| Foreword |
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iii | |
| Preface |
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iv | |
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Introduction: The Report in Historical Perspective |
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1 | (38) |
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First Grapplings with Southern Poverty: Civil War to the Great Depression |
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2 | (5) |
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The South Meets the Nation: The Depression and the New Deal |
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7 | (4) |
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Southern Liberals, the New Deal, and the Creation of the Report |
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11 | (10) |
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21 | (5) |
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26 | (6) |
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The Report in Modern Perspective |
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32 | (7) |
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The Document: Report on Economic Conditions of the South |
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39 | (42) |
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Related Pictures, Life Stories, Statistics, and Documents |
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81 | (20) |
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82 | (6) |
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Personal: Life Stories from the Depression-Era South |
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88 | (1) |
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``You're Gonna Have Lace Curtains'': A White Tenant Family, North Carolina |
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88 | (10) |
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``Ain't Got No Screens'': A Black Tenant Family, Arkansas |
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98 | (3) |
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``Old Man Dobbin and His Crowd'': White Cotton Mill Workers, North Carolina |
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101 | (28) |
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Quantitative: Statistical Evidence from Odum's Southern Regions |
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118 | (1) |
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Per Capita Personal Income, by Geographic Divisions and States, 1929 |
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119 | (1) |
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Farm Income, Five-and Ten-Year Average |
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120 | (1) |
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Preliminary Estimate of Soil Impoverishment and Destruction by Erosion |
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121 | (1) |
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Proportion of Gainfully Occupied, 1930, among the General Population 10 Years and Over, Females 10 Years and Over, and Children 10-17 Years |
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122 | (2) |
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Percent Illiteracy Ten Years of Age and Over, 1930 |
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124 | (2) |
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Average Gross Income per Farm per Year, 1924-1928 |
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126 | (1) |
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Percent Total Illiteracy 10 Years of Age and Over, 1930 |
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126 | (1) |
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Cotton Economy in the Mississippi Delta |
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127 | (2) |
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Contemporary Documents Relating to the Report |
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128 | (1) |
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Using the Report in the ``Purge'': Speech at Barnesville, Georgia, August 11, 1938 |
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129 | (6) |
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Two Editorials: From the Textile Bulletin and the Louisville Courier-Journal |
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135 | (30) |
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Attack and Response: Hall's Comments and Mellett's Response |
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139 | (10) |
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The Resolutions Committee, Southern Liberals Respond to the Report: The Southern Conference for Human Welfare, Birmingham, Alabama, November 20-23, 1938 |
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149 | (12) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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161 | (4) |
| Index |
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165 | (82) |
| Foreword |
|
v | |
| Preface |
|
vii | |
| Introduction: Shades of Brown: Black Freedom, White Supremacy, and the Law |
|
1 | (2) |
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Historical Backdrop: The Constitution, the Law, and Fighting Jim Crow |
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3 | (4) |
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The Evolution of the NAACP Legal Campaign Against Jim Crow |
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7 | (12) |
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The NAACP's Legal Strategy Challenged |
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14 | (5) |
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The Growing Anti-Racist Offensive: An American Dilemma Confronts World War II |
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19 | (3) |
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Continuity and Change in the Legal Struggle: Equality, Equalization, and Direct Attack |
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22 | (5) |
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Politics, Social Change, and Decision-Making within the Supreme Court: The Crafting of Brown |
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27 | (5) |
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The Brown Decision: Immediate Responses and Immediate Consequences |
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32 | (10) |
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Roberts v. City of Boston (1849) |
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42 | (19) |
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A Petition on Behalf of Black Inclusion in the Boston Common Schools, October 17, 1787 |
