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El. knyga: Social Media in China

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Redefining the concept of new media in China, this cutting edge book discusses the impact of social media on Chinese public life. Examining its  characteristics and the different forms of social media, such as internet and mobile phone media, weibo, wechat and micro-blogging, it considers how public opinion evolves through this media and its interaction with traditional media. It also offers a unique analysis of growing new media platforms, the challenges of government management and the impact of micro-blogging on journalism in China. 

Through quantitative research, the book also analyses new media user behavior in China, offering a ‘butterfly effect’ model for public opinion based on new media. It also shows the relevance of the sociological Matthew Effect and addresses issues such as the ‘20 million’ phenomenon and the Internet Water army (Wangluo shuijun), groups of Internet ghost-writers paid to post specific content online. Finally, it scrutinizes the the issue of mass disturbance in new media in China, researching evolutionary mechanisms and academic models of mass disturbance through a series of case studies.

Written by a leader in the field of Chinese new media, this book constitutes a valuable read to scholars of media and communications studies, and all those interested by the development and the increasing impact of new media in China.

Part I: Theoretical Foundations of New Media's Public Opinions 1(84)
1 An Introduction to New Media
3(22)
1.1 What Is the Definition of "New Media"?
3(7)
1.1.1 The Concept of New Media
4(5)
1.1.1.1 Interaction Is the Essential Characteristic of New Media
5(2)
1.1.1.2 Which Media Should Not Fall into the Category of New Media?
7(1)
1.1.1.3 Scientific Definition of New Media: The Carrier that Communicates Information by Means of Computers
8(1)
1.1.2 Relevant Concepts
9(1)
1.2 Strengths of the New Media
10(3)
1.2.1 Quick Communication and Update and Low Cost
11(1)
1.2.2 Massive Information and Rich Content
11(1)
1.2.3 Cost-Free Global Communication
12(1)
1.2.4 Convenient Retrieval
12(1)
1.2.5 Multimedia Communication
12(1)
1.2.6 Interaction
12(1)
1.3 Impact of the New Media on the Media Industry
13(12)
1.3.1 Change the Current Pattern of Communication
13(1)
1.3.1.1 Form a New Communication Environment
13(1)
1.3.1.2 Make the Media Ecology More Complicated
13(1)
1.3.1.3 Make the Communication Subjects More Diversified
14(1)
1.3.1.4 Make Audiences More Differentiated
14(1)
1.3.2 Impact on the Public-Opinion Regulation Mechanism
14(2)
1.3.2.1 Impact on the Traditional Public-Opinion Regulation Mechanism
15(1)
1.3.2.2 Impact the Order of Information Communication
15(1)
1.3.2.3 Impact the Environment for Media Development
16(1)
1.3.3 The Print Media Is Withering Away
16(11)
1.3.3.1 Is the Print Media Portable?
16(1)
1.3.3.2 Is the Print Media More Authoritative and Authentic than the New Media?
17(2)
1.3.3.3 Is the Print Media More Economical?
19(1)
1.3.3.4 Is the Print Media More in Line with People's Reading Habit?
19(1)
1.3.3.5 Does the Print Media Have Less Influence on Readers' Health?
20(1)
1.3.3.6 Is It Easier to Preserve the Print Media?
20(1)
1.3.3.7 A Lesson from Kodak: The Most Dangerous Opponent Is Outside the Industry
21(1)
1.3.3.8 Smart Phones Accelerate the Extinction of the Print Media
21(4)
2 New-Media Public Opinion Becomes Mainstream Social Opinion
25(14)
2.1 Characteristics of New-Media Public Opinion
27(7)
2.1.1 Definition of the Concept of New-Media Public Opinion
27(4)
2.1.1.1 Definitions of Public Opinion
27(2)
2.1.1.2 Network Public Opinion and New-Media Opinion
29(2)
2.1.2 Characteristics of New-Media Public Opinion
31(3)
2.1.2.1 Rich and Diversified
31(1)
2.1.2.2 Open, Free and Interactive
31(1)
2.1.2.3 Fast
31(1)
2.1.2.4 Co-existence of Rational and Irrational Factors
32(1)
2.1.2.5 Hard to Control
33(1)
2.1.2.6 Easily Manipulated
34(1)
2.2 Management of New-Media Public Opinion
34(5)
2.2.1 Functions of New-Media Public Opinion
34(2)
2.2.2 Problems of New-Media Public Opinion
36(1)
2.2.3 Management of New-Media Public Opinion
