Kramer and Ulmer, both who have worked for the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing and as current professors of sociology and crime, law, and justice at Pennsylvania State U., analyze the development, reform, and application of sentencing guidelines in Pennsylvania, the second state to adopt them. They also discuss the development and application of mandatory minimums as an alternative. They base their argument on a framework that views courts as communities and social worlds and individuals as having subjective interests; this framework is based on interviews with judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and probation officers. They particularly look at sentencing disparity associated with race, gender, and ethnicity; trial penalties; and the effect of county contexts on between-county differences. Some of the chapters are based on previously published studies. Annotation ©2009 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)