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El. knyga: Sensory Linguistics: Language, perception and metaphor

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One of the most fundamental capacities of language is the ability to express what speakers see, hear, feel, taste, and smell. Sensory Linguistics is the interdisciplinary study of how language relates to the senses. This book deals with such foundational questions as: Which semiotic strategies do speakers use to express sensory perceptions? Which perceptions are easier to encode and which are “ineffable”? And what are appropriate methods for studying the sensory aspects of linguistics? After a broad overview of the field, a detailed quantitative corpus-based study of English sensory adjectives and their metaphorical uses is presented. This analysis calls age-old ideas into question, such as the idea that the use of perceptual metaphors is governed by a cognitively motivated “hierarchy of the senses”. Besides making theoretical contributions to cognitive linguistics, this research monograph showcases new empirical methods for studying lexical semantics using contemporary statistical methods.
Acknowledgments xiii
Chapter 1 Sensory linguistics: Introduction to the book
1(10)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Contributions of the book
2(3)
1.2.1 Descriptive contributions
2(1)
1.2.2 Theoretical contributions
2(2)
1.2.3 Methodological contributions
4(1)
1.3 Overview of the book
5(6)
Part I Theory
Chapter 2 The five senses folk model
11(6)
2.1 Introduction
11(1)
2.2 Issues with the five senses model
12(1)
2.3 A useful fiction
13(1)
2.4 Clarifications
14(3)
Chapter 3 Sensory semiotics
17(14)
3.1 The sensory semiotic toolkit
17(1)
3.2 Depicting sensory perceptions with icons
18(5)
3.3 Identifying perceptual qualities with indices
23(3)
3.4 Describing perceptual qualities with arbitrary symbols
26(1)
3.5 Technical language
26(2)
3.6 Metaphor
28(1)
3.7 Summary
29(2)
Chapter 4 Ineffability
31(20)
4.1 Introduction
31(1)
4.2 Ineffability and related notions
32(1)
4.3 Ineffability of what?
33(7)
4.3.1 Differential ineffability of the senses
33(1)
4.3.2 Proper and common sensibles
34(2)
4.3.3 Ineffability of subjective experience
36(1)
4.3.4 The ineffability of fine perceptual detail
37(1)
4.3.5 Ineffability of multisensory experience
38(1)
4.3.6 Why ineffabilities are necessary
38(2)
4.4 Explanations of the ineffability of the senses
40(7)
4.4.1 Cognitive-architectural explanations
41(1)
4.4.2 Limits of language explanations
42(1)
4.4.3 Communicative need explanations
43(3)
4.4.4 Evaluating explanations of ineffability
46(1)
4.5 Shifting semiotic strategies
47(1)
4.6 Conclusion
48(3)
Chapter 5 The Embodied Lexicon Hypothesis
51(16)
5.1 Introduction
51(1)
5.2 Embodiment, mental imagery, and perceptual simulation
51(3)
5.3 The evidence for perceptual simulation
54(5)
5.4 The Embodied Lexicon Hypothesis
59(2)
5.5 Relations to other theories
61(2)
5.6 Emotional meaning
63(4)
Chapter 6 Synesthesia and metaphor
67(12)
6.1 Introduction to synesthesia
67(1)
6.2 Characterizing synesthetic metaphors
68(2)
6.3 The importance of terminology
70(1)
6.4 Canonical synesthesia and metaphor
71(5)
6.4.1 The prevalence criterion
72(1)
6.4.2 Different mappings
73(2)
6.4.3 Deliberate versus involuntary mappings
75(1)
6.4.4 No evidence for a connection
75(1)
6.5 Summary of differences
76(3)
Chapter 7 Synesthetic metaphors are not metaphorical
79(20)
7.1 Introduction
79(1)
7.2 Conceptual metaphor theory
79(5)
7.2.1 Primary metaphor
82(1)
7.2.2 Metonymy
83(1)
