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Sacrificial Landscapes: Cultural biographies of persons, objects and 'natural' places in the Bronze Age of the southern Netherlands, c. 2300-600 BC [Minkštas viršelis]

  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 393 pages, aukštis x plotis: 265x210 mm, b/w illus, tbs (Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 33/34 , Faculty of Archaeology, University of Leiden 2002)
  • Serija: Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 33/34 (2001/2002)
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Nov-2002
  • Leidėjas: Leiden University,Institute of Prehistory,The Netherlands
  • ISBN-10: 9073368197
  • ISBN-13: 9789073368194
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 393 pages, aukštis x plotis: 265x210 mm, b/w illus, tbs (Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 33/34 , Faculty of Archaeology, University of Leiden 2002)
  • Serija: Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 33/34 (2001/2002)
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Nov-2002
  • Leidėjas: Leiden University,Institute of Prehistory,The Netherlands
  • ISBN-10: 9073368197
  • ISBN-13: 9789073368194
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
One of the most puzzling phenomena of the European Bronze Age, is that many communities buried or otherwise hid large numbers of valuable bronze objects, but never returned to retrieve them. This book focuses on the metal finds of one small European region, the southern Netherlands and the adjacent part of North Belgium.

One of the most puzzling phenomena of the European Bronze Age, is that many communities buried or otherwise hid large numbers of valuable bronze objects, but never returned to retrieve them. This book focuses on the metal finds of one small European region, the southern Netherlands and the adjacent part of North Belgium. Fontijn considers the question of why so many elaborate bronze objects have been found in watery locations in this landscape, such as rivers, streams, and marshes, while so few have been found in the controlled excavations of local settlements and cemeteries. He looks at the evidence for the selective deposition of metal objects, and discusses the "cultural biographies" of weapons, ornaments or dress fittings, and axes respectively. He considers how different depositional contexts might be related to the construction of various forms of social identity, such as male or female, or of belonging to local or non-local communities. He also looks at the way the land itself may have been defined and structured by the act of object deposition.
Preface xvii
Part I Problem, Approach, Source Critism
1(52)
Introduction: the problem of bronze deposition and the aim of this study
3(10)
Introduction
3(1)
The social significance of metalwork among European Bronze Age societies
3(2)
The phenomenon of bronze deposits and its interpretation as `ritual consumption'
5(1)
Problems in the current interpretation of bronze deposits: `selective deposition'
5(1)
The southern Netherlands as a promising region for studying `selective deposition'
6(1)
Research questions and spatial and chronological framework
6(3)
How the problem will be approached
9(4)
How archaeology has made sense of object depositions: the distinction between `ritual' and `profane' deposits
13(10)
Introduction
13(1)
Seeing bronze deposits primarily in profane terms: Verwahrfunde and Versteckfunde
13(2)
Accepting bronze finds as permanent deposits and interpreting them as `ritual'
15(3)
The distinction between `ritual' and `profane' depositions
15(2)
Levy's theory: is the Bronze Age ritual-profane distinction supported by ethnographic parallels?
17(1)
Explaining ritual deposition: economic and competitive consumption
18(1)
How `ritual' is reconciled to assumptions on the universality of rationality
19(1)
Problems we face when using the `ritual/profane' distinction for the interpretation of deposits
20(1)
Problems raised by the empirical evidence
20(1)
Epistemological problems
20(1)
How can we get round the problems of the `ritual/profane' distinction?
21(1)
Final remarks
21(2)
Theoretical framework for the study of selective deposition
23(14)
Introduction
23(1)
The concept of `meaning'
23(2)
Objects as `things' and objects that are `like persons'
25(1)
How meaning comes about: the cultural biography of things
26(1)
Kinds of biographies: valuables associated with communal versus personal identities
26(1)
The start of a biography: production
27(3)
The crucial position of the smith as a creator of potential valuables
27(1)
Material and techniques
28(1)
Concept of form and style
28(2)
Functional possibilities
30(1)
The life of an object
30(3)
Metalwork circulation as an exchange of gifts and commodities; long-term and short-term exchange
31(1)
Transformation of commodities into gifts or valuables and the archaeological indications that they took place
31(1)
The archaeological correlates for circulation
32(1)
The archaeological correlates for `use'
32(1)
The deposited objects as a skewed representation of the objects in circulation
33(1)
Deposition
33(2)
The practice of deposition as constituted by relations between object, people and location
33(2)
Deposition as performance
35(1)
What deposition brings about
35(1)
Concluding remarks
35(2)
Source criticism: limitations and possibilities of the available evidence
37(16)
Introduction
37(1)
How to recognize permanent depositions
37(1)
How the data were collected and evaluated
38(4)
Assessing the reliability of data
39(2)
Retrieving information on find context
41(1)
Explaining presence and absence of finds: post-depositional processes
42(3)
Natural processes
43(1)
Anthropogenetic processes
43(2)
Explaining presence and absence of finds: research factors
45(1)
Conclusion: which set of data is informative on selective deposition?
