El. knyga: RF and Wireless Technologies: Know It All

About the Authors		xiii
A Survey of RF and Wireless Technology		1	(16)
A Short History of Wireless Communication		1	(2)
Where We Are		3	(13)
Conclusion		16	(1)
References		16	(1)
Communication Protocols and Modulation		17	(34)
Baseband Data Format and Protocol		17	(8)
Baseband Coding		25	(4)
RF Frequency and Bandwidth		29	(2)
Modulation		31	(18)
RFID		49	(1)
Summary		50	(1)
References		50	(1)
Transmitters		51	(14)
RF Source		51	(8)
Modulation		59	(2)
Amplifiers		61	(1)
Filtering		62	(1)
Antenna		63	(1)
Summary		64	(1)
References		64	(1)
Receivers		65	(10)
Tuned Radio Frequency		65	(1)
Superregenerative Receiver		66	(2)
Superheterodyne Receiver		68	(2)
Direct Conversion Receiver		70	(2)
Digital Receivers		72	(1)
Repeaters		73	(1)
Summary		73	(1)
Reference		73	(2)
Radio Propagation		75	(20)
Mechanisms of Radio Wave Propagation		75	(2)
Open Field Propagation		77	(2)
Diffraction		79	(2)
Scattering		81	(1)
Path Loss		81	(2)
Multipath Phenomena		83	(1)
Flat Fading		84	(3)
Diversity Techniques		87	(3)
Noise		90	(3)
Summary		93	(1)
References		93	(2)
Antenna Fundamentals I		95	(28)
Electromagnetic Waves		95	(10)
Example 6.1 A Quarter-Wave Matching System		104	(1)
Polarization		105	(1)
The Short Dipole		106	(9)
Example 6.2 Dipole Input Impedance and Efficiency		115	(1)
The Small Loop		115	(4)
Example 6.3 Loop Impedance and Efficiency		118	(1)
Directionality, Efficiency, and Gain		119	(2)
References		121	(2)
Antenna Fundamentals II		123	(26)
Bandwidth and Quality Factor, Q		123	(7)
Example 7.1 Effects of Coil Q and Loading		125	(3)
Example 7.2 SWR Bandwidth of a Lumped-Element Resonator		128	(1)
Example 7.3 Parallel-Tuned Loop SWR Bandwidth		129	(1)
Impedance Matching and System Efficiency		130	(4)
Example 7.4 L-Section Matching		131	(1)
Example 7.5 Matching the Series-Tuned Loop		132	(2)
Reception		134	(3)
Ground Effects		137	(8)
Example 7.6 Field Plots for the Horizontal Dipole		141	(4)
Improvements		145	(1)
References		146	(3)
Basics of Wireless Local Area Networks		149	(50)
Networks Large and Small		149	(3)
WLANs from LANs		152	(2)
802.11 WLANs		154	(29)
HiperLAN and HiperLAN 2		183	(1)
From LANs to PANs		184	(12)
Capsule Summary		196	(1)
Further Reading		196	(3)
WEP Attacks		197	(1)
Bluetooth		197	(1)
Trellis-Coded Modulations		197	(1)
Standards		197	(2)
Outdoor Networks		199	(34)
Neither Snow nor Rain nor Heat nor Gloom of Night		199	(1)
Line-of-Sight Sites		200	(3)
Outdoor Coverage Networks		203	(14)
Point-to-Multipoint Networks		217	(3)
Point-to-Point Bridges		220	(2)
Long Unlicensed Links		222	(6)
Safety Tips		228	(2)
Capsule Summary		230	(1)
Further Reading		231	(2)
Voice Over Wi-Fi and Other Wireless Technologies		233	(26)
Introduction		233	(1)
Ongoing 802.11 Standard Work		233	(5)
Wi-Fi and Cellular Networks		238	(10)
WiMax		248	(1)
VoWi-Fi and Bluetooth		249	(5)
VoWi-Fi and DECT		254	(1)
VoWi-Fi and Other Ongoing 802.x Wireless Projects		255	(2)
Conclusion		257	(1)
References		257	(2)
Security in Wireless Local Area Networks		259	(36)
Introduction		259	(1)
Key Establishment in 802.11		260	(1)
Anonymity in 802.11		261	(1)
Authentication in 802.11		262	(6)
Confidentiality in 802.11		268	(4)
Data Integrity in 802.11		272	(2)
Loopholes in 802.11 Security		274	(1)
WPA		275	(12)
WPA2 (802.11i)		287	(8)
System Planning		295	(26)
System Design Overview		295	(1)
Location and Real Estate Considerations		296	(5)
System Selection Based Upon User Needs		301	(2)
Identification of Equipment Requirements		303	(2)
Identification of Equipment Locations		305	(6)
Channel Allocation, Signal-to-Interference, and Reuse Planning		311	(4)
Network Interconnect and Point-to-Point Radio Solutions		315	(3)
Costs		318	(1)
The Five C's of System Planning		319	(2)
System Implementation, Testing, and Optimization		321	(28)
Real-World Design Examples		321	(1)
Example One: Local Coffee House		321	(1)
Example Two: Office LAN Deployment		322	(9)
Example Three: Community WISP		331	(13)
Example Four: Mobile Broadband Network		344	(4)
Chapter Summary		348	(1)
Next Generation Wireless Networks		349	(28)
