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El. knyga: Small Hydropower: Design and Analysis

(Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, India), (Department of Mechanical Engineering, THDC Institute of Hydropower and Eng), , (Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India)
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 19-Feb-2023
  • Leidėjas: Elsevier - Health Sciences Division
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323986328
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Small Hydropower: Design and AnalysisDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 19-Feb-2023
  • Leidėjas: Elsevier - Health Sciences Division
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323986328
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Small Hydropower: Design and Analysis presents a comprehensive guide to the design, operation and maintenance of small hydropower plants. Using detailed diagrams and illustrations, the book examines the classifications, components, equipment, feasibility and analysis of each aspect of SHPs. Following a broad introduction, the book discusses classification approaches based on head, discharge, capacity, etc., analyzes site selection, and gives an overview of key development stages. SHP components for civil engineering works and electro-mechanical equipment have dedicated chapters that are followed by a chapter on how to design new components for the civil, mechanical and electrical aspects of a plant.

Subsequent chapters provide guidance on economic and financial analysis, environmental impact, troubleshooting and diagnosis in operating plants, and refurbishment and upgradation of SHPs, when and why this is needed, and how to approach it. Finally, several case studies provide real-world examples of SHPs in operation, giving readers insight into the practical needs of operating SHPs.

  • Addresses all aspects of small hydropower, including civil works, hydro-mechanical, power generation and distribution, costing and financial analysis, environmental impact, and plant refurbishment and upgrading
  • Provides dedicated chapters on the environmental and ecological impacts of small hydropower plants
  • Assesses common problems in SHPs and provides tools for troubleshooting, diagnosis and solutions, including for site-specific issues
  • Presents detailed real-world case studies showing the application of key aspects of SHP design, operation, maintenance, environmental and ecological assessment, and refurbishment
About the authors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
List of abbreviations
xix
1 Introduction to small hydropower
1(14)
1.1 Introduction
1(11)
1.1.1 Need for small hydropower
7(1)
1.1.2 Potential of small hydropower
8(2)
1.1.3 Small hydropower development and policies
10(1)
1.1.4 Future aspects
11(1)
1.2 Summary
12(1)
1.3 Exercise
12(2)
1.4 For practice
14(1)
Further Reading
14(1)
2 Classification of small hydropower schemes
15(10)
2.1 Introduction
15(1)
2.2 Definition of small hydropower
15(1)
2.3 Classification
16(6)
2.3.1 Based on head
16(1)
2.3.2 Based on capacity
17(1)
2.3.3 Based on connection system
18(1)
2.3.4 Based on hydraulic characteristics
18(3)
2.3.5 Based on turbine characteristics
21(1)
2.3.6 Based on load characteristics
21(1)
2.3.7 Based on use/applications
22(1)
2.4 Summary
22(3)
For Practice
22(1)
References
23(2)
3 Investigation and site selection for small hydropower system
25(20)
3.1 Introduction
25(1)
3.2 Objective of site investigation
25(1)
3.3 Preliminary investigation
26(1)
3.4 Detailed investigations
27(11)
3.4.1 Topographical survey and site selection
28(3)
3.4.2 Hydrological investigation
31(1)
3.4.3 Geological investigation
32(3)
3.4.4 Load demand survey
35(1)
3.4.5 Socioeconomic investigations
36(1)
3.4.6 Meteorological surveys
36(1)
3.4.7 Construction material survey
36(1)
3.4.8 Load survey and power evacuation
37(1)
3.4.9 Environmental investigations
