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El. knyga: Sensory-Directed Flavor Analysis

Edited by (Marsili Consulting Group, Rockford, Illinois, USA)
  • Formatas: 288 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 11-Sep-2006
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781420017045
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: 288 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 11-Sep-2006
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781420017045
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Today, flavor chemists can generate copious amounts of data in a short time with relatively little effort using automated solid phase micro-extraction, Gerstel-Twister® and other extraction techniques in combination with gas chromatographic (GC) analysis. However, more data does not necessarily mean better understanding. In fact, the ability to extract, isolate, and concentrate potential flavor-important chemicals from complex food systems has surpassed the ability to understand how the chemical data relates to flavor.

Sensory-Directed Flavor Analysis helps chemists unlock the flavor secrets that may be hiding in their chromatograms by translating cold hard numbers into a better understanding of the sense of smell and taste. The author integrates the two disciplines of sensory science and analytical chemistry, encouraging sensory scientists to incorporate more analytical data while encouraging analytical chemists to include more sensory techniques. Using more ancillary techniques helps each discipline elucidate how various chemical constituents influence food flavor and appeal. The book discusses important enabling technologies and analytical methods including GC-olfactometry (GC-O), combination GC-O and multi-dimensional GC, the application of odor activity values (OAVs), and recombination studies, as well as solid-phase dynamic extraction and preseparation techniques. A broad array of applications, in addition to dozens of tables, graphs, gas chromatograms, and pictures, are included throughout the book.

