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El. knyga: Responsible Nanobiotechnology: Philosophy and Ethics

(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany)
  • Formatas: 400 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 05-Oct-2012
  • Leidėjas: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-13: 9789814364331
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Responsible Nanobiotechnology: Philosophy and EthicsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 400 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 05-Oct-2012
  • Leidėjas: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-13: 9789814364331
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This book comprehensively reviews the considerations of nanotechnology elaborated in philosophy, ethics, and the social sciences and systematizes and develops them further. It focuses on the issues of ethical responsibility regarding chances and risks of nanotechnology and its possible applications in the fields of synthetic nanoparticles, synthetic biology, animal enhancement, and human enhancement. The book has been, thus, put in the context of the keywords "responsible innovation" and "reflective sciences," which have been central concepts in the debates about the relationship between science and society for the last few years.

Recenzijos

"Responsible Nanobiotechnology: Philosophy and Ethics makes an important contribution. This book provides an informed and in-depth analysis of the nature, implications, and future advances of nanotechnology in the biomedical sciences. More importantly, the author addresses these issues with philosophical clarity to disentangle the complex issues emerging on the horizon of nanobiotechnological development. I strongly recommend it." Prof. Fabrice Jotterand - UT Southwestern Medical Center, USA

"Sober and substantial, clear-headed and circumspect, Armin Grunwald provides more than a most welcome overview of nanoethics and responsible innovation in nanobiotechnology or synthetic biology. Not beholden to fanciful visions, he provides an introduction to a nanophilosophy that allows him to explore complex issues ranging from nanoparticle safety to the creation of artificial life." Prof. Alfred Nordmann - Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany

