(1)
4.7.4 Replication
142(1)
4.7.5 Between-subjects design (simple randomised experiments)
143(1)
4.7.6 Between-subjects design (matched randomised groups)
143(1)
4.7.7 Within-subject design (repeated measure design)
144(1)
4.7.8 Factorial experiments
145(1)
4.8 Survey
145(2)
4.9 Secondary
147(4)
4.9.1 Archival
149(1)
4.9.2 Meta-analysis
150(1)
4.10 Case study
151(4)
4.11 Ethnographic
155(3)
4.11.1 Ethnography
156(2)
4.11.2 Ethnomethodology
158(1)
4.12 Action
158(1)
4.13 Grounded theory (development of theory from data)
159(3)
4.14 Narrative
162(1)
4.15 Modelling
163(3)
4.15.1 Classification of models
163(1)
4.15.2 Deterministic and stochastic models
164(1)
4.15.3 The modelling process
165(1)
4.16 Simulation
166(2)
4.16.1 Dynamism
166(1)
4.16.2 Heuristics
166(1)
4.16.3 Approaches
167(1)
4.17 Level of research
168(3)
4.18 Practice-based research
171(4)
4.19 Summary
175(1)
References
176(6)
5 Hypotheses
182(22)
5.1 Essentials of a valid hypothesis
182(3)
5.2 Roles of hypotheses
185(2)
5.3 Objective testing of hypotheses
187(1)
5.4 Role of sampling
188(3)
5.5 Common statistical measures
191(7)
5.5.1 Normal distribution
196(2)
5.6 Null hypotheses
198(1)
5.7 Validities
199(3)
5.8 Summary
202(1)
References
202(2)
6 Data Collection
204(47)
6.1 Data requirements
204(3)
6.2 Sources of quantitative data
207(3)
6.3 Collecting data from respondents
210(8)
6.3.1 Questionnaires
213(2)
6.3.2 Interviews
215(3)
6.4 Case studies
218(1)
6.5 Triangulation
218(1)
6.6 Sampling
219(8)
6.6.1 Sample size
223(4)
6.7 Scales of measurement
227(8)
6.7.1 Scaling techniques (non-metric and metric)
229(1)
6.7.2 Non-comparative (metric) scales
229(1)
6.7.3 Comparative (non-metric) scales
230(1)
6.7.4 Common scaling methods
231(2)
6.7.5 Development of multi-item scales
233(2)
6.8 Obtaining data
235(8)
6.9 Translation
243(1)
6.10 Response styles and biases
244(2)
6.11 Summary
246(1)
References
247(4)
7 Data Analysis
251(59)
7.1 Analysing data
251(5)
7.2 Plotting data
256(4)
7.3 Statistical methods
260(1)
7.4 Non-parametric tests
261(6)
7.4.1 Sign test
261(1)
7.4.2 Rank-sum tests
262(4)
7.4.3 Chi-square (x2) test
266(1)
7.4.4 Goodness of fit
267(1)
7.5 Parametric tests
267(22)
7.5.1 t-Test
268(1)
7.5.2 Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
268(3)
7.5.3 Regression and correlation
271(5)
7.5.4 Multiple regression
276(1)
7.5.5 Time series
277(5)
7.5.6 Index numbers
282(1)
7.5.7 Simple average index
283(4)
7.5.8 Chained index
287(2)
7.6 Other analytical techniques
289(7)
7.6.1 Cluster analysis
289(1)
7.6.2 Factor analysis
290(2)
7.6.3 Path analysis
292(3)
7.6.4 Analytic hierarchy process (AHP)
295(1)
7.7 Analysis of qualitative data
296(9)
7.7.1 Analysing documents (from texts)
297(2)
7.7.2 Conversation analysis
299(1)
7.7.3 Discourse analysis
300(1)
7.7.4 Social network analysis
301(2)
7.7.5 Multi-level research
303(1)
7.7.6 Meta-analysis
304(1)
7.7.7 Longitudinal research
304(1)
7.8 Summary
305(1)
References
306(4)
8 Ethics in Research
310(21)
8.1 The concepts of morals and ethics
310(4)
8.2 Research ethics
314(6)
8.2.1 Theory and literature
317(1)
8.2.2 Data collection, use, and disposal
318(2)
8.3 Data analysis, intellectual property, and data protection
320(3)
8.3.1 Data analysis, results, and reporting
320(2)
8.3.2 Intellectual property
322(1)
8.3.3 Data protection
322(1)
8.4 Equality, diversity, and inclusion
323(4)
8.5 Summary
327(1)
References
328(3)
Part 3 Reporting The Results 331(32)
9 Results, Inferences, and Conclusions
333(16)
9.1 Requirements for valid results
333(1)
9.2 Potential sources of error
334(1)
9.3 Reliability
335(1)
9.4 Results
336(9)
9.4.1 Producing the results
336(1)
9.4.2 Introductory results
337(1)
9.4.3 Substantive results
338(1)
9.4.4 Inferences
339(1)
9.4.5 Causal relationships
340(1)
9.4.6 Interpretation
341(4)
9.5 Conclusions
345(2)
9.5.1 How to write conclusions
345(2)
9.5.2 Further research
347(1)
9.6 Summary
347(1)
References
348(1)
10 Reports and Presentations
349(14)
10.1 Report production
349(1)
10.2 Communication
350(2)
10.3 Contents of the report
352(9)
10.3.1 How to begin
352(1)
10.3.2 Text of the report
353(1)
10.3.3 Theory and literature
354(2)
10.3.4 Reporting on methodology and methods
356(1)
10.3.5 Reporting on data sourcing and data collection
356(1)
10.3.6 Presentation of results
357(1)
10.3.7 Discussion of results
358(1)
10.3.8 Conclusions
358(1)
10.3.9 Limitations
359(1)
10.3.10 Recommendations
359(1)
10.3.11 Introduction
360(1)
10.3.12 Remainder of the report
360(1)
10.4 Oral presentation
361(1)
10.5 Summary
362(1)
References
362(1)
Index 363
Richard Fellows is Emeritus Professor of Construction Business Management, Loughborough University, UK. He is an experienced quantity surveyor and in his academic career has taught at several universities in the UK and other countries. His research interests concern economics, contracts and law, and the management of people in construction - especially cultural issues as drivers of behaviour and performance. He was a founder and for many years was joint coordinator of the CIB group, W112 - Culture in Construction. Richard is an editor of a leading construction journal and frequent reviewer of papers for international conferences and journals.

Anita Liu graduated from the University of Reading and returned to Hong Kong to work in a quantity surveying consultancy, for the Hong Kong government, and for a major contractor. She then moved into academia, obtaining an MSc and a PhD from the University of Hong Kong. She became Chair Professor of Commercial Management and Quantity Surveying at Loughborough University and subsequently Head of Department and Professor in the Department of Real Estate and Construction at The University of Hong Kong. She was also joint co-coordinator of CIB group W112: Culture in Construction.
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