Preface |
|
xix | |
About the Authors |
|
xxix | |
|
Chapter 1 Perspectives on Research |
|
|
1 | (30) |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
|
4 | (4) |
|
A Positivist Epistemology |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
|
8 | (7) |
|
A Human-Centered Approach |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
Understanding Equals Verstehen |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
Validity Comes From Closeness |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
A Preference for Field Research |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
|
15 | (9) |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
Epistemological Priorities |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
21 | (2) |
|
How Do You Spell S-u-c-c-e-s-s? |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
Summing Up and Looking Ahead |
|
|
24 | (5) |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
|
29 | (2) |
|
Chapter 2 Getting Started: Developing Research Ideas |
|
|
31 | (36) |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
Three Approache's to Theorizing |
|
|
33 | (7) |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
|
37 | (3) |
|
Where Do Research Ideas Come From? |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
Connecting With the Literature |
|
|
40 | (7) |
|
Real and Virtual Libraries |
|
|
41 | (3) |
|
Take a Broad View of Your Topic |
|
|
44 | (3) |
|
Additional Techniques for Searching the Literature |
|
|
47 | (3) |
|
Creating and Managing a Personal Digital Archive |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
Theory as a Source of Research Ideas |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
Applying Theory to Situations |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Extending or Limiting a Theory's Coverage |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
Offering Alternative Explanations |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
Inductive Sources of Research Ideas |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
Starting From Where You Are |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
Observation as a Source of Ideas |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
Intensive Case Studies and Experience Surveys |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
Ideas From the Research Process Itself |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
When Technologies Open New Doors |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
Challenging Prior Research |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
Clarifying Underlying Processes |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
Resolving Conflicting Results |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
Surprises: Anomaly and Serendipity |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
Cultural Folklore, the Common Wisdom, and "Common Sense" |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
Summing Up and Looking Ahead |
|
|
63 | (2) |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
65 | (2) |
|
Chapter 3 Getting Specific: What's the Plan? |
|
|
67 | (36) |
|
Constructing a Research Proposal |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
Defining "Here": The Literature Review |
|
|
69 | (7) |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
Contributing to Theory Development |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
A Different Methodological Approach |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
Implications for Policy or Program Development |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
Addressing Gaps in the Literature |
|
|
73 | (2) |
|
Multiple Sources of Justification |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
Defining "There": Research Questions and Hypotheses |
|
|
76 | (16) |
|
|
76 | (3) |
|
|
79 | (3) |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Hypotheses as Instruments of Theory |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
Hypotheses Make Us Place Our Bets |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
Operationalizing: The Bridge Between Concepts and Data |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
Nominal lor Constitutive! Definitions |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Evaluating Operational Definitions |
|
|
87 | (3) |
|
Caveats Regarding Operationism |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
Definitional Operationism |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
|
92 | (3) |
|
Methods: The Road from Here to There |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
Analysis, Expected Outcomes, and Benefits of the Study |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
Acknowledging Potential Limitations |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
|
95 | (2) |
|
Summing Up and Looking Ahead |
|
|
97 | (3) |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
|
100 | (3) |
|
Chapter 4 Ethics in Social and Health Research |
|
|
103 | (48) |
|
Formalizing Codes of Ethics |
|
|
104 | (8) |
|
Biomedical Horror Stories |
|
|
104 | (2) |
|
Complexities in the Social Sciences |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
A Shifting Locus of Responsibility |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
|
108 | (3) |
|
Implications for the Sociology of Knowledge |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (35) |
|
Is the Research Worth Doing? |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
|
114 | (4) |
|
Protecting Confidentiality |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
|
119 | (3) |
|
Dealing With Legal Threats |
|
|
122 | (20) |
|
Researcher Conflicts of Interest |
|
|
142 | (2) |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
Balancing and Combining Ethical Principles |
|
|
145 | (2) |
|
Summing Up and Looking Ahead |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
|
148 | (3) |
|
Chapter 5 Sampling and Recruitment |
|
|
151 | (50) |
|
|
153 | (3) |