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42 | (1) |
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A Black Teacher's Travail, 1850s |
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43 | (2) |
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Fugitive Slave Poster, 1851 |
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45 | (2) |
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Brief for Public School Integration, 1849 |
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47 | (10) |
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Opinion of the Court in Roberts v. City of Boston, 1849 |
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Massachusetts Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw |
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57 | (4) |
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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
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61 | (26) |
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``Civil Rights: The Outrage of the Supreme Court of the United States upon the Black Man,'' 1889 |
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61 | (7) |
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``The Case Stated,'' 1895 |
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68 | (6) |
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``We Wear the Mask,'' 1895 |
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74 | (2) |
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Majority Opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 |
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76 | (5) |
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Dissenting Opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 |
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81 | (6) |
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|
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Sweatt v. Painter (1950) and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950) |
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87 | (34) |
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``Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916-1918,'' 1919 |
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87 | (3) |
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90 | (1) |
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|
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``Does the Negro Need Separate Schools?'' 1935 |
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91 | (11) |
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From An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, 1944 |
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102 | (8) |
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|
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The Petitioner's Brief in Sweatt v. Painter, 1950 |
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110 | (6) |
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Opinion of the Court in Sweatt v. Painter, 1950 |
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116 | (2) |
|
|
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Opinion of the Court in McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 1950 |
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118 | (3) |
|
|
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Brown v. Board of Education (1952-55) |
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121 | (78) |
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Mississippi Voter Registration Form, 1955 |
|
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123 | (3) |
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The Lower Court Round: Preliminary Deliberations |
|
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126 | (11) |
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Decision in Briggs v. Elliott, 1951 |
|
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126 | (5) |
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|
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Dissent in Briggs v. Elliott, 1951 |
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131 | (6) |
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The Supreme Court Rounds: The Making of Brown I and Brown II |
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137 | (62) |
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Round One: Setting the Stage |
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137 | (1) |
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|
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137 | (5) |
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``The Effects of Segregation and the Consequences of Desegregation: A Social Science Statement,'' Appendix to Appellants' Brief |
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142 | (9) |
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|
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151 | (5) |
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Round Two: Reargument on Original Intent and Possible Relief |
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156 | (1) |
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The Supreme Court's Order: The Questions, 1953 |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (4) |
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162 | (3) |
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Federal Friend-of-the-Court Brief, 1953 |
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165 | (3) |
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Opinion of the Court in Brown v. Board of Education, May 17, 1954 |
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168 | (7) |
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|
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Round Three: Reargument on Remedy---Immediate or Gradual? |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (9) |
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184 | (3) |
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Appellants' Reply Brief, 1954 |
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187 | (7) |
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Ruling on Relief, May 31, 1955 |
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194 | (5) |
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|
|
Popular Response to Brown |
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199 | (48) |
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|
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199 | (8) |
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``All God's Chillun,'' Times (New York), May 18, 1954 |