Highlighting the advantages and disadvantages and the appropriate circumstances for each method of analysis, Sensory-Directed Flavor Analysis offers flavor scientists an essential reference to deepen their understanding of the function of chemicals on the perception of taste.
Chapter 1 Comparing sensory and analytical chemistry flavor analysis 1(22)
Ray T. Marsili
I. Quantitative descriptive analysis
3(1)
II. Flavor lexicons
3(3)
III. Comparison of sensory analysis and analytical chemistry flavor analysis
6(1)
IV. Which is better?
7(11)
A. Examples in which chemical analysis was better
8(3)
1. Sour cream off-flavor
8(1)
2. Ice cream with burnt-feathers off-flavor
8(2)
3. Meat analog with beany off-flavor
10(1)
B. Limitations of chemical analysis
11(1)
C. Examples of the problem-solving capabilities of sensory analysis
12(6)
1. Optimization of cheddar cheese taste in model cheese systems
12(1)
2. QDA and PCA for sensory characterization of ultrapasteurized milk
13(2)
3. Acceptance of reduced-fat ultrapasteurized milk by consumers 6 to 11 years old
15(2)
4. Cheddar cheese and powdered-milk lexicons
17(1)
V. Linking sensory and chemical analysis to better understand flavor development
18(2)
A. Effect of antioxidant fortification on light-induced flavor of milk
18(1)
B. Characterization of nutty flavor in cheddar cheese
19(1)
References
20(3)
Chapter 2 Relating sensory and instrumental analyses 23(32)
M.A. Drake, R.E. Miracle, A.D. Caudle, and K.R. Cadwallader
I. Introduction
23(2)
II. Establishing precise links: Identification of an off-flavor in butter as an example
25(10)
A. Materials and methods
26(4)
B. Results
30(5)
III. Analysis of multiple samples or multiple volatile components: another approach
35(16)
A. Flavor formation across SMP production
36(9)
1. Materials and methods
36(3)
2. Results
39(6)
B. Flavor changes in SMP with storage
45(14)
1. Materials and methods
46(1)
2. Results
47(4)
IV. Conclusions
51(1)
Acknowledgments
51(1)
References
51(4)
Chapter 3 Application of sensory-directed flavor-analysis techniques 55(26)
Ray T. Marsili
I. Where to start
56(1)
II. Sample preparation
57(2)
III. Identifying character-impact components
59(7)
A. Olfactometry
60(1)
B. Multivariate analysis
61(2)
C. Verify your hypothesis: recombination studies and odor units
63(3)
IV. Application examples
66(11)
A. Fermented pickle flavor
66(4)
B. Malodor in beet sugar
70(4)
C. Application of MVA in resolving a flavor problem with cheese powder
74(3)
V. Learning from failures
77(1)
Referencess
77(4)
Chapter 4 An integrated MDGC-MS-olfactometry approach to aroma and flavor analysis 81(30)
David K. Eaton, Lawrence T. Nielsen, and Donald W. Wright
I. Introduction
82(1)
II. Malodor/malflavor investigations
83(12)
A. Case study #1 precursor oxidation in bottled drinking water
85(3)
B. Case study #2 aroma/flavor defect in plastic-wrapped cracker product
88(3)
C. Case study #3 malflavor in powdered smoked meat flavor concentrate
91(4)
III. GC-O in aroma–flavor quality control
95(9)
A. Case study #4 vanilla-extract flavor quality: A univariate approach
95(2)
1. Designing a QC method
96(1)
2. Univariate vs. multivariate data analysis
97(1)
B. Case study #5 beer flavor quality: A multivariate approach
97(1)
1. Variability of beer flavor
97(1)
2. Beer aroma comparison
97(1)
3. Importance of the flavor panel
98(1)
4. Indirect aroma correlations
99(1)
5. Minimum aroma monitoring set
99(1)
6. Instrumental QC method
100(1)
7. Headspace collection
101(1)
8. Multivariate data analysis
101(2)
9. Sampling at fermentation
103(1)
10. Flavor drift
103(1)
IV. Integrated MDGC-MS-O system design strategy
104(4)
A. Case study #6 wildflower honey: Aroma character-defining compound isolation
105(3)
V. Summary
108(1)
Acknowledgments
108(1)
References
108(3)
Chapter 5 Preseparation techniques in aroma analysis 111(44)
Michael C. Qian, Helen M. Burbank, and Yuanyuan Wang
I. Introduction
111(2)
II. Chemical manipulation
113(10)
A. Classic acid and base separation
113(10)
III. Column-liquid chromatography
123(15)
A. Normal-phase chromatography
124(8)
1. Silica gel column chromatography
124(8)
2. Reversed-phase chromatography
132(1)
B. Ion-exchange chromatography
132(3)
C. Isolation of thiols by ion-exchange chromatography
135(3)
IV. Preparative and multidimensional HPLC and GC
138(9)
A. Preparative HPLC and GC techniques
139(2)
B. Multidimensional gas chromatography
141(15)
1. Conventional two-dimensional GC
142(2)
2. Comprehensive two-dimensional GC
144(3)
V. Summary and outlook
147(1)
References
147(8)
Chapter 6 Solid phase dynamic extraction: a technique for extracting more analytes from samples 155(26)
Ingo Christ, Ulrike B. Kuehn, and Ken Strassburger
I. Introduction to solid phase dynamic extraction
156(11)
A. Principles of SPDE
156(4)
B. Instrumentation
160(1)
C. Technical aspects of SPDE
161(1)
D. Influence of parameters
161(3)
1. Extraction parameters
161(2)
2. Desorption parameters
163(1)
3. Summary of parameters
163(1)
E. Choice of polymer coating for the stationary phase
164(2)
F. SPDE extraction cooler for highly volatile compounds
166(1)
II. Applications
167(13)
A. Residues of packaging material in beverages
167(3)
B. Example: Cola
170(1)
C. Citral with SPDE
171(1)
D. Volatile fractions of food matrices
171(7)
E. Amitraz in honey
178(1)
F. Analysis of highly volatile compounds with SPDE extraction
179(1)
III. Conclusions
180(1)
References
180(1)
Chapter 7 The application of chemometrics for studying flavor and off-flavor problems in foods and beverages 181(24)
Ray T. Marsili
I. Introduction
182(1)
II. Multivariate analysis approaches for flavor studies
183(16)
A. MS E-Nose applications based on mass intensity data
185(7)
1. Classification of coffee samples by geographic origin
185(3)
2. Understanding and predicting the cause of milk off-flavor using MVA techniques
188(4)
B. Application of chemometrics for understanding the role of specific chemicals that define characteristic food and beverage flavors
192(15)
1. Determination of the age of sherry wines by chemometrics
193(3)
2. Determining chemicals responsible for off-flavor in club cheese
196(3)
III. Additional tips for maximizing the usefulness of chemometrics
199(3)
Acknowledgments
202(1)
References
202(3)
Chapter 8 Sensometrics: the application of multivariate analysis to sensory data 205(18)
S. Karow, Y. Fu, and T. Laban
I. Introduction
206(1)
II. The use of multivariate analysis in examining sensory data: application examples
207(14)
A. Cinnamon-flavored cereal
207(3)
1. Materials and methods
207(1)
2. Results
208(1)
3. Conclusions
208(2)
4. Looking to the future
210(1)
B. Cheese sauce
210(4)
1. Materials and methods
210(1)
2. Results
211(2)
3. Conclusions
213(1)
4. Looking to the future
214(1)
C. Chocolate
214(10)
1. Materials and methods
214(1)
2. Results
215(5)
3. Conclusions
220(1)
4. Looking to the future
220(1)
References
221(2)
Chapter 9 Character-impact flavor compounds 223(46)
Robert J. McGorrin
I. Introduction
223(1)
II. Character-impact flavors in foods
224(23)
A. Herb, spice, and seasoning flavors
225(4)
B. Fruit flavors
229(5)
C. Vegetable flavors
234(3)
D. Maillard-type, brown, and cereal flavors
237(4)
E. Nut flavors
241(1)
F. Meat and seafood flavors
242(3)
G. Cheese and dairy flavors
245(2)
III. Characterizing aromas in off-flavors
247(9)
IV. Conclusion
256(1)
References
257(12)
Index 269


Ray Marsili