7.3 What are synesthetic metaphors?
84(3)
7.4 The extent of the literal
87(5)
7.4.1 The role of multisensory perception
87(3)
7.4.2 Categorical intuitions
90(2)
7.5 Evaluation and conceptual conflict
92(4)
7.5.1 Conceptual conflict
92(1)
7.5.2 The role of evaluation
92(2)
7.5.3 The metaphor way of dealing with evaluation
94(2)
7.6 Conclusions
96(3)
Chapter 8 The hierarchy of the senses
99(6)
8.1 Introduction
99(1)
8.2 Different versions of the hierarchy
100(2)
8.3 Conclusions
102(3)
Chapter 9 Explaining the hierarchy of the senses
105(18)
9.1 A multicausal approach
105(1)
9.2 Overview of explanatory accounts
106(6)
9.2.1 Perceptual accounts
106(2)
9.2.2 Lexical composition and ineffability
108(1)
9.2.3 Evaluation
109(1)
9.2.4 Gradability
110(1)
9.2.5 Iconicity
111(1)
9.2.6 Idiosyncratic explanations
111(1)
9.3 Evaluating the different explanatory accounts
112(6)
9.3.1 Evaluating perceptual accounts
112(3)
9.3.2 Evaluating ineffability-based accounts
115(1)
9.3.3 Evaluating evaluation-based accounts
116(1)
9.3.4 Evaluating gradability-based accounts
117(1)
9.3.5 Evaluating iconicity-based accounts
117(1)
9.3.6 Evaluating idiosyncratic explanations
118(1)
9.4 The multivariate road ahead
118(5)
Part II A case study of sensory adjectives
Chapter 10 Methodological foundations
123(18)
10.1 Theory and method
123(1)
10.2 Cognitive linguistic commitments
124(2)
10.3 The Reproducibility Commitment
126(1)
10.4 Reproducibility: Two examples
127(5)
10.4.1 Synesthetic metaphors
127(3)
10.4.2 Semantic prosody
130(2)
10.5 A manifesto for norms
132(3)
10.6 "Fuck nuance"?
135(1)
10.7 Comparison to other approaches in empirical semantics
136(2)
10.8 Limitations
138(2)
10.9 Statistics
140(1)
Chapter 11 Norming the senses
141(12)
11.1 Classifying sensory words
141(6)
11.2 Avoiding circularity
147(1)
11.3 Comparison to other approaches
148(5)
Chapter 12 Dominance relations and specialization of sensory words
153(10)
12.1 Introduction
153(1)
12.2 Dominance relations between the senses
153(4)
12.2.1 Predictions
153(1)
12.2.2 Dominance in perceptual strength ratings
154(1)
12.2.3 Dominance relations in categorical word counts
155(1)
12.2.4 Dominance in distributional characteristics
155(2)
12.3 Modality exclusivity
157(4)
12.3.1 Specialization of sensory vocabulary
157(1)
12.3.2 A baseline for modality exclusivity
158(1)
12.3.3 A better baseline for modality exclusivity
158(2)
12.3.4 Modality exclusivity differences between the senses
160(1)
12.4 Conclusions
161(2)
Chapter 13 Correlations and clusters
163(12)
13.1 Introduction
163(1)
13.2 Correlations between the senses
163(3)
13.3 Clustering the senses
166(7)
13.4 Revisiting the five senses model
173(2)
Chapter 14 Semantic preferences of sensory words
175(12)
14.1 Introduction
175(1)
14.2 Cosine similarities
176(3)
14.3 Correlations within adjective-noun pairs
179(5)
14.3.1 Predictions
179(3)
14.3.2 Correlation analysis
182(2)
14.4 The structure of multisensoriality
184(3)
Chapter 15 Frequency, semantic complexity, and iconicity
187(12)
15.1 Introduction
187(1)
15.2 Word frequency
188(2)
15.3 Dictionary meaning counts
190(3)
15.4 Iconicity
193(2)
15.5 Conclusions
195(4)
Chapter 16 The evaluative dimension
199(14)
16.1 Introduction
199(1)
16.2 Existing linguistic evidence for taste and smell emotionality
200(1)
16.3 Absolute valence of sensory words
201(3)
16.4 The semantic prosody of sensory words
204(2)
16.5 Positive versus negative valence
206(2)
16.6 Cohclusions
208(5)
Chapter 17 Re-evaluating the hierarchy of the senses
213(22)
17.1 Introduction
213(1)
17.2 What counts as evidence for the hierarchy?
214(2)
17.3 Analysis and results
216(7)
17.4 Deconstructing the hierarchy of the senses
223(4)
17.5 Emotional valence and iconicity predict metaphor choice
227(3)
17.6 Conclusions
230(5)
Part III Conclusion
Chapter 18 Conclusion
235(14)
18.1 Core themes
235(8)
18.1.1 The five senses folk model redux
235(2)
18.1.2 The Embodied Lexicon Hypothesis
237(1)
18.1.3 Metaphor
238(2)
18.1.4 Ineffability and the composition of the sensory vocabulary
240(1)
18.1.5 Methods
241(2)
18.2 Applications
243(2)
18.3 Future directions
245(1)
18.4 Conclusions
246(3)
References 249(38)
Subject index 287
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