37(1)
3.4.10 Infrastructural facilities
38(1)
3.4.11 Muck disposal
38(1)
3.5 Flow duration
38(1)
3.6 Power equation
39(1)
3.7 Power potential and installed capacity
39(3)
3.7.1 Fixation of installed capacity
39(2)
3.7.2 Selection of unit-size and number of units
41(1)
3.8 Summary
42(3)
Exercise
42(1)
Further Reading
43(2)
4 Components of civil works
45(26)
4.1 Introduction
45(1)
4.2 Civil works components
45(8)
4.2.1 Diversion structure
45(8)
4.3 Intake structure
53(3)
4.3.1 Types of intake structure
55(1)
4.4 Water conductor system
56(1)
4.4.1 Channel with lining
56(1)
4.4.2 Tunnels
57(1)
4.4.3 Pipes
57(1)
4.5 Cross-drainage structures
57(1)
4.5.1 Stream crossing above the man-made power channel
57(1)
4.5.2 Stream crossing below the man-made power channel
58(1)
4.6 Desilting devices
58(2)
4.6.1 Desilting chamber
58(1)
4.6.2 Vortex tube
59(1)
4.7 Forebay
60(2)
4.7.1 Functions of forebay
60(1)
4.7.2 Layout of forebay
61(1)
4.7.3 Design of forebay
61(1)
4.8 Surge tank
62(1)
4.8.1 Data required for design
62(1)
4.8.2 Design condition
62(1)
4.9 Penstock
62(3)
4.9.1 Types of penstock
63(1)
4.9.2 Number of penstock
64(1)
4.9.3 Penstock's economical diameter
64(1)
4.10 Powerhouse building
65(2)
4.10.1 Location
65(1)
4.10.2 Dimensioning
66(1)
4.10.3 Canal fall-based powerhouse
66(1)
4.11 Tailrace channel
67(1)
4.12 Summary
67(4)
Exercise
68(1)
References
69(1)
Further Reading
69(2)
5 Elements of small hydropower: mechanical equipment
71(82)
5.1 Introduction
71(1)
5.2 Trash rack
71(3)
5.3 Gates
74(3)
5.4 Valves
77(2)
5.5 Hydraulic turbines
79(65)
5.5.1 Principle of operation
79(5)
5.5.2 Components of the hydraulic turbines
84(4)
5.5.3 Configuration of small hydraulic turbines
88(9)
5.5.4 Energy conversion in reaction turbines
97(5)
5.5.5 Efficiency of hydraulic turbines
102(8)
5.5.6 Operating characteristics of turbines
110(3)
5.5.7 Energy conversion is action turbines
113(3)
5.5.8 Similitude in hydraulic turbines
116(7)
5.5.9 Selection of the type of the turbine and the main characteristic parameters
123(4)
5.5.10 Runaway speed of rotation
127(1)
5.5.11 Cavitation of turbines
128(6)
5.5.12 Particular types of small hydraulic turbines
134(10)
5.6 Unit's bearings and lubrication system
144(9)
5.6.1 Introduction
144(3)
5.6.2 Bearings arrangement
147(2)
5.6.3 The thrust bearing
149(1)
5.6.4 Bearings of guide vanes
149(1)
Problems
150(1)
References
150(1)
Further Reading
151(2)
6 Elements of small hydropower: electrical equipment and control
153(52)
6.1 Introduction
153(1)
6.2 Electrical generators
153(12)
6.2.1 Principle of operation
153(4)
6.2.2 Efficiency and cooling
157(1)
6.2.3 Excitation
158(3)
6.2.4 General remarks
161(1)
6.2.5 Asynchronous generators
162(3)
6.3 Main transformer
165(2)
6.4 Governors
167(4)
6.4.1 Operating point of turbine-generator unit
167(2)
6.4.2 Types of governors
169(2)
6.5 Control, protection, and switch gear
171(10)
6.5.1 Control
171(5)
6.5.2 Safety
176(1)
6.5.3 Switchgear
177(4)
6.6 Components for the reduction of hydraulic transients intensity
181(24)
6.6.1 Introduction to hydraulic transients
181(3)
6.6.2 Transients into the penstock
184(7)
6.6.3 Transients on the turbine
191(7)
6.6.4 Measures to reduce the intensity of transients is SHP
198(4)
Problems
202(1)
References
203(1)
Further Reading
203(2)
7 Elements of small hydropower plant: the powerhouse
205(24)
7.1 Introduction
205(4)
7.2 Powerhouse of SHP with action turbines (Pelton, Turgo, and Cross-Flow)
209(1)
7.3 Powerhouse of SHP with Francis turbines
209(4)
7.4 Powerhouse of SHP with axial-flow turbines
213(7)
7.5 Auxiliaries
220(4)
7.5.1 Auxiliary AC power supply
220(1)
7.5.2 DC power supply
221(1)
7.5.3 Service water piping
221(2)
7.5.4 Sump pump
223(1)
7.6 Hydraulic forces on the basement of the powerhouse
224(5)
Problems
227(1)
Reference
228(1)
Further Reading
228(1)
8 Stages for development of small hydropower projects
229(16)
8.1 Introduction
229(1)
8.2 Development stages of small hydropower projects
229(1)