Preface xiii
1 Agenda and Overview
1(14)
1.1 The Motivation
1(4)
1.2 Objectives, Conceptual Framework, and Premises
5(3)
1.3 Quick Guide Through the Book
8(7)
1.3.1
Chapter 2: Nanotechnology in Context
8(1)
1.3.2
Chapter 3: Ethics, Technology, and Risk
9(1)
1.3.3
Chapter 4: Ethics of Nano(bio)technology: The Program
9(1)
1.3.4
Chapter 5: Ethics of Nano(bio)technology: An Overview
10(1)
1.3.5
Chapter 6: Synthetic Nanoparticles
10(1)
1.3.6
Chapter 7: Toward Creating Artificial Life
11(1)
1.3.7
Chapter 8: Animal Enhancement
11(1)
1.3.8
Chapter 9: Human Enhancement
11(1)
1.3.9
Chapter 10: From Applied Ethics to an Explorative Philosophy of Nanotechnology
12(1)
1.3.10
Chapter 11: Conclusions and Perspectives
13(2)
2 Nanotechnology in Context
15(34)
2.1 History of Nanotechnology
15(3)
2.2 The World of Nanotechnology in a Nutshell
18(9)
2.2.1 Nanometer-Scale Analysis and Manipulation
19(2)
2.2.2 Characteristics of Nanomaterials
21(2)
2.2.3 Areas of Activity and Applications
23(1)
2.2.3.1 Synthetic Nanomaterials
23(2)
2.2.3.2 Nanoelectronics
25(1)
2.2.3.3 Nanobiotechnology
26(1)
2.2.3.4 Nanomedicine
26(1)
2.3 Defining Nanotechnology
27(6)
2.4 The Interdisciplinary Nature of the Nanocommunity
33(2)
2.5 Philosophical Interpretations
35(6)
2.5.1 Triumph of Homo Faber
36(1)
2.5.2 Huge Increase on Uncertainty
37(2)
2.5.3 Nanotechnology as a Symbol of the Future
39(2)
2.6 Public Perception
41(8)
2.6.1 The "Grey Goo" Scenario
42(1)
2.6.2 The "Prey" Scenario
42(1)
2.6.3 The "Cyborg" Scenario
43(6)
3 Ethics, Technology, and Risk
49(40)
3.1 Problem-Oriented Ethics
49(18)
3.1.1 Ethics for Resolving Moral Conflicts
50(5)
3.1.2 Standard Situations in a Moral Respect
55(1)
3.1.2.1 Pragmatic Completeness
56(1)
3.1.2.2 Local Consistency
56(1)
3.1.2.3 Sufficient Lack of Ambiguity
56(1)
3.1.2.4 Acceptance
57(1)
3.1.2.5 Compliance
57(3)
3.1.3 Beyond Standard Situations in a Moral Respect
60(3)
3.1.4 Ethical Expertise as Conditionally Normative Advice
63(4)
3.2 Ethics of Technology
67(14)
3.2.1 Normative Uncertainties Emerging from Technological Progress
67(3)
3.2.2 Cross-Cutting Issues
70(1)
3.2.2.1 Human Autonomy vs. Technicalization
71(1)
3.2.2.2 Distributive Justice
71(1)
3.2.2.3 Technology and the Environment
72(1)
3.2.2.4 Technology and Life
73(1)
3.2.2.5 Uncertainty of Our Knowledge of the Consequences
73(1)
3.2.3 Ethics of Technology as Part of Technology Governance
74(1)
3.2.3.1 Political Decisions
75(1)
3.2.3.2 Entrepreneurial Decisions
76(1)
3.2.3.3 Engineering
76(1)
3.2.3.4 Consumer Behavior
77(1)
3.2.3.5 Public Debate
77(1)
3.2.4 Technology, Science, and Responsibility
78(3)
3.3 Ethics and (Unclear) Risk
81(8)
3.3.1 Classical Risk Management and Its Limitations
81(3)
3.3.2 Ethical Issues in Dealing with Unclear Risk
84(1)
3.3.2.1 Acceptability of Unclear Risk
85(1)
3.3.2.2 Weighing Benefits against Unclear Risks
85(1)
3.3.2.3 Normalizing the Situation under Consideration
86(1)
3.3.2.4 Comparisons of Man-Made Situations of Unclear Risk with Natural Situations
87(1)
3.3.2.5 Learning from Historic Cases
87(2)
4 Ethics of Nano(bio)technology: The Program
89(18)
4.1 Motivations of Nanoethics
89(6)
4.1.1 Avoiding to Endanger Innovation
90(2)
4.1.2 Taking Care of Unintended Side Effects as Early as Possible
92(1)
4.1.3 Reacting to Apocalyptic Fears
93(2)
4.2 Nanoethics as a New Field of Applied Ethics?
95(7)
4.3 Problem-Oriented Ethics of Nanotechnology
102(5)
5 Ethics of Nano(bio)technology: An Overview
107(40)
5.1 Literature Overview
108(11)
5.1.1 Interdisciplinary Expert Studies
108(3)
5.1.2 Position Papers from Nongovernmental Organizations
111(3)
5.1.3 Selected Edited Books
114(4)
5.1.4 The Journal Nanoethics
118(1)
5.2 Ethical Questions Related to Nano(bio)technology Applications
119(15)
5.2.1 Nanomedicine: Risks and Benefits
120(4)
5.2.2 Nanoelectronics: Surveillance and Privacy Issues
124(2)
5.2.3 Using Processes of Life for Technological Purposes
126(2)
5.2.4 Human Enhancement
128(1)
5.2.5 Animal Enhancement
129(3)
5.2.6 Military Applications
132(2)
5.3 Cross-Cutting Ethical Issues
134(9)
5.3.1 EHS: Environment, Health, and Safety
134(3)
5.3.2 Distributive Justice: Nanotechnology and Developing Countries
137(3)
5.3.3 Responsibility for Future Generations
140(3)
5.4 Selection of Issues for In-Depth Studies
143(4)
6 Synthetic Nanoparticles
147(44)
6.1 Synthetic Nanoparticles: Fields of Application and Expectations
148(4)
6.1.1 Surface Treatment
149(1)
6.1.2 Food
150(2)
6.1.3 Cosmetics
152(1)
6.2 Possible Risks and Types of Risk
152(7)
6.2.1 Health Risks
154(2)
6.2.2 Environmental Risks
156(1)