|
There Is No One "Best" Sampling Method |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
All Sampling Is Purposive |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
|
156 | (5) |
|
Step One: Framing the Sample |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
When It Just Doesn't Matter |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
When Sampling Does Matter |
|
|
158 | (2) |
|
Step Two: Getting Down to Business |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
When Statistical Generalization Is the Objective: Probabilistic Techniques |
|
|
161 | (5) |
|
Probabilistic Sampling: The Vocabulary |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
|
161 | (2) |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
Units of Analysis or Sampling Elements |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
Probabilistic Sampling Techniques |
|
|
166 | (11) |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
|
166 | (4) |
|
Systematic Sample With Random Start |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
Stratified Random Sampling |
|
|
170 | (2) |
|
Proportional Stratified Random Sampling |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
Disproportionat Stratified Random Sampling |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
Quasi-Probabilistic Techniques |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
Multistage Cluster Sampling |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
175 | (2) |
|
Can Sampling Problems Be Overcome by Sample Size? |
|
|
177 | (3) |
|
Distinguishing Representativeness and Generalizability |
|
|
180 | (3) |
|
Finding the Right People: Purposive, Strategic, or Target Sampling |
|
|
183 | (9) |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Extreme or Deviant Case Sampling |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
Maximum Variation Sampling |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
Disconfirming or Negative Case Sampling |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
The Thoughtful Respondent |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
190 | (2) |
|
Computer Networks as a Sampling Site |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Soliciting Responses and Participation |
|
|
193 | (4) |
|
Summing Up and Looking Ahead |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
|
199 | (2) |
|
Chapter 6 Eliminating Rival Plausible Explanations: The Experiment |
|
|
201 | (52) |
|
Isolating Causes: The Controlled Experiment |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
The Terminology and Logic of Experimentation |
|
|
204 | (24) |
|
Independent and Dependent Variables |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Regression Toward the Mean |
|
|
209 | (3) |
|
Controlling for Rival Plausible Explanations |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
Control/Comparison Groups |
|
|
212 | (4) |
|
Ensuring Pretest Equivalence |
|
|
216 | (5) |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (3) |
|
Statistical Conclusion Validity |
|
|
225 | (3) |
|
An Example: Assessing the Effects of Violent Pornography |
|
|
228 | (16) |
|
Isolating and Operationalizing the Variables |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
230 | (3) |
|
Were the Differences Significant? |
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
Assessing Internal Validity |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
If the Two Groups Are Equal to Begin With |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
And Are Treated Identically in All Respects |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Assessing External Validity |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Assessing Ecological Validity |
|
|
237 | (5) |
|
The Fragility of Media Influence Effects |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
Context, Meanings, and Behavior |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
External Validity Revisited: Generalizing to the Gay Community |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
The Experiment in Perspective |
|
|
244 | (3) |
|
Summing Up and Looking Ahead |
|
|
247 | (3) |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
250 | (3) |
|
Chapter 7 From Manipulative to Analytic Control: Quasi-Experimentation |
|
|
253 | (36) |
|
Donald T. Campbell and Quasi-Experimentation |
|
|
254 | (2) |
|
The Logic of Quasi-Experimentation |
|
|
256 | (15) |
|
Was the Independent Variable Really Manipulated? |
|
|
257 | (3) |
|
Was There a Change in the Dependent Variable? |
|
|
260 | (2) |
|
Eliminating Rival Plausible Explanations |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
A Plausible Alternative? Check It Out! |
|
|
262 | (3) |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Multiple Time-Series Designs |
|
|
266 | (5) |
|
Reviewing the Logic of Quasi-Experimentation |
|
|
271 | (6) |
|
New Threats to Internal Validity |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Diffusion or Imitation of Treatments |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Compensatory Equalization |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
The Politics of Evaluation Research |
|
|
277 | (8) |
|
Programs Are Political Creatures |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
The Politics of the Decision-Making Process |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
The Political Stance of the Evaluation Itself |
|
|
280 | (2) |
|
|
282 | (3) |
|
Summing Up and Looking Ahead |
|
|
285 | (2) |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
287 | (2) |
|
Chapter 8 Case Study Approaches |
|
|
289 | (42) |
|
Analytic Control in the Case Study Context |
|
|
289 | (7) |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
When Is a Case Study Appropriate? |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
298 | (8) |
|
Do Photographs Tell the Truth? |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (4) |
|
An Intrinsic Case Study: Sherlock Holmes and "The Adventure of Silver Blaze" |