45(8)
Part II Selective Deposition Throughout the Bronze Age
53(156)
Late Neolithic B and Early Bronze Age
55(30)
Introduction
56(1)
Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age societies in the southern Netherlands
57(3)
Discussion of the available evidence
60(1)
Late Neolithic metalwork
60(8)
Local production and the `Dutch Bell Beaker metal'
61(2)
Flat axes
63(2)
The double axe from Escharen
65(1)
Gold ornaments
66(1)
Daggers
67(1)
Conclusion: selective deposition in the Late Neolithic B?
68(1)
Early Bronze Age metalwork
68(7)
Low-flanged axes
68(3)
Halberds
71(1)
The Wageningen hoard
72(1)
Metalwork from burials and settlements
73(1)
Conclusion: selective deposition in the Early Bronze Age?
74(1)
From stone to bronze
75(2)
How metal replaced stone in daily life
75(1)
The cultural attitude towards metals and stones
75(1)
The life of metals and new elements in the cultural biography of things
76(1)
Patterns in the biographies of metalwork: production and circulation
77(1)
Circulation: the importance of being imported
77(1)
Open systems: the interplay between imported objects and local products
78(1)
Deposition: the incorporation of metalwork in Neolithic offering traditions and their subsequent transformation
78(1)
Continuity and change
78(1)
Fluctuations in the rate of deposition
79(1)
Conclusion
79(1)
Deposition: graves and wet places as contrasting depositional contexts
79(4)
The Beaker burial ritual and the significance of objects as valuables of personhood
80(2)
The deposition of axes in wet places
82(1)
Conclusions
83(2)
Middle Bronze Age A
85(30)
Introduction
86(1)
The transition from Early to Middle Bronze Age: developments in society and landscape
86(1)
Discussion of the available evidence
87(1)
High-flanged and stopridge axes
88(9)
Oldendorf axes
88(3)
Nick-flanged or geknickte axes
91(2)
Atlantic imports? Arreton axes and axes with high-placed short-flanges
93(1)
Two `unique' axes
93(3)
Stopridge axes
96(1)
Conclusion
97(1)
Spears
97(3)
`Swords' and daggers
100(6)
Dirks, rapiers and daggers of the Sogel, Wohlde, Weizen and Gamprin types
100(3)
The Overloon weapon hoard: the deposition of personal warrior sets
103(1)
Treboul-St. Brandan swords
103(1)
The ceremonial dirk from Jutphaas
104(1)
Other finds: two daggers of British type
105(1)
Sword biographies
105(1)
Developments in the structure of the metalwork repertoire
106(1)
The category of specialized weapons and what it implies: the significance of martiality
106(1)
Transformations in existing material culture categories
107(1)
Metalwork circulation
107(3)
The restructuring of spheres of exchange?
107(2)
The southern Netherlands in the north-west European world
109(1)
Bronze circulation and the problem of the `Hilversum culture'
109(1)
Patterns in metalwork deposition
110(2)
Fluctuations in the rate of deposition
110(1)
Axe deposition
110(1)
Weapon deposition as the surrender of the paraphernalia of personhood
111(1)
Conclusion
112(1)
Conclusions
112(3)
Middle Bronze Age B
115(36)
Introduction
116(1)
Landscape and society during the Middle Bronze Age B
116(1)
Discussion of the available evidence
116(3)
Palstaves and mid-winged axes
119(10)
Imported palstaves
119(2)
Regional palstaves
121(4)
Mid-winged axes
125(2)
The Goirle axe: the remarkable life-path of an old, much-travelled axe
127(2)
Conclusion: axe biographies
129(1)
Spearheads
129(2)
Swords and daggers
131(3)
Rosnoen swords
132(1)
Other Griffplatten- and Griffangelschwerter
133(1)
Reworked sword blades
133(1)
Conclusions: life-cycles of swords
133(1)
Ornaments
134(3)
Sickles and other tools
137(1)
Moulds
137(4)
The bronze mould from Buggenum
138(1)
The clay mould from Cuijk
138(1)
The clay mould from Oss-Horzak
138(3)
Conclusions
141(1)
Metalwork and contemporary material culture
141(1)
Regional bronze production
142(1)
Metalwork circulation
143(1)
General developments: reorientation of exchange networks
143(1)
Patterns of procurement
143(1)
Deposition
144(4)
Deposition in and around houses
144(3)
Axe and weapon deposits: depositional zones as places of historical significance
147(1)
Deposition of objects in burials
147(1)
Deposition of objects in burial monuments
148(1)
Conclusions
148(3)
Late Bronze Age
151(46)
Introduction
152(1)
Society and landscape during the Late Bronze Age
152(2)
North-western Europe
152(2)
Southern Netherlands
154(1)
Discussion of the available evidence
