Preface |
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xvii | |
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Part I Problem, Approach, Source Critism |
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1 | (52) |
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Introduction: the problem of bronze deposition and the aim of this study |
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3 | (10) |
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3 | (1) |
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The social significance of metalwork among European Bronze Age societies |
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3 | (2) |
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The phenomenon of bronze deposits and its interpretation as `ritual consumption' |
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5 | (1) |
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Problems in the current interpretation of bronze deposits: `selective deposition' |
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5 | (1) |
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The southern Netherlands as a promising region for studying `selective deposition' |
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6 | (1) |
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Research questions and spatial and chronological framework |
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6 | (3) |
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How the problem will be approached |
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9 | (4) |
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How archaeology has made sense of object depositions: the distinction between `ritual' and `profane' deposits |
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13 | (10) |
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13 | (1) |
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Seeing bronze deposits primarily in profane terms: Verwahrfunde and Versteckfunde |
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13 | (2) |
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Accepting bronze finds as permanent deposits and interpreting them as `ritual' |
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15 | (3) |
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The distinction between `ritual' and `profane' depositions |
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15 | (2) |
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Levy's theory: is the Bronze Age ritual-profane distinction supported by ethnographic parallels? |
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17 | (1) |
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Explaining ritual deposition: economic and competitive consumption |
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18 | (1) |
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How `ritual' is reconciled to assumptions on the universality of rationality |
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19 | (1) |
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Problems we face when using the `ritual/profane' distinction for the interpretation of deposits |
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20 | (1) |
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Problems raised by the empirical evidence |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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How can we get round the problems of the `ritual/profane' distinction? |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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Theoretical framework for the study of selective deposition |
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23 | (14) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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Objects as `things' and objects that are `like persons' |
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25 | (1) |
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How meaning comes about: the cultural biography of things |
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26 | (1) |
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Kinds of biographies: valuables associated with communal versus personal identities |
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26 | (1) |
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The start of a biography: production |
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27 | (3) |
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The crucial position of the smith as a creator of potential valuables |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Concept of form and style |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (3) |
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Metalwork circulation as an exchange of gifts and commodities; long-term and short-term exchange |
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31 | (1) |
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Transformation of commodities into gifts or valuables and the archaeological indications that they took place |
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31 | (1) |
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The archaeological correlates for circulation |
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32 | (1) |
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The archaeological correlates for `use' |
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32 | (1) |
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The deposited objects as a skewed representation of the objects in circulation |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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The practice of deposition as constituted by relations between object, people and location |
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33 | (2) |
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Deposition as performance |
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35 | (1) |
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What deposition brings about |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
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Source criticism: limitations and possibilities of the available evidence |
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37 | (16) |
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37 | (1) |
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How to recognize permanent depositions |
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37 | (1) |
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How the data were collected and evaluated |
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38 | (4) |
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Assessing the reliability of data |
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39 | (2) |
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Retrieving information on find context |
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41 | (1) |
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Explaining presence and absence of finds: post-depositional processes |
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42 | (3) |
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43 | (1) |
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Anthropogenetic processes |
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43 | (2) |
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Explaining presence and absence of finds: research factors |
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45 | (1) |
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Conclusion: which set of data is informative on selective deposition? |
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45 | (8) |
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Part II Selective Deposition Throughout the Bronze Age |
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53 | (156) |
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Late Neolithic B and Early Bronze Age |
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55 | (30) |
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56 | (1) |
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Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age societies in the southern Netherlands |
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57 | (3) |
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Discussion of the available evidence |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (8) |
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Local production and the `Dutch Bell Beaker metal' |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (2) |
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The double axe from Escharen |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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Conclusion: selective deposition in the Late Neolithic B? |
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68 | (1) |
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Early Bronze Age metalwork |
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68 | (7) |
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68 | (3) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Metalwork from burials and settlements |
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73 | (1) |
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Conclusion: selective deposition in the Early Bronze Age? |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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How metal replaced stone in daily life |
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75 | (1) |
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The cultural attitude towards metals and stones |
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75 | (1) |
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The life of metals and new elements in the cultural biography of things |