|
|
306 | (13) |
|
The Phenomena: A Disappearance and a Murder |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Gathering Preliminary Data |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Analytic Induction: A Dialectic of Theory and Data |
|
|
310 | (3) |
|
|
313 | (4) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
317 | (2) |
|
Case Study Analysis in the Real World |
|
|
319 | (8) |
|
Where Did That Equation Come From? |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
How Were Those Decisions Made? |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Where Did All the Referrals Go? |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
How Does a Computerized Information System Affect Interaction? |
|
|
323 | (4) |
|
Summing Up and Looking Ahead |
|
|
327 | (3) |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Chapter 9 Surveys and Questionnaires |
|
|
331 | (58) |
|
Strengths and Limitations of Surveys |
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
Types of Surveys and Questionnaires |
|
|
335 | (7) |
|
The Paper-and-Pencil Questionnaire |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
The Network-Administered Survey |
|
|
338 | (4) |
|
|
342 | (36) |
|
Who Are Your Respondents? |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Examples in the Literature |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Using Mixed Methods to Inform Questioning |
|
|
344 | (2) |
|
An Iterative Process Starting With General Objectives |
|
|
346 | (3) |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (2) |
|
Closed or Structured Questions |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
The Variety of Structured Questions |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Categorical Response Items |
|
|
354 | (3) |
|
|
357 | (2) |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Using Multiple Items to Create Scales |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Semantic Differential-Type Items |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Some Advice About Response Categories |
|
|
362 | (4) |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (2) |
|
Sample-Appropriate Wording |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Survey Look, Organization, and Flow |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Anticipating a Conversation |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
Loose Ends and the Final Word |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Pilot Studies and Cognitive Interviews |
|
|
376 | (2) |
|
The Meaning of Self-Reports |
|
|
378 | (7) |
|
The Naivete of Literalism |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
Considering HnjConsistency |
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
General Interests? General Questions! |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Specific Interests? Specific Questions! |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Considering Stereotyping/Prototypicatity |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Summing Up and Looking Ahead |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
386 | (3) |
|
|
389 | (48) |
|
Comparing Surveys and Interviews |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
The One-on-One Personal Interview |
|
|
392 | (22) |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
Choosing an Appropriate Setting |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
Sensitive or Threatening Questions |
|
|
405 | (4) |
|
|
409 | (2) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
|
414 | (10) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
When Are Focus Groups Useful? |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
The Public/Nonprofit Context |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Some Common Issues Across Focus Group Styles |
|
|
420 | (4) |
|
|
424 | (10) |
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
Rectifying the Imbalance of Written History |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Archiving and Contextualizing the Past |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (3) |
|
|
431 | (3) |
|
Summing Up and Looking Ahead |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Chapter 11 Observation, Ethnography, and Participatory Action Research |
|
|
437 | (50) |
|
The Relationship Between Observer and Observed |
|
|
438 | (25) |
|
|
439 | (5) |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
|
446 | (4) |
|
The Complete Observer in the Field |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
450 | (3) |
|
How and What Do You Observe? |
|
|
453 | (7) |
|
Mixing Participation and Observation |
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
The Participant-Observer Continuum Reconsidered |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Ethnography/Participant Observation/Field Research |
|
|
463 | (10) |
|
Understanding the Culture of the "Other" |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Discovering the "Other" Among Us |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Multiple Forms of Contemporary Ethnography |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
467 | (2) |
|
|
469 | (4) |
|
Participatory Action Research |
|
|
473 | (9) |
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
|
475 | (2) |
|
The Power of Participatory Action Research |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Square Pegs and Round Holes |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
"Cultural Critique" vs "Activist Research" |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
Summing Up and Looking Ahead |
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
484 | (3) |
|
Chapter 12 Archival Sources |
|
|
487 | (44) |
|
Content Analytic Approaches |
|
|
488 | (25) |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
A Broad Range of Materials |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Working With Written Materials |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Examining Mate Selection Through Personals Ads |