Why ``Next'' Generation?		349	(1)
First Generation Wireless Networks: Wireless Access		350	(1)
Second Generation Wireless Networks: Mobile Access		351	(5)
Third Generation Wireless Networks: Wireless and Mobile Access to High-Bandwidth Services		356	(8)
Fourth Generation Wireless Networks and Beyond: Universal Access in a Multinetwork Environment		364	(8)
Conclusion		372	(1)
References		373	(4)
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks		377	(32)
Physical Layer and MAC		379	(13)
Routing in Ad Hoc Networks		392	(10)
Conclusion		402	(1)
References		403	(6)
Wireless Sensor Networks		409	(14)
Applications		409	(1)
Plant Network Layouts		410	(1)
Plant Network Architecture		411	(2)
Sensor Subnet Selection		413	(1)
Functional Requirements		414	(2)
Technical Trade-offs and Issues		416	(6)
Conclusion		422	(1)
References		422	(1)
Reliable Wireless Networks for Industrial Applications		423	(12)
Benefits of Using Wireless		423	(1)
Issues in Deploying Wireless Systems		424	(3)
Wireless Formats		427	(1)
Wireless Mesh Networks		428	(2)
Industrial Applications of Wireless Mesh Networks		430	(2)
Case Study: Water Treatment		432	(1)
Conclusion		433	(2)
Software-Defined Radio		435	(36)
What Is Software-Defined Radio?		435	(1)
Aspects of Software-Defined Radio		436	(1)
History and Evolution of Software-Defined Radio		437	(3)
Applications and Need for SDR		440	(2)
Architectures		442	(7)
Implementation Issues		449	(13)
Case Study: A Close Look at a CDMA2000 and UMTS SDR Receiver		462	(6)
Conclusion		468	(1)
References		469	(2)
The Basics of Radio Frequency Identification Technology		471	(14)
The Automatic Identification Manufacturers (AIM), Pittsburgh, PA		471	(1)
What Is RFID?		471	(1)
Wireless Communication and the Air Interface		472	(4)
RFID System Components		476	(5)
RFID System Categories		481	(1)
Areas of Application for RFID		482	(1)
Standardization		483	(1)
Conclusion		484	(1)
References		484	(1)
UWB Spectrum and Regulations		485	(36)
Regulatory Testing of UWB Devices		485	(1)
UWB Regulatory Terminology		485	(2)
Testing Infrastructure		487	(9)
Regulatory Overview		496	(20)
UWB Waiver Impact on Technical Requirements		516	(1)
International Regulatory Status of UWB Devices		517	(2)
References		519	(2)
Interference and Coexistence		521	(20)
Protecting Other Services in Band		522	(10)
Ensuring Coexistence		532	(1)
Detection and Avoidance		533	(5)
Responding to Changing Needs		538	(1)
Finding the Balance		538	(1)
References		539	(2)
Direct Sequence UWB		541	(20)
Direct-Sequence UWB		541	(1)
Binary Signaling with DS-UWB		542	(1)
M-ary Biorthogonal Signaling with DS-UWB		543	(3)
Properties of Good Codes		546	(4)
Binary Codes		550	(2)
Ternary Codes		552	(2)
Processing Gain		554	(1)
DS-UWB Advantages versus Nonspread Spectrum Methods		555	(1)
Transmitter Structure		556	(2)
Receiver Structure		558	(1)
Simulation Results		559	(1)
References		560	(1)
Multiband Approach to UWB		561	(22)
Introduction and Overview		561	(3)
Detailed Motivation for Multiband UWB Transmission Schemes		564	(6)
Multipath Energy Collection in Sequenced Multiband Receivers		570	(4)
Local Oscillator Generation Aspects		574	(2)
Regulatory Implications of Multiband UWB Transmissions		576	(5)
Conclusion		581	(1)
References		582	(1)
History and Background of Cognitive Radio Technology		583	(24)
The Vision of Cognitive Radio		583	(1)
History and Background Leading to Cognitive Radio		583	(2)
A Brief History of SDR		585	(4)
Basic SDR		589	(8)
Spectrum Management		597	(5)
U.S. Government Roles in Cognitive Radio		602	(1)
How Smart Is Useful?		603	(2)
References		605	(2)
The Software-Defined Radio as a Platform for Cognitive Radio		607	(40)
Introduction		607	(1)
Hardware Architecture		608	(14)
Software Architecture		622	(3)
SDR Development and Design		625	(12)
Applications		637	(3)
Development		640	(2)
Cognitive Waveform Development		642	(3)
Summary		645	(1)
References		646	(1)
Cognitive Radio: The Technologies Required		647	(40)
Introduction		647	(1)
Radio Flexibility and Capability		647	(10)
Aware, Adaptive, and CRs		657	(2)
Comparison of Radio Capabilities and Properties		659	(2)