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200 | (2) |
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The Decision of A Century, Daily World (Atlanta), May 18, 1954 |
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202 | (1) |
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Will Stun Communists, Courier (Pittsburgh), May 18, 1954 |
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202 | (1) |
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End of Dual Society, Defender (Chicago), May 18, 1954 |
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203 | (1) |
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Emancipation, Post and Times Herald (Washington, D.C.), May 18, 1954 |
|
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203 | (1) |
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The Supreme Court Has Given Us Time, Constitution (Atlanta), May 18, 1954 |
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204 | (1) |
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Bloodstains on White Marble Steps, Daily News (Jackson, Miss.), May 18, 1954 |
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204 | (1) |
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The Pattern of the Future, Gazette (Arkansas), May 18, 1954 |
|
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205 | (1) |
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Equality Redefined, Herald (Boston), May 18, 1954 |
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205 | (1) |
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The Segregation Decision, Times (Los Angeles), May 19, 1954 |
|
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206 | (1) |
|
``Violates'' Way of Life, Cavalier Daily, University of Virginia, May 18, 1954 |
|
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206 | (1) |
|
Adjustment Held Difficult, Mississippian, University of Mississippi, May 18, 1954 |
|
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207 | (1) |
|
|
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207 | (5) |
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Times (New York), May 31, 1954 |
|
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208 | (1) |
|
Sentinel (Orlando), August 11, 1955 |
|
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209 | (3) |
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|
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212 | (6) |
|
Chronicle (San Francisco), May 18, 1954 |
|
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213 | (1) |
|
Christian Science Monitor (Boston), May 22, 1954 |
|
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214 | (1) |
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Democrat (Arkansas), May 22, 1954 |
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215 | (1) |
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Tennessean (Nashville), May 22, 1954 |
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216 | (1) |
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Afro-American (Richmond), May 22, 1954 |
|
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217 | (1) |
|
Defender (Chicago), June 12, 1954 |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (5) |
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The Southern Manifesto, March 12, 1956 |
|
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220 | (2) |
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White Citizen's Council Notice |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
National Progress Report: Realizing Integrated Schools |
|
|
223 | (7) |
|
Decade of Desegregation, Times (New York), May 17, 1964 |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Two Decades Later, Times (New York), May 17, 1974 |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
The Enduring Promise of Brown, Times (New York), May 17, 1984 |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
Forty Years and Still Struggling, Times (New York), May 18, 1994 |
|
|
228 | (2) |
|
Epilogue: The Legacy of Brown |
|
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230 | (8) |
|
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|
|
Chronology of Events Related to Brown v. Board of Education |
|
|
238 | (3) |
|
|
|
241 | (6) |
| Index |
|
247 | |
| Foreword |
|
iii | |
| Preface |
|
iv | |
|
PART ONE Introduction: The Scopes Trial and the Birth of Modern America |
|
|
1 | (72) |
|
Evolution before the 1920s |
|
|
3 | (5) |
|
The Struggle against ``Modernity'' and Modernism |
|
|
8 | (5) |
|
William Jennings Bryan and the Antievolution Argument |
|
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13 | (7) |
|
The Butler Bill and the Fight for the Public Schools |
|
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20 | (4) |
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|
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24 | (4) |
|
Opening Day: The Attorneys and Their Strategies |
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28 | (5) |
|
Days Two through Four: Religious Freedom vs. Legislative Authority |
|
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33 | (6) |
|
Days Five and Six: Experts and Outsiders |
|
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39 | (7) |
|
And on the Seventh Day, Bryan Took the Stand |
|
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46 | (4) |
|
Aftermath: From Scopes to Creationism |
|
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50 | (6) |
|
South vs. North or Country vs. City? Region and Ruralism in the Antievolution Conflict |
|
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56 | (3) |
|
The Role of the Schools: Academic Freedom vs. Majority Rule |
|
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59 | (7) |
|
|
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66 | (4) |
|
Women and Gender in the Scopes Trial |
|
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70 | (3) |
|
PART TWO The Scopes Trial Day by Day: Transcript and Commentary |
|
|
73 | (98) |
|
First Day's Proceedings: Friday, July 10, 1925 |
|
|
74 | (5) |
|
Partial Text of the Butler Law (Transcript) |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
Clarence Darrow Examines a Potential Juror (Transcript) |
|
|
75 | (2) |
|
Jury Pious, Dayton Hot, July 11, 1925 |
|
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77 | (2) |
|
|
|
Second Day's Proceedings: Monday, July 13, 1925 |
|
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79 | (15) |
|
Court Opened with a Prayer by Reverend Moffett of Rhea County (Transcript) |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
Indictment Read (Transcript) |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
Defense and Prosecution Dispute Butler Law's Constitutionality (Transcript) |
|
|
81 | (6) |
|
Darrow's Major Speech in Defense of Religious Liberty (Transcript) |