154(3)
Socketed and end-winged axes
157(9)
Regional socketed axes
157(4)
Imported socketed axes
161(3)
End-winged axes
164(1)
Iron axes
164(1)
Conclusions
165(1)
Weapons: spears, swords, chapes and daggers
166(6)
Early Griffzungenschwerter
166(1)
The Vielwulstschwert from Buggenum
166(3)
The weapon hoard from Pulle
169(1)
Griffzungen- and Vollgriffschwerter from the Ha B2/3 phase
170(1)
Gundlingen swords
171(1)
Mindelheim swords
172(1)
Conclusion: sword biographies
172(1)
Ornaments and dress fittings
172(10)
Deposition in major rivers
175(1)
Deposition of ceremonial ornaments: the giant Bombenkopfnadel of type Ockstadt
175(3)
Ornaments in multiple-object hoards
178(4)
Conclusion: selective deposition of ornaments
182(1)
Other tools
182(2)
The place of metalwork among contemporary material culture
184(2)
Regional bronze production
186(1)
Metalwork circulation
186(1)
Deposition
187(6)
Axe and tool deposition
187(1)
Weapon and ornament deposition: evidence for a structured sacrificial landscape?
188(3)
New places for deposition?
191(1)
Change and tradition in the practice of deposition
192(1)
Conclusions
193(4)
Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age: metalwork from burials
197(12)
Introduction
197(1)
Discussion of the available evidence
197(1)
The urnfield burial ritual and the provision of artefacts
197(1)
Ornaments and toilet articles in urnfield graves
198(3)
Deposition of weaponry
201(2)
Stages in the burial ritual and the inclusion of artefacts
203(1)
The decorated dead
204(2)
Local and supra-local personal identities
206(1)
Conclusions
207(2)
Part III Understanding Selective Deposition
209(72)
Selective deposition: its characteristics, development and structure
211(10)
Introduction
211(1)
Some general characteristics of metalwork deposition
211(4)
The long-term patterns of selective deposition
215(1)
Selective deposition as an indication that different objects had different meanings
215(2)
How objects became meaningful: the significance of their cultural biography
217(1)
Depositions in burials versus depositions in natural places
217(1)
Long-term history of selective deposition
218(1)
Development of the argument in the next chapters
219(2)
Weapons, the armed body and martial identities
221(18)
Introduction
221(1)
The distinction between multifunctional tools and weapons before the Middle Bronze Age
221(1)
Weapons of the Middle and Late Bronze Age
221(3)
The nature of Bronze Age conflicts and warfare
224(2)
Warfare as ideology
226(1)
Warrior identities
226(3)
Sword fighting and becoming a person
227(1)
The evidence of warriors' graves
227(2)
Warrior identities and `imagined communities'
229(1)
Weapon deposits as graveless grave goods?
229(2)
Warriorhood as an ambiguous, temporary identity
231(1)
The shift from rivers to graves
232(4)
Ha C chieftains' graves as reflecting a different kind of elite?
232(1)
How did a shift to burial deposition become socially acceptable?
233(3)
Conclusion: the continuing ambiguity of warrior statuses
236(1)
Conclusions
236(3)
Ornament deposition: the construction and deconstruction of personhood
239(8)
Introduction
239(1)
Ornament deposition in natural places versus deposition in burials
239(1)
Selective deposition of ornaments and dress fittings during the Middle Bronze Age
239(1)
The significance of supra-regional ornament styles: the implications of the Oss mould
240(1)
Selective deposition of ornaments and dress fittings during the Late Bronze Age
241(3)
Ornaments and the construction of local identities in urnfield graves
241(1)
Placing ornaments and pins in rivers and sources
241(1)
Deposition of special ornament types in hoards: the Lutlommel hoard
242(2)
Conclusion: the contrast between local and non-local identities
244(3)
The cultural biographies of axes
247(12)
Introduction
247(1)
The significance of imported adzes and axes for non- or semi-agrarian communities
247(1)
The deposition of single, used bronze axes: the generalized biography of an axe
248(2)
There is more to axes than just the tool
250(2)
Late Bronze Age axe hoards
252(1)
Axe hoards as representing deliberate permanent deposits
252(1)
Linking `ritual' deposition to the flow of metal
253(2)
How gift and commodity exchange are linked
254(1)
Object deposition as a way to transform items from commodities into gifts
255(1)
What happened at the transition from the Late Bronze Age to Iron Age?