|
|
492 | (8) |
|
Working With Verbal Sources |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Examining Populism Through Political Speeches |
|
|
500 | (5) |
|
Working With Visual Sources |
|
|
505 | (5) |
|
Images of Indigenous People in Film |
|
|
510 | (3) |
|
Official Statistics and Secondary Data |
|
|
513 | (8) |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
514 | (2) |
|
We Start With a "True" Score |
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
Was the Event Perceived as a Crime? |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
Were the Police Contacted? |
|
|
517 | (2) |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
Final Comments on Crime Statistics |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
|
521 | (4) |
|
Alternative Views of Crime: Victimization Surveys |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
Limited to Crimes With Victims |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Recall: Memory Fade and Telescoping |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
Labeling the Event as a Crime |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
But Will You Tell the Interviewer? |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Just Another "Take" on Crime |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
525 | (2) |
|
Summing Up and Looking Ahead |
|
|
527 | (2) |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
|
529 | (2) |
|
Chapter 13 Analyzing Nonnumerical Data |
|
|
531 | (32) |
|
|
532 | (6) |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
535 | (3) |
|
Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software |
|
|
538 | (3) |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Selecting a Software Package |
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
Using NVivo for Social and Health Research |
|
|
541 | (13) |
|
Project Planning and Organization |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
Labeling Nonnumeric Data Through Codes |
|
|
544 | (2) |
|
Coding Static Attributes Through Classifications |
|
|
546 | (2) |
|
Recording Observations Using Memos and Annotations |
|
|
548 | (2) |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Retrieving Coding Using Point and Click |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Queries and Word Frequency Analysis |
|
|
551 | (2) |
|
Analysis Through Visualizations |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
A Final Note on User Friendliness |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Analysis of Data From Mixed Methods Research |
|
|
554 | (3) |
|
Summing Up and Looking Ahead |
|
|
557 | (4) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
Chapter 14 Analyzing Numerical Data |
|
|
563 | (58) |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
565 | (4) |
|
Nominal or Categorical Measures |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
Interval-Level Measurement |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
Levels of Measurement and Statistical Analysis |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
569 | (19) |
|
|
570 | (6) |
|
Measures of Central Tendency |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
577 | (2) |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
How to Lie With Statistics |
|
|
579 | (4) |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
583 | (2) |
|
Standard Deviations and Variances |
|
|
585 | (3) |
|
|
588 | (27) |
|
Examining Relationships Among Categorical Variables |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
Cross-tabulation and Contingency Tables |
|
|
589 | (2) |
|
The Chi-Square Distribution |
|
|
591 | (6) |
|
Examining Relationships Among Continuous Variables |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
The Limits of Contingency Tables |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
598 | (2) |
|
Quantifying the Relationship: Pearson's |
|
|
600 | (6) |
|
Examining Differences Between Categories |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
A Slightly Different Way of Making Comparisons |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
Z-Scores and the Normal Distribution |
|
|
607 | (6) |
|
Limits of Two-Variable Analyses |
|
|
613 | (2) |
|
Summing Up and Looking Ahead |
|
|
615 | (2) |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
617 | (4) |
|
Chapter 15 Disseminating Your Research |
|
|
621 | (42) |
|
|
622 | (20) |
|
Some General Thoughts About Writing |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
623 | (3) |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
628 | (5) |
|
|
633 | (6) |
|
|
639 | (3) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
Creating Effective Presentations |
|
|
642 | (11) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
642 | (2) |
|
Community and Stakeholder Audiences |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
Elements of a Great Presentation |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
|
645 | (2) |
|
Avoiding Death by PowerPoint |
|
|
647 | (4) |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Disseminating Findings Through Social Media |
|
|
653 | (8) |
|
Understanding Why, Who, and How |
|
|
653 | (2) |
|
Identifying and Connecting to Your Audience |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Establishing a Social Media Presence or Identity |
|
|
656 | (2) |
|
Communicating Information to Your Audience |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
Connecting With and Engaging Your Audience |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
Some Final Thoughts and Considerations |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
Summing Up and Looking Ahead |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
662 | (1) |
Appendix A Critical Values of Chi-square |
|
663 | (2) |
Appendix B Critical Values of r |
|
665 | (2) |
Appendix C Critical Values of t |
|
667 | (2) |
Glossary |
|
669 | (22) |
References |
|
691 | (18) |
Index |
|
709 | |