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76 | (1) |
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Patterns in the biographies of metalwork: production and circulation |
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77 | (1) |
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Circulation: the importance of being imported |
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77 | (1) |
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Open systems: the interplay between imported objects and local products |
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78 | (1) |
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Deposition: the incorporation of metalwork in Neolithic offering traditions and their subsequent transformation |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Fluctuations in the rate of deposition |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Deposition: graves and wet places as contrasting depositional contexts |
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79 | (4) |
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The Beaker burial ritual and the significance of objects as valuables of personhood |
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80 | (2) |
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The deposition of axes in wet places |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (30) |
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86 | (1) |
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The transition from Early to Middle Bronze Age: developments in society and landscape |
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86 | (1) |
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Discussion of the available evidence |
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87 | (1) |
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High-flanged and stopridge axes |
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88 | (9) |
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88 | (3) |
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Nick-flanged or geknickte axes |
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91 | (2) |
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Atlantic imports? Arreton axes and axes with high-placed short-flanges |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (3) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (6) |
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Dirks, rapiers and daggers of the Sogel, Wohlde, Weizen and Gamprin types |
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100 | (3) |
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The Overloon weapon hoard: the deposition of personal warrior sets |
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103 | (1) |
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Treboul-St. Brandan swords |
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103 | (1) |
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The ceremonial dirk from Jutphaas |
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104 | (1) |
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Other finds: two daggers of British type |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Developments in the structure of the metalwork repertoire |
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106 | (1) |
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The category of specialized weapons and what it implies: the significance of martiality |
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106 | (1) |
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Transformations in existing material culture categories |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (3) |
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The restructuring of spheres of exchange? |
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107 | (2) |
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The southern Netherlands in the north-west European world |
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109 | (1) |
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Bronze circulation and the problem of the `Hilversum culture' |
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109 | (1) |
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Patterns in metalwork deposition |
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110 | (2) |
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Fluctuations in the rate of deposition |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Weapon deposition as the surrender of the paraphernalia of personhood |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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115 | (36) |
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116 | (1) |
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Landscape and society during the Middle Bronze Age B |
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116 | (1) |
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Discussion of the available evidence |
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116 | (3) |
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Palstaves and mid-winged axes |
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119 | (10) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (4) |
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125 | (2) |
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The Goirle axe: the remarkable life-path of an old, much-travelled axe |
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127 | (2) |
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Conclusion: axe biographies |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (3) |
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132 | (1) |
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Other Griffplatten- and Griffangelschwerter |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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Conclusions: life-cycles of swords |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (3) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (4) |
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The bronze mould from Buggenum |
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138 | (1) |
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The clay mould from Cuijk |
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138 | (1) |
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The clay mould from Oss-Horzak |
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138 | (3) |
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141 | (1) |
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Metalwork and contemporary material culture |
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141 | (1) |
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Regional bronze production |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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General developments: reorientation of exchange networks |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (4) |
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Deposition in and around houses |
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144 | (3) |
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Axe and weapon deposits: depositional zones as places of historical significance |
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147 | (1) |
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Deposition of objects in burials |
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147 | (1) |
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Deposition of objects in burial monuments |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (3) |
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151 | (46) |
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152 | (1) |
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Society and landscape during the Late Bronze Age |
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152 | (2) |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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Discussion of the available evidence |
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154 | (3) |
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Socketed and end-winged axes |
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157 | (9) |
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157 | (4) |
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161 | (3) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Weapons: spears, swords, chapes and daggers |
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166 | (6) |
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Early Griffzungenschwerter |
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166 | (1) |
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The Vielwulstschwert from Buggenum |
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166 | (3) |
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The weapon hoard from Pulle |
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169 | (1) |
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Griffzungen- and Vollgriffschwerter from the Ha B2/3 phase |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Conclusion: sword biographies |
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172 | (1) |
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Ornaments and dress fittings |
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172 | (10) |
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Deposition in major rivers |
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175 | (1) |
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Deposition of ceremonial ornaments: the giant Bombenkopfnadel of type Ockstadt |
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175 | (3) |
