Preface |
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xiii | |
Table of legislative measures |
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xv | |
Table of cases |
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xxii | |
1 An introduction to English sentencing |
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1 | (53) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 The available sentences |
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3 | (4) |
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1.3 The general statistical background |
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7 | (3) |
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1.4 What is sentencing and where can it be found? |
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10 | (9) |
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1.5 The formal sources of sentencing decisions |
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19 | (23) |
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1.6 Informal influences on sentencing practice |
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42 | (12) |
2 Sentencing and the constitution |
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54 | (21) |
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2.1 The separation of powers in sentencing |
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54 | (4) |
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2.2 The constitutional position of the Sentencing Council |
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58 | (6) |
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2.3 The judiciary, the executive and sentencing policy |
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64 | (3) |
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67 | (1) |
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2.5 The position of the magistracy |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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2.7 European human rights law |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (2) |
3 Sentencing aims, principles and policies |
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75 | (37) |
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3.1 The aims of the criminal justice system |
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75 | (1) |
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3.2 The role of the state |
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76 | (4) |
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3.3 The rationales of sentencing |
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80 | (20) |
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3.4 Some principles and policies |
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100 | (5) |
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3.5 Sentencing rationales in practice: deterrence |
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105 | (4) |
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3.6 The role of public opinion |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (1) |
4 Elements of proportionality |
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112 | (51) |
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4.1 The proportionality principle |
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112 | (2) |
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4.2 Opinions about offence-seriousness |
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114 | (2) |
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4.3 Developing parameters of ordinal proportionality |
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116 | (7) |
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4.4 Offence-seriousness in practice |
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123 | (34) |
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4.5 Individual culpability |
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157 | (2) |
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4.6 Proportionality and offence-seriousness |
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159 | (4) |
5 Aggravation and mitigation |
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163 | (42) |
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5.1 Some preliminary problems of principle |
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163 | (2) |
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5.2 Aggravation as increased seriousness |
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165 | (11) |
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5.3 Mitigation as diminished seriousness |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (20) |
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5.5 Mitigation and aggravation in practice |
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198 | (4) |
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202 | (3) |
6 Persistence, prevention and prediction |
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205 | (45) |
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6.1 Historical introduction |
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205 | (2) |
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6.2 Four approaches to punishing persistence |
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207 | (9) |
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6.3 Previous convictions and the Criminal Justice Act 2003 |
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216 | (10) |
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6.4 The problem of 'professional' criminals |
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226 | (2) |
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6.5 Persistent petty offenders |
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228 | (1) |
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6.6 Civil preventive orders |
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229 | (4) |
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6.7 Minimum sentences and selective incapacitation |
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233 | (4) |
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6.8 'Dangerous offenders' and the 2012 Act |
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237 | (11) |
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248 | (2) |
7 Equality before the law |
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250 | (22) |
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7.1 The principle and its challengers |
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250 | (2) |
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252 | (5) |
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257 | (4) |
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261 | (2) |
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7.5 Financial circumstances |
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263 | (3) |
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266 | (1) |
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7.7 Equality, parsimony and risk |
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266 | (6) |
8 Multiple offenders |
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272 | (22) |
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8.1 Charging the multiple offender |
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273 | (3) |
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8.2 The problems of sentencing multiple offenders |
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276 | (3) |
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8.3 Guidelines on sentencing multiple offenders |
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279 | (8) |
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8.4 Totality: time for a fresh start? |
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287 | (7) |
9 Custodial sentencing |
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294 | (42) |
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9.1 The state of the prisons |
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295 | (4) |
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9.2 The use of imprisonment |
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299 | (4) |
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9.3 Principles for the use of custodial sentences |
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303 | (7) |
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9.4 On the cusp of custody: short custodial sentences and suspended sentences |
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310 | (13) |
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9.5 Medium-to-long custodial sentences: release on licence |
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323 | (2) |
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9.6 Long custodial sentences |
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325 | (3) |
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9.7 Demographic features of the prison population |
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328 | (5) |
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333 | (3) |
10 Non-custodial sentencing |
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336 | (41) |
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336 | (2) |
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10.2 The absolute discharge |
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338 | (1) |
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10.3 Conditional discharges and bind-overs |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (5) |
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345 | (12) |
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10.6 The community sentence |
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357 | (15) |
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10.7 Deferment of sentence |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (4) |
11 Ancillary orders and civil preventive orders |
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377 | (20) |
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11.1 The statutory sentencing framework |
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377 | (1) |
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11.2 Preventive and punitive orders |
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378 | (2) |
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11.3 Punitive privatory orders |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (9) |
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11.6 Revisiting the nature of the orders |
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391 | (4) |
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11.7 Sentencing for breach of a preventive order |
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395 | (2) |
12 Special sentencing powers |
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397 | (26) |
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397 | (13) |
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12.2 Young adult offenders |
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410 | (2) |
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12.3 Mentally disordered offenders |
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412 | (11) |
13 Procedural issues at sentencing |
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423 | (22) |
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13.1 The factual basis for sentencing |
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424 | (6) |
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13.2 Police antecedents statements |
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430 | (1) |
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13.3 The role of the prosecution |
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430 | (2) |
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13.4 Pre-sentence reports |
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432 | (2) |
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13.5 Defence speech in mitigation |
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434 | (1) |
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13.6 The obligation to give reasons for sentence |
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435 | (3) |
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13.7 The role of the victim |
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438 | (7) |
14 Sentencing, guidelines and the punitive state |
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445 | (16) |
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14.1 The responsibility of sentencing |
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445 | (3) |
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14.2 Rule-of-law values, discretion and guidelines |
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448 | (7) |
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14.3 Guidelines and penal moderation |
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455 | (1) |
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14.4 Risk, prevention and public protection |
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456 | (3) |
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14.5 Stepping back from the punitive state |
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459 | (2) |
Appendix A: Selected statutory provisions |
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461 | (4) |
Appendix B: Statistical tables |
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465 | (11) |
Appendix C: Sentencing guidelines |
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476 | (8) |
Bibliography |
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484 | (25) |
Index |
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509 | |