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El. knyga: Satan, the Heavenly Adversary of Man: A Narrative Analysis of the Function of Satan in the Book of Revelation

(Ansgar University College and Theological Seminary, Norway)
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Cato Gulaker employs narrative criticism to explore where the depiction of Satan found in the Book of Revelation is positioned on the axis of two divergent roles. The literary character of Satan is commonly perceived to gradually evolve from the first divine agents in the Hebrew Bible, representing the darker sides of the divine governing of affairs (Job 1–2; Zech 3; 1 Chr 21:1; Num 22:22, 32), to the full-blown enemy of God of the post-biblical era. However, Gulaker posits that texts referring to Satan in between these two poles are not uniform and diverge considerably.

This book argues for a new way of perceiving Satan in Revelation that provides a more probable reading, as it creates less narrative dissonance than the alternative of the ancient combat myth/cosmic conflict between Satan and God. From this reading emerges a subdued Satan more akin to its Hebrew Bible hypotexts and Second Temple Judaism parallels – one that fits seamlessly with the theology, cosmology and the overarching plot of the narrative itself. Gulaker explores the functions of Satan in a text written relatively late compared to the rest of the New Testament, but with strong affinities to the Hebrew Bible, concluding that Satan is characterized more as the leash, rod, and sifting device in the hand of God, than as his enemy.

Daugiau informacijos

This book provides a new perspective on the character of Satan, and his function as a literary device in the Book of Revelation.
List of Figures
ix
List of Tables
x
List of Abbreviations
xi
1 Introduction
1(30)
1.1 Ambiguous Satans and the Issue of Tension
2(18)
1.1.1 A Monistic Approach to the Character of Satan
4(7)
1.1.2 A Dualistic Approach to the Character of Satan
11(5)
1.1.3 Tensions in Revelation
16(1)
1.1.4 Excursus: Dualism and Monism in Revelation
17(3)
1.2 Contemporary Research
20(9)
1.2.1 Publications on Satan
21(3)
1.2.2 Narrative and Literary Studies on Revelation
24(5)
1.2.3 Concluding Remarks
29(1)
1.3 The Scope of This Book
29(2)
2 Theoretical and Methodological Considerations
31(24)
2.1 Introduction
31(1)
2.2 On the Nature of Narrative Criticism
32(12)
2.2.1 Plot
34(1)
2.2.2 Characterization
35(6)
2.2.3 Point of View
41(3)
2.3 Denning the Overarching Plot of Revelation
44(3)
2.4 Text Selection
47(2)
2.5 Excursus: The Use of Extratextual References in Narrative Criticism
49(6)
3 Satan in the Messages to the Seven Congregations
55(42)
3.1 Introduction
55(1)
3.2 The Literary Frame of the Messages
56(4)
3.3 The Literary Form and Function of the Messages
60(4)
3.4 Analysis
64(30)
3.4.1 Smyrna
64(1)
3.4.1.1 Plot
64(2)
3.4.1.2 Characterization
66(5)
3.4.1.3 Point of View
71(1)
3.4.2 Pergamum
72(1)
3.4.2.1 Plot
72(1)
3.4.2.2 Characterization
73(4)
3.4.2.3 Point of View
77(1)
3.4.3 Thyatira
78(1)
3.4.3.1 Plot
78(1)
3.4.3.2 Characterization
79(2)
3.4.3.3 Point of View
81(2)
3.4.4 Philadelphia
83(1)
3.4.4.1 Plot
83(1)
3.4.4.2 Characterization
84(1)
3.4.4.3 Point of View
85(2)
3.4.5 Ephesus
87(1)
3.4.5.1 Plot
87(1)
3.4.5.2 Characterization
87(1)
3.4.5.3 Point of View
88(1)
3.4.6 Sardis
89(1)
3.4.6.1 Plot
89(1)
3.4.6.2 Characterization
89(2)
3.4.6.3 Point of View
91(1)
3.4.7 Laodicea
91(1)
3.4.7.1 Plot
91(1)
3.4.7.2 Characterization
92(1)
3.4.7.3 Point of View
93(1)
3.5 Concluding Remarks
94(3)
4 Satan in the Story of the Woman, the Dragon, and the Beasts
97(72)
4.1 Introduction
97(1)
4.2 The Literary Context of Revelation 12-13
98(19)
4.2.1 The Throne Vision
98(1)
4.2.1.1 The Ethos of John
99(1)
4.2.1.2 God upon the Throne and His Assembly
100(4)
4.2.1.3 The Lamb
104(2)
4.2.2 The Septets of Revelation 6-16
106(1)
4.2.2.1 The Literary Structure of Revelation 6-16 and Its Relation to Revelation 4--5
107(4)
4.2.2.2 Intermediary Agents in the Three Septets of Revelation 6--16
111(6)
4.2.3 Preliminary Conclusion on the Literary Context of Revelation 12-13
117(1)
4.3 The Literary Form and Function of Revelation 12--13
117(2)
4.4 Analysis
119(47)
4.4.1 Plot
119(3)
4.4.2 Characterization
122(1)
4.4.2.1 The Satan of Plot A---The Story of the Woman and the Dragon (12:1--6, 13--17)
123(15)
4.4.2.1.1 Excursus on the Combat Myth and Revelation 12
138(5)
4.4.2.2 The Satan of Plot B---The War in Heaven
143(7)
4.4.2.3 The Satan of Plot C---The Beasts of the Sea and the Earth
150(1)
4.4.2.3.1 The Beast from the Sea
150(7)
4.4.2.3.2 The Beast from the Earth
157(5)
4.4.3 Point of View
162(1)
4.4.3.1 God's Point of View
162(1)
4.4.3.2 Sympathy, Antipathy, and the Evaluative Point of View
163(1)
4.4.3.3 The Horizontal/Vertical Point of View
164(2)
4.5 Concluding Remarks
166(3)
5 The End of Satan
169(60)
5.1 Introduction
169(1)
5.2 The Literary Context of Revelation 20
170(22)
5.2.1 The Whore and the Bride
172(2)
5.2.2 Vindication/Retribution
174(4)
5.2.3 Babylon the Great
178(8)
5.2.4 The Two Suppers
186(4)
5.2.5 Preliminary Conclusion on the Literary Context of Revelation 20
190(2)
5.3 The Literary Form and Function of Revelation 20
192(2)
5.4 Analysis
194(31)
5.4.1 Plot
194(1)
5.4.2 Characterization
195(1)
5.4.2.1 Introduction
195(3)
5.4.2.2 The Temporary Binding of Satan
198(12)
5.4.2.3 Deceiving the Nations, from Gog and Magog
210(3)
5.4.2.4 The Death of Satan
213(8)
5.4.3 Point of View
221(1)
5.4.3.1 God's Point of View
221(2)
5.4.3.2 Evaluative Point of View
223(2)
5.5 Concluding Remarks
225(4)
6 Conclusion
229(6)
Bibliography 235(12)
Index 247
Cato Gulaker is associate professor at Ansgar University College and Theological Seminary, Norway.