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Ornaments in multiple-object hoards |
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178 | (4) |
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Conclusion: selective deposition of ornaments |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (2) |
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The place of metalwork among contemporary material culture |
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184 | (2) |
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Regional bronze production |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (6) |
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187 | (1) |
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Weapon and ornament deposition: evidence for a structured sacrificial landscape? |
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188 | (3) |
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New places for deposition? |
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191 | (1) |
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Change and tradition in the practice of deposition |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (4) |
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Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age: metalwork from burials |
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197 | (12) |
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197 | (1) |
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Discussion of the available evidence |
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197 | (1) |
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The urnfield burial ritual and the provision of artefacts |
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197 | (1) |
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Ornaments and toilet articles in urnfield graves |
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198 | (3) |
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201 | (2) |
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Stages in the burial ritual and the inclusion of artefacts |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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Local and supra-local personal identities |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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Part III Understanding Selective Deposition |
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209 | (72) |
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Selective deposition: its characteristics, development and structure |
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211 | (10) |
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211 | (1) |
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Some general characteristics of metalwork deposition |
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211 | (4) |
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The long-term patterns of selective deposition |
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215 | (1) |
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Selective deposition as an indication that different objects had different meanings |
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215 | (2) |
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How objects became meaningful: the significance of their cultural biography |
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217 | (1) |
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Depositions in burials versus depositions in natural places |
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217 | (1) |
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Long-term history of selective deposition |
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218 | (1) |
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Development of the argument in the next chapters |
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219 | (2) |
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Weapons, the armed body and martial identities |
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221 | (18) |
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221 | (1) |
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The distinction between multifunctional tools and weapons before the Middle Bronze Age |
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221 | (1) |
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Weapons of the Middle and Late Bronze Age |
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221 | (3) |
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The nature of Bronze Age conflicts and warfare |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (3) |
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Sword fighting and becoming a person |
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227 | (1) |
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The evidence of warriors' graves |
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227 | (2) |
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Warrior identities and `imagined communities' |
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229 | (1) |
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Weapon deposits as graveless grave goods? |
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229 | (2) |
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Warriorhood as an ambiguous, temporary identity |
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231 | (1) |
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The shift from rivers to graves |
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232 | (4) |
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Ha C chieftains' graves as reflecting a different kind of elite? |
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232 | (1) |
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How did a shift to burial deposition become socially acceptable? |
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233 | (3) |
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Conclusion: the continuing ambiguity of warrior statuses |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (3) |
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Ornament deposition: the construction and deconstruction of personhood |
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239 | (8) |
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239 | (1) |
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Ornament deposition in natural places versus deposition in burials |
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239 | (1) |
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Selective deposition of ornaments and dress fittings during the Middle Bronze Age |
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239 | (1) |
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The significance of supra-regional ornament styles: the implications of the Oss mould |
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240 | (1) |
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Selective deposition of ornaments and dress fittings during the Late Bronze Age |
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241 | (3) |
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Ornaments and the construction of local identities in urnfield graves |
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241 | (1) |
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Placing ornaments and pins in rivers and sources |
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241 | (1) |
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Deposition of special ornament types in hoards: the Lutlommel hoard |
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242 | (2) |
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Conclusion: the contrast between local and non-local identities |
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244 | (3) |
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The cultural biographies of axes |
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247 | (12) |
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247 | (1) |
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The significance of imported adzes and axes for non- or semi-agrarian communities |
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247 | (1) |
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The deposition of single, used bronze axes: the generalized biography of an axe |
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248 | (2) |
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There is more to axes than just the tool |
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250 | (2) |
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Late Bronze Age axe hoards |
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252 | (1) |
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Axe hoards as representing deliberate permanent deposits |
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252 | (1) |
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Linking `ritual' deposition to the flow of metal |
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253 | (2) |
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How gift and commodity exchange are linked |
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254 | (1) |
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Object deposition as a way to transform items from commodities into gifts |
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255 | (1) |
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What happened at the transition from the Late Bronze Age to Iron Age? |
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255 | (2) |
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Understanding lavish hoards in relation to a collapsing bronze circulation |
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256 | (1) |