255(2)
Understanding lavish hoards in relation to a collapsing bronze circulation
256(1)
Changes within the depositional practices themselves
256(1)
Conclusions
257(2)
The landscape of deposition
259(14)
Introduction
259(1)
Deposition in a historical landscape
259(5)
The system of selective deposition as reflecting structured perceptions of the land
259(1)
Multiple-deposition zones and the landscape of memory
260(3)
What does the difference between adjacent multiple deposition zones imply?
263(1)
Deposition and the landscape of daily life
264(1)
Depositional zones as remote and peripheral areas
264(1)
Depositional zones as natural, unaltered places
264(1)
Depositional zones in a social landscape
265(1)
Depositional zones in a cosmological landscape
266(2)
Wet zones as cosmological boundaries
266(1)
Deposition in watery places: gifts to gods?
267(1)
Deposition and cultural attitudes towards the land
268(2)
Exploitative and communalist attitudes
268(1)
Depositions and notions on reciprocal relations with the land
269(1)
Depositions and the logic of taking and giving
269(1)
Depositional practices and the construction of communities
270(1)
Conclusions
271(2)
Final reflections: what is selective deposition and what does it bring about?
273(8)
Introduction
273(1)
Circulation of foreign materials and social realities
273(1)
Bronzes and the significance of non-local identities
274(1)
Accepting their logic: a sacrificial economy
274(1)
Deposition as a practice
275(1)
Deposition as ritual
276(1)
What does selective deposition bring about?
277(4)
epilogue
281(4)
references
285(20)
appendices
305(74)
1 List of all hoards from the study region
305(5)
2.1 Flat axes
310(1)
2.2 Low-flanged axes
311(1)
2.3 Oldendorf axes
312(2)
2.4 Other MBA A axes
314(1)
2.5 Imported palstaves and other axes
315(2)
2.6 Regional palstaves, midribbed
317(1)
2.7 Regional palstaves, plain sinuous-shaped and those with trapeze outline
318(2)
2.8 Unclassified palstaves
320(1)
2.9 Mid-winged axes
321(1)
2.10 Socketed axes of the Niedermaas type
322(2)
2.11 Socketed axes of the Helmeroth type
324(1)
2.12 Socketed axes of the Geistingen type
325(1)
2.13 Socketed axes of the Plainseau type
326(2)
2.14 Socketed axes of type Wesseling
328(1)
2.15 Other socketed axes, Early Iron Age axes, iron axes
329(3)
2.16 End-winged axes
332(1)
3 Sickles, knives, chisels, gouges from the Middle and Late Bronze Age
333(2)
4.1 Ornaments mainly from the MBA B
335(1)
4.2 Ornaments from the LBA/EIA from other contexts than graves
336(2)
5.1 Swords and daggers from the MBA A
338(1)
5.2 Swords and daggers from the MBA B
339(2)
5.3 Swords from the Ha A2-(A1) until Ha B1 phases
341(1)
5.4 Swords from the Ha B2/3 phase
342(1)
5.5 Swords from the Early Iron Age (made of bronze and iron)
343(2)
5.6 MBA swords from the Netherlands and Belgium: deposition in graves versus deposition in water places
345(3)
6.1 Spearheads from the MBA A
348(1)
6.2 Spearheads from the MBA B
349(1)
6.3 Spearheads without precise dating (plain pegged spearheads) and arrowheads
350(6)
7.1 Daggers, knives, halberds and ornaments from the LN B/EBA, mainly from burials
356(2)
7.2 Burial gifts from the MBA and deposits in barrows (metalwork and other materials)
358(3)
7.3 Metalwork from urnfield graves in the Dutch part of the research region
361(9)
7.4 Metalwork from urnfield graves in the Belgian part of the research region
370(3)
8 Indications for metalworking (Middle and Late Bronze Age)
373(1)
9 Metalwork finds from settlements
374(2)
10.1 Metal types distinguished by Butler and Van der Waals
376(1)
10.2 Metal analyses of flat and low-flanged axes
376(1)
10.3 Metal analyses of tanged daggers and awls from burials
377(1)
10.4 Metal analyses of halberds, riveted knives and an awl
377(1)
10.5 Metal analyses of objects from the Wageningen hoard
378(1)
samenvatting (Dutch summary) 379(10)
acknowledgements for the figures 389(2)
acknowledgements 391