8.2.1 Project planning and formulation
229(1)
8.2.2 Project formulation
230(1)
8.3 Project management necessity
230(1)
8.3.1 Stages of small hydropower projects
230(1)
8.3.2 Typical works of small hydropower projects
231(1)
8.4 Project management
231(1)
8.4.1 Key activities
231(1)
8.4.2 Project management unit
232(1)
8.5 Arrangements for the implementation of the project
232(2)
8.5.1 Involved entities
232(1)
8.5.2 Procurement and consulting services
233(1)
8.5.3 Consultant staff
233(1)
8.5.4 Accounting, auditing reporting, and monitoring of the project
233(1)
8.5.5 Undertaking various project management services
234(1)
8.6 Investigations
234(1)
8.7 Small hydropower projects planning
235(2)
8.7.1 Estimation of benefits
235(1)
8.7.2 Selection of type of project
236(1)
8.7.3 Desilting measures
237(1)
8.7.4 Type of structures
237(1)
8.8 Factors considered in planning
237(1)
8.9 Planning methodology
238(1)
8.9.1 Collection of data
238(1)
8.9.2 Map studies
238(1)
8.9.3 Field visit
239(1)
8.9.4 Mapping and site investigations
239(1)
8.9.5 Conceptual design
239(1)
8.10 Project implementation
239(1)
8.11 Construction management for civil facilities
240(1)
8.12 Management and installation of E&M equipment and its auxiliaries
241(1)
8.12.1 Planning of erection
241(1)
8.12.2 Pre-erection activities mainly cover the following
241(1)
8.13 Summary
242(3)
Exercise
242(1)
Further Reading
243(2)
9 Economic and financial aspects of small hydropower
245(14)
9.1 Introduction
245(1)
9.2 Estimation of cost
246(1)
9.2.1 Preliminary estimates
246(1)
9.2.2 Cost estimation using a formula
246(1)
9.2.3 Cost estimates in detail
246(1)
9.3 Financial terminology
246(6)
9.3.1 Capital cost
247(2)
9.3.2 Financing arrangements and funding source
249(1)
9.3.3 Interest during construction
249(1)
9.3.4 Fiscal incentives for small hydropower
250(1)
9.3.5 Debt-to-equity ratio
250(1)
9.3.6 Working capital
250(1)
9.3.7 Discount rate
250(1)
9.3.8 Financial evaluation
250(1)
9.3.9 Cost of installation
251(1)
9.3.10 Unit generation cost
251(1)
9.3.11 Benefit-cost ratio
251(1)
9.3.12 Present value of benefits
252(1)
9.3.13 Net present value (NPV)
252(1)
9.3.14 Internal rate of return
252(1)
9.4 Financial evaluation
252(1)
9.5 Determination of tariff
253(2)
9.5.1 Plant's useful life
253(1)
9.5.2 Period of tariff
253(1)
9.5.3 Design of tariff
253(1)
9.5.4 Structure of tariff
253(2)
9.6 Summary
255(4)
Questions
255(1)
Further Reading
256(3)
10 Environmental impacts of small hydropower system
259(12)
10.1 Introduction
259(1)
10.2 Sustainability of small hydropower projects
260(2)
10.2.1 Project formulation and planning
260(1)
10.2.2 Civil works
260(1)
10.2.3 Installation of equipment and machinery
260(1)
10.2.4 Reservoir (if involved)
260(1)
10.2.5 Land occupancy
261(1)
10.2.6 Power generation and capacity factor
261(1)
10.2.7 Overhauling and maintenance
261(1)
10.2.8 Transmission
261(1)
10.2.9 Human activities
261(1)
10.2.10 Demolition
262(1)
10.2.11 Government policies
262(1)
10.3 Environment impact assessment
262(1)
10.4 Life cycle assessment
263(3)
10.4.1 Goal and scope definition
265(1)
10.4.2 Life cycle inventory analysis
265(1)
10.4.3 Life cycle impact assessment
265(1)
10.4.4 Life cycle interpretation
265(1)
10.5 Small hydropower and circular economy
266(2)
10.6 Environmental mitigation plan
268(1)
10.7 Summary
268(3)
Questions
269(1)
References
269(1)
Further Reading
269(2)
11 Troubleshooting and fault diagnosis in small SHPs
271(12)
11.1 Introduction
271(1)
11.2 Typical incidents in small hydropower plants
272(1)
11.2.1 Incidents in turbines
272(1)
11.2.2 Incidents in generators
273(1)
11.3 Maintenance
273(3)
11.3.1 Preventive maintenance
274(1)
11.3.2 Corrective or reactive maintenance
275(1)
11.4 Diagnosis
276(1)
11.5 Monitoring and measurement technology
277(6)
11.5.1 Vibration analysis
278(3)
11.5.2 Sound measurement
281(1)
11.5.3 Temperature measurement
281(1)
11.5.4 Thermography
282(1)
11.5.5 Analysis of lubricants
282(1)