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Changes within the depositional practices themselves |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (2) |
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The landscape of deposition |
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259 | (14) |
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259 | (1) |
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Deposition in a historical landscape |
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259 | (5) |
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The system of selective deposition as reflecting structured perceptions of the land |
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259 | (1) |
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Multiple-deposition zones and the landscape of memory |
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260 | (3) |
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What does the difference between adjacent multiple deposition zones imply? |
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263 | (1) |
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Deposition and the landscape of daily life |
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264 | (1) |
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Depositional zones as remote and peripheral areas |
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264 | (1) |
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Depositional zones as natural, unaltered places |
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264 | (1) |
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Depositional zones in a social landscape |
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265 | (1) |
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Depositional zones in a cosmological landscape |
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266 | (2) |
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Wet zones as cosmological boundaries |
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266 | (1) |
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Deposition in watery places: gifts to gods? |
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267 | (1) |
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Deposition and cultural attitudes towards the land |
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268 | (2) |
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Exploitative and communalist attitudes |
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268 | (1) |
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Depositions and notions on reciprocal relations with the land |
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269 | (1) |
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Depositions and the logic of taking and giving |
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269 | (1) |
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Depositional practices and the construction of communities |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (2) |
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Final reflections: what is selective deposition and what does it bring about? |
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273 | (8) |
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273 | (1) |
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Circulation of foreign materials and social realities |
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273 | (1) |
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Bronzes and the significance of non-local identities |
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274 | (1) |
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Accepting their logic: a sacrificial economy |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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What does selective deposition bring about? |
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277 | (4) |
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281 | (4) |
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285 | (20) |
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305 | (74) |
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1 List of all hoards from the study region |
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305 | (5) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (1) |
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2.5 Imported palstaves and other axes |
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315 | (2) |
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2.6 Regional palstaves, midribbed |
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317 | (1) |
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2.7 Regional palstaves, plain sinuous-shaped and those with trapeze outline |
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318 | (2) |
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2.8 Unclassified palstaves |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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2.10 Socketed axes of the Niedermaas type |
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322 | (2) |
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2.11 Socketed axes of the Helmeroth type |
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324 | (1) |
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2.12 Socketed axes of the Geistingen type |
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325 | (1) |
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2.13 Socketed axes of the Plainseau type |
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326 | (2) |
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2.14 Socketed axes of type Wesseling |
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328 | (1) |
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2.15 Other socketed axes, Early Iron Age axes, iron axes |
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329 | (3) |
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332 | (1) |
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3 Sickles, knives, chisels, gouges from the Middle and Late Bronze Age |
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333 | (2) |
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4.1 Ornaments mainly from the MBA B |
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335 | (1) |
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4.2 Ornaments from the LBA/EIA from other contexts than graves |
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336 | (2) |
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5.1 Swords and daggers from the MBA A |
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338 | (1) |
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5.2 Swords and daggers from the MBA B |
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339 | (2) |
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5.3 Swords from the Ha A2-(A1) until Ha B1 phases |
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341 | (1) |
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5.4 Swords from the Ha B2/3 phase |
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342 | (1) |
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5.5 Swords from the Early Iron Age (made of bronze and iron) |
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343 | (2) |
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5.6 MBA swords from the Netherlands and Belgium: deposition in graves versus deposition in water places |
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345 | (3) |
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6.1 Spearheads from the MBA A |
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348 | (1) |
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6.2 Spearheads from the MBA B |
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349 | (1) |
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6.3 Spearheads without precise dating (plain pegged spearheads) and arrowheads |
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350 | (6) |
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7.1 Daggers, knives, halberds and ornaments from the LN B/EBA, mainly from burials |
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356 | (2) |
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7.2 Burial gifts from the MBA and deposits in barrows (metalwork and other materials) |
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358 | (3) |
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7.3 Metalwork from urnfield graves in the Dutch part of the research region |
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361 | (9) |
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7.4 Metalwork from urnfield graves in the Belgian part of the research region |
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370 | (3) |
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8 Indications for metalworking (Middle and Late Bronze Age) |
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373 | (1) |
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9 Metalwork finds from settlements |
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374 | (2) |
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10.1 Metal types distinguished by Butler and Van der Waals |
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376 | (1) |
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10.2 Metal analyses of flat and low-flanged axes |
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376 | (1) |
|
10.3 Metal analyses of tanged daggers and awls from burials |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
10.4 Metal analyses of halberds, riveted knives and an awl |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
10.5 Metal analyses of objects from the Wageningen hoard |
|
|
378 | (1) |
samenvatting (Dutch summary) |
|
379 | (10) |
acknowledgements for the figures |
|
389 | (2) |
acknowledgements |
|
391 | |