|
|
87 | (6) |
|
Darrow's Speech Great but Futile, July 14, 1925 |
|
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93 | (1) |
|
|
|
Third Day's Proceedings: Tuesday, July 14, 1925 |
|
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94 | (5) |
|
Defense Objects to Prayers; Prosecution Defends Practice (Transcript) |
|
|
94 | (4) |
|
Courtroom Prayer Defended, July 21, 1925 |
|
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98 | (1) |
|
|
|
Fourth Day's Proceedings: Wednesday, July 15, 1925 |
|
|
99 | (8) |
|
Darrow Proud of Agnosticism (Transcript) |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
Raulston Rules on Motion to Quash Indictment; Cases Outlined (Transcript) |
|
|
100 | (2) |
|
Defense Pleads Not Guilty; Cases Outlined (Transcript) |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
Examination of Howard Morgan, One of Scopes's Students (Transcript) |
|
|
103 | (2) |
|
Trial Shows Wisdom of Youth, October 1925 |
|
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105 | (2) |
|
|
|
Frith Day's Proceedings: Thursday, July 16, 1925 |
|
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107 | (29) |
|
Defense Pleads for Expert Testimony (Transcript) |
|
|
108 | (4) |
|
``Plain Sense'' of Law Makes Experts Unnecessary, Argues Prosecution (Transcript) |
|
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112 | (4) |
|
William Jennings Bryan's First Speech (Transcript) |
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116 | (10) |
|
Dudley Field Malone Replies to Bryan (Transcript) |
|
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126 | (5) |
|
Attorney General Stewart Answers Malone (Transcript) |
|
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131 | (3) |
|
Fairness Lies on the Defense's Side, July 29, 1925 |
|
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134 | (2) |
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|
|
Sixth Day's Proceedings: Friday, July 17, 1925 |
|
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136 | (3) |
|
Raulston Rejects Expert Testimony; Darrow Offends (Transcript) |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
New Republic, Courts Should Not Rule over Legislature, July 8, 1925 |
|
|
137 | (2) |
|
Seventh Day's Proceedings: Monday, July 20, 1925 |
|
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139 | (23) |
|
Darrow Objects to ``Read Your Bible'' Banner (Transcript) |
|
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139 | (4) |
|
Darrow Questions William Jennings Bryan on the Stand (Transcript) |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
Did the Whale Swallow Jonah? (Transcript) |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
Could Joshua Command the Sun to Stand Still? (Transcript) |
|
|
146 | (3) |
|
Did the Flood Wipe Out Civilization? (Transcript) |
|
|
149 | (4) |
|
Darrow Questions Bryan on Genesis (Transcript) |
|
|
153 | (7) |
|
New York Times, Laughter at Bryan's Expense, July 21, 1925 |
|
|
160 | (2) |
|
Eighth Day's Proceedings: Tuesday, July 21, 1925 |
|
|
162 | (9) |
|
Court Strikes Bryan's Testimony (Transcript) |
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
Jury Reaches a Verdict; Scopes Speaks (Transcript) |
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
Farewell Remarks (Transcript) |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
Battle Now Over; Genesis Triumphant and Ready for New Jousts, July 18, 1925 |
|
|
168 | (3) |
|
|
|
PART THREE The Scopes Trial and the Culture of the 1920s: The Documents |
|
|
171 | (51) |
|
Cartoonists Draw the Scopes Trial |
|
|
171 | (9) |
|
Dorman, No Wonder the Monkeys Are Worried, June 29, 1925 |
|
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172 | (1) |
|
Rogers, Disbelievers in the Evolution Theory, June 20, 1925 |
|
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173 | (1) |
|
Cross, Unduly Excited, June 25, 1925 |
|
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174 | (1) |
|
Cargill, Education in the Higher Branches, 1925 |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
Alley, The Light of Economic Liberty, May 7, 1925 |
|
|
176 | (2) |
|
|
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178 | (1) |
|
|
|
What Manner of Material So Enduring? May 3, 1925 |
|
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179 | (1) |
|
|
|
Race and the Scopes Trial |
|
|
180 | (9) |
|
If Monkeys Could Speak, May 23, 1925 |
|
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180 | (2) |
|
|
|
Dayton Is America, September 1925 |
|
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182 | (2) |
|
|
|
African Methodist Episcopal Church Minister Stands with Bryan, October 1925 |
|
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184 | (1) |
|
|
|
Racial Hierarchy Proves Evolution, July 13, 1925 |
|
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185 | (1) |
|
|
|
Race and Eugenics in A Civic Biology, 1914 |
|
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186 | (3) |
|
|
|
Educational Freedom and the Scopes Trial |
|
|
189 | (10) |
|
Who Shall Control Our Schools? June 1925 |
|
|
189 | (3) |
|
|
|
American Civil Liberties Union, Postwar Threats to Academic Freedom, 1931 |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
American Federation of Teachers, Concern over Intolerance, July 18, 1925 |
|
|
193 | (2) |
|
American Association of University Professors, University Faculty Define Academic Freedom, 1915 |
|
|
195 | (2) |
|
Tennessee Can Dictate Curriculum, Not Answers, August 29, 1925 |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
|
|
The Scopes Trial and the ``New Woman'' |
|
|
199 | (6) |
|
A Catholic Priest Argues Women Are Surrendering Their Moral Duty, October 1927 |
|
|
199 | (2) |
|
|
|
A Flapper Responds to Attacks on Youths, July 1926 |
|
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201 | (1) |
|
|
|
A Tennessee Woman Calls for Battle against Evolutionist Outsiders, June 29, 1925 |
|
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202 | (2) |
|
|
|
A Tennessee Mother Writes to Support the Butler Act, July 3, 1925 |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
|
Religious Alternatives in the 1920s |
|
|
205 | (5) |
|
Performing for the Lord: Sister Aimee Semple McPherson, December 1927 |
|
|
205 | (3) |
|
|
|
Jesus as Business Executive, 1925 |
|
|
208 | (2) |
|
|
|
An Invasion of ``Outsiders''? |
|
|
210 | (12) |
|
Reverend John Roach Straton, A Fundamentalist Defends Tennessee against Outside Invasion, December 26, 1925 |
|
|
210 | (2) |
|
A Modern Native American Scholar Decries the Invasion of European Science, 1995 |
|
|
212 | (3) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
A Chronology of Events Related to the Scopes Trial (1859-1999) |
|
|
215 | (3) |
|
Questions for Consideration |
|
|
218 | (2) |
|
|
|
220 | (2) |
| Index |
|
222 | |