Available Technologies for CRs		661	(8)
Funding and Research in CRs		669	(11)
Timeline for CRs		680	(1)
Summary and Conclusions		681	(2)
References		683	(4)
Spectrum Awareness		687	(20)
Introduction		687	(1)
The Interference Avoidance Problem		687	(2)
Cognitive Radio Role		689	(1)
Spectral Footprint Minimization		689	(3)
Creating Spectrum Awareness		692	(5)
Channel Awareness and Multiple Signals in Space		697	(2)
Spectrally Aware Networking		699	(1)
Overlay and Underlay Techniques		700	(2)
Adaptive Spectrum Implications for Cognitive Radio Hardware		702	(1)
Summary: The Cognitive Radio Toolkit		702	(1)
References		703	(4)
Appendix: Propagation Energy Loss		704	(3)
Direct-Sequence and Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum		707	(26)
Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum		708	(13)
Frequency Hopping		721	(9)
Conclusion		730	(1)
References		731	(2)
RF Power Amplifiers		733	(18)
Power Amplifier Class of Operation		733	(17)
Conclusion		750	(1)
References		750	(1)
Phase-Locked Loop techniques in Modern Communications Systems		751	(52)
Phase-Locked Loop Techniques for Frequency Synthesizers		751	(10)
Sub-blocks in PLL		761	(6)
The Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)		767	(29)
Application: A Fully Integrated Dual-Mode Frequency Synthesizer for GSM and WCDMA Standards		796	(2)
References		798	(5)
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)		803	(16)
Fundamentals of OFDM		805	(2)
Effect of OFDM on Wireless Environment		807	(1)
Coding for OFDM Systems		807	(1)
Interleaving		808	(1)
The Peak-to-Mean Envelope Power Ratio Problem		809	(2)
Channel Estimation		811	(2)
Synchronization		813	(1)
Conclusion		814	(1)
References		815	(4)
Index		819

Daniel Dobkin has been involved in the development, manufacturing, and marketing of communications devices, components, and systems for over 28 years. He holds a BS from the California Institute of Technology, and MS and PhD degrees from Stanford University, all in Applied Physics. He is the author of three books and 30 technical publications, and holds 7 US patents as inventor or co-inventor. He has given numerous talks and classes on radio-frequency identification in the US and Asia. He specializes in physical-layer issues: radios and signal generation, antennas, and signal propagation. Alan Bensky, MScEE, an electronics engineering consultant with over 25 years of experience in analog and digital design, management, and marketing. Specializing in wireless circuits and systems, Bensky has carried out projects for varied military and consumer applications. He is the author of Short-range Wireless Communication, Second Edition, published by Elsevier, 2004, and has written several articles in international and local publications. He has taught courses and gives lectures on radio engineering topics. Bensky is a senior member of IEEE. David A. Lide currently is a Senior Member of the Technical Staff at Texas Instruments and has worked on various aspects of Voice over IP for the past nine years. Prior to that, he has worked on Cable Modem design and on weather satellite ground systems. He lives with his family in Rockville, Maryland. Farid Dowla received his BS, MS, and PhD in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He joined Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory shortly after receiving his doctorate in 1985. His research interests include adaptive filters, signal processing, wireless communication systems, and RF/mobile communication. He currently directs a research team focused on ultra-widebandRFradar and communication systems. Dowla is also an adjunct associate professor of electrical engineering at the University of California at Davis. He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and Sigma Xi. He holds three patents in signal processing area, has authored a book on neural networks for the U.S. Department of Defense, and has edited a book on geophysical signal processing. He contributes to numerous IEEE and professional journals and is a frequent seminar participant at professional conferences.