6.2.3 Nanoparticle Risks as "Unclear Risks"
157(2)
6.3 Approaches to Dealing with Unclear Risk
159(12)
6.3.1 Philosophical Approaches
159(1)
6.3.1.1 The Consequentialist Approach
159(1)
6.3.1.2 The Imperative of Responsibility
160(2)
6.3.1.3 The Principle of Pragmatic Consistency
162(1)
6.3.1.4 Deontological Advice
163(1)
6.3.1.5 Projected Time
164(1)
6.3.2 Operational Approaches
165(1)
6.3.2.1 The Precautionary Principle
165(3)
6.3.2.2 The Prudent Avoidance Approach
168(2)
6.3.3 Interim Conclusions
170(1)
6.4 Dealing Responsibly with Nanomaterials
171(20)
6.4.1 Conditionally Normative Reflection
171(3)
6.4.2 Informed Consent and Consumer Freedom
174(1)
6.4.3 Regulation, Code of Conduct, and the Common Good
175(6)
6.4.4 Operative Approach: Remarks on the Next Steps
181(6)
6.4.5 Epilogue and Reflection: Risk Ethics and Nanoparticles
187(4)
7 Toward Creating Artificial Life
191(36)
7.1 Nanobiotechnology and Synthetic Biology
191(6)
7.1.1 Nanobiotechnology
192(1)
7.1.2 Synthetic Biology: Engineering Life
193(4)
7.2 Chances and Risks
197(6)
7.2.1 Chances
197(2)
7.2.2 Risks
199(4)
7.3 Ethical Issues
203(10)
7.3.1 Dealing with Risks Responsibly
204(3)
7.3.2 The Moral Status of Created Organisms
207(2)
7.3.3 Quasi-ethical Concerns: Humans "Playing God"?
209(4)
7.4 Hermeneutic Dimensions
213(6)
7.4.1 Technicalization of the Natural or a More Natural Technology
213(4)
7.4.2 The Relationship Between Technology and Life
217(2)
7.5 Responsible Governance of Synthetic Biology
219(8)
8 Animal Enhancement
227(24)
8.1 (Nano)Technology for Intervening in Animals
228(4)
8.2 The Semantics of Animal Enhancement
232(5)
8.2.1 The Semantics of Enhancement
232(2)
8.2.2 Animal Enhancement
234(3)
8.3 Relevant Ethical Challenges and Normative Frameworks
237(7)
8.3.1 Animal Experiments
238(2)
8.3.2 Elimination of Animals' Capacity for Suffering
240(3)
8.3.3 Transgressing the Boundary Between Humans and Animals
243(1)
8.4 Changing Human-Animal Relationship
244(3)
8.5 Summary and Conclusions
247(4)
9 Human Enhancement
251(52)
9.1 Improving Human Performance of Converging Technologies
251(12)
9.1.1 The Vision of Converging Technologies
252(3)
9.1.2 Improving Human Performance: The Cultural Background
255(3)
9.1.3 Enhancement Utopia 1: Neuroenhancement
258(3)
9.1.4 Enhancement Utopia 2: Antiaging and Immortality
261(2)
9.2 Semantics of Technical Enhancement
263(9)
9.2.1 Enhancement Beyond Healing
263(2)
9.2.2 Healing, Doping, Enhancement, and Alteration
265(4)
9.2.3 Technical Enhancement
269(3)
9.3 Human Enhancement: Ethical Analysis
272(12)
9.3.1 Normative Uncertainties
272(3)
9.3.2 Patterns of Ethical Argumentation
275(1)
9.3.2.1 Ethical Consideration of the Consequences
275(3)
9.3.2.2 The Naturalness of Man
278(2)
9.3.2.3 The Question as to Ought
280(1)
9.3.3 Assessment of the Current Status of the Ethical Debate
281(3)
9.4 Changing Relations Between Humans and Technology
284(9)
9.4.1 Neuroelectric Interfaces
284(6)
9.4.2 Technicalization of Man by Nanotechnology?
290(3)
9.5 Conclusions for Responsible Action
293(10)
9.5.1 Need for Orientation on Human Enhancement
293(4)
9.5.2 Responsible Action
297(3)
9.5.3 Approaching an "Enhancement Society?"
300(3)
10 Explorative Nanophilosophy: More Than Applied Ethics
303(24)
10.1 The Debate on "Speculative Nanoethics"
304(8)
10.1.1 The Main Diagnosis: "Most Nanoethics Is Too Futuristic"
305(1)
10.1.2 How Speculative Is "Speculative Nanoethics"?
306(2)
10.1.3 The Anxiety that Unjustified and Artificial Concerns Might Emerge
308(2)
10.1.4 The Opportunity-Costs Argument
310(1)
10.1.5 Resume
311(1)
10.2 Searching for Orientation by Investigating Futures
312(2)
10.3 Futures as Social Constructs
314(3)
10.4 Explorative Philosophy of Nanotechnology
317(10)
10.4.1 Explorative Philosophy Beyond Applied Nanoethics
318(3)
10.4.2 Elements of an Explorative Philosophy of Nanotechnology
321(1)
10.4.2.1 Nano Epistemology
321(1)
10.4.2.2 Nano Anthropology: The Relationship Between Humans and Technology
322(1)
10.4.2.3 Nanotechnology Hermeneutics: Philosophical Interpretations of Nanotechnology
323(1)
10.4.3 Epistemological Grounding
323(4)
11 Conclusions and Perspectives
327(16)
11.1 Ten Years of Nanoethics: What Has Been Achieved?
327(4)
11.2 Moral Arguments Feeding a Broad Antinano Movement?
331(4)
11.3 The Future of Nanoethics
335(8)
11.3.1 Nanoethics as Concomitant Reflection on Nanotechnologies
335(2)
11.3.2 Nanoethics as Interdisciplinary Research
337(2)
11.3.3 Disentanglement of Nanoethics
339(4)
Bibliography 343(26)
Index 369
Armin Grunwald
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