11.5.6 Pressure measurement
282(1)
11.5.7 Level measurement
282(1)
Reference
282(1)
Further Reading
282(1)
12 Refurbishment and upgradation of small hydropower plants
283(10)
12.1 Introduction
283(1)
12.2 Need of refurbishment and upgradation
284(2)
12.2.1 Useful life
284(1)
12.2.2 Peaking requirement
284(1)
12.2.3 Technology improvement
285(1)
12.2.4 Plant load factor
285(1)
12.2.5 Mitigation of environmental impacts
285(1)
12.2.6 Curtail requirement of establishing new power stations
286(1)
12.2.7 Lesser gestation period
286(1)
12.2.8 Reduced risks
286(1)
12.2.9 Cost-effective solution
286(1)
12.3 Process of refurbishment
286(1)
12.3.1 Refurbishment of civil works
287(1)
123.2 Refurbishment of hydro-mechanical equipment
287(1)
12.3.3 Refurbishment of electrical equipment
287(1)
12.3.4 Auxiliary systems
288(1)
12.4 Case study: Louros SHP station
288(3)
12.5 Summary
291(2)
Questions
291(1)
Further Reading
291(2)
Appendix A: Case study 293(20)
Index 313
Sunil Kumar Singal is presently working as a Professor and Head of Department, Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Prof. Singal obtained his Ph.D. on Optimization of low head small hydro installations from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee. He started his professional career as a Scientist at IIT Roorkee in 1984. He has more than 36 years of experience working on hydro energy and has successfully supervised 8 Ph.D. students and 80 Masters students in the fields of hydro energy and other renewable sources. Prof. Singal has published more than 200 technical manuscripts in the form of books, book chapters, journals, and conference proceedings. His research interests include small hydropower resource assessments and planning, designs of civil works, cost optimization and tariff analysis, integrated renewable energy systems, planning of water resources etc. He is a recipient of the Distinguished Scientist award- VIFRA 2015, Best Citizens of India Award 2016, The Institution of Engineers (India) Excellence Award 2018, and Research Peace Award 2019-20. Varun Goel is working as Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the National Institute of Technology Hamirpur. His area of research includes but is not limited to Heat Transfer, CFD and Renewable Energy. He is the recipient of the prestigious Bhaskara Advanced Solar Energy (BASE) Fellowship (2018) for his work in the area of Solar Energy and worked at the University of South Florida Tampa. Apart from this, he is the recipient of Hari Om Ashram Prerit Research Award on Renewable Energy for his work on Life cycle Assessment of Small Hydropower systems in India”, the Institution of Engineers India Young Engineer Award, and the ISTE-SGSITS National Award for Young Teachers. He has published more than 140 papers in journals/conferences. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India) and member of several national and international professional bodies. Himanshu Nautiyal is an Assistant Professor and Head of Department, Mechanical Engineering Department at THDC Institute of Hydropower Engineering & Technology, India. His research areas include Renewable Energy Technologies, Sustainability and Life Cycle Assessment. He has published various research papers in journals and contributed chapters in books published at the international level. He is actively engaged as a reviewer of various journals and is a lifetime member of several national and international professional bodies. Dimitris Papantonis is an Emeritus Professor at the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece, where he has been a professor since 1981. He is the former Director of the Laboratory of Hydraulic Turbomachines, Head of the School of Mechanical Engineering, and Vice-Rector at NTUA. His research interests include Hydraulic Machines, Hydroelectric Plants, Fluid Mechanics and Numerical Simulation, and Hydraulic transients.
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