36(3)
3 Theoretical Models for Studying New-Media Public Opinion
39(46)
3.1 Theoretical Models of New Media Studies
39(8)
3.1.1 Diffusion of Innovations Theory
40(3)
3.1.1.1 Levels of Individual Innovativeness
41(1)
3.1.1.2 Stages of the Process of Diffusion of Innovations
41(1)
3.1.1.3 Innovation Features Affecting the Adoption Rate
41(2)
3.1.2 Technology Acceptance Model
43(1)
3.1.3 Theory of Planned Behavior
44(3)
3.1.3.1 Five Elements of the Theory of Planned Behavior
44(2)
3.1.3.2 Main Views of the Theory of Planned Behavior
46(1)
3.2 Butterfly-Effect Model in Studies of New-Media Public Opinion
47(27)
3.2.1 Butterfly Effect of the Evolution of New-Media Public Opinion
47(3)
3.2.1.1 Definition of the Butterfly Effect of Network Public Opinion
47(2)
3.2.1.2 Elements and Characteristics of the Butterfly Effect of Network Public Opinion
49(1)
3.2.2 Model and Variables of the Evolution of New-Media Public Opinion
50(14)
3.2.2.1 Model Overview
50(3)
3.2.2.2 Network Participation
53(11)
3.2.3 Participation of Traditional Media
64(7)
3.2.3.1 Synergy Motives of Traditional Media
64(2)
3.2.3.2 Synergistic Advantages of Traditional Media
66(2)
3.2.3.3 Factors Influencing the Synergetic Effect of Traditional Media
68(3)
3.2.3.4 Final Way to Make Good Use of Network Public Will: Full Social Mobilization
71(1)
3.2.4 Feedbacks from Stakeholders
71(3)
3.2.4.1 Factors Influencing Stakeholders' Responses
72(2)
3.3 Life-Cycle Model of the Butterfly Effect of New-Media Public Opinion
74(13)
3.3.1 Specialness of the Life Cycle of the Butterfly Effect of Network Public Opinion
74(2)
3.3.2 Incubation Period of the Butterfly Effect of Network Public Opinion-"A Butterfly Flaps Its Wings"
76(1)
3.3.3 Outbreak Period of the Butterfly Effect of Network Public Opinion-Formation of a Public-Opinion Tornado
77(1)
3.3.4 Dissipation Period of the Butterfly Effect of Network Public Opinion
78(1)
3.3.5 Model of Network Topic Emergence, Existence, Public Opinion Integration and Dissipation
79(8)
3.3.5.1 Period of Topic Appearance
80(2)
3.3.5.2 Topic Existence Period
82(1)
3.3.5.3 Public Opinion Integration Period
83(1)
3.3.5.4 Public Opinion Dissipation Period
84(1)
Part II: Study of the Main Body of New-Media Public Opinion-Users 85(14)
4 Study of the Characteristics of New-Media Users
87(12)
4.1 Audience Theories in the New-Media Era
87(5)
4.1.1 Audience, Network Audience and Cybercitizens, Users
87(2)
4.1.2 Interactivity of New Media
89(1)
4.1.3 Information Access Initiative Brought to the Audience by New Media
89(1)
4.1.4 New Media's Breakthrough of Users' (Audience's) Right of Access to the Media
90(2)
4.2 Analysis of Cybercitizens' Fundamental Characteristic-From Being Elite to Being Popular
92(2)
4.3 Analysis of New-Media Users' Psychology and Behavioral Characteristics
94(7)
4.3.1 Types and Mentality of New-Media Users
94(1)
4.3.2 Analysis of the General Psychology of New-Media Users
95(1)
4.3.2.1 The Psychology of Participation
95(1)
4.3.2.2 The Psychology of Personalization
95(1)
4.3.2.3 Anonymity Psychology in a Virtual Environment
96(1)
4.3.3 Analysis of Cybercitizens' Purposes of Surfing the Internet
96(1)
4.3.4 Analysis of Cybercitizens' Motives for Surfing the Internet
96(2)
4.3.4.1 To Pursue Knowledge
97(1)
4.3.4.2 To Be Entertained and Pass Time
97(1)
4.3.4.3 To Pursue Fame
97(1)
4.3.4.4 For Convenience
97(1)
4.3.4.5 To Escape Reality
97(1)
4.3.5 Analysis of Cybercitizens' Behavioral Characteristics-Cybercitizens' Attention Shows the "Matthew Effect"
98(1)
Part III: Study of the Objects of New-Media Public Opinion-Platforms 99(110)
5 Network Forums
101(22)
5.1 Dissemination Characteristics of Network Forums
101(14)
5.1.1 Concept of Network Forums
101(1)
5.1.2 Development of Network Forums
102(1)
5.1.3 Dissemination Characteristics of Network Forums
103(2)
5.1.3.1 Decentralized
103(1)
5.1.3.2 Beyond Time and Space
104(1)
5.1.3.3 Language-Based
104(1)
5.1.3.4 Expansive
104(1)
5.1.3.5 Indirect
105(1)
5.1.4 Characteristics of Public Opinion in Network Forums
105(4)
5.1.4.1 User-Generated Content
105(1)
5.1.4.2 Instant and Interactive Opinion Communication
105(1)
5.1.4.3 Public-Opinion Objects Are Both Fixed and Dispersed
106(1)
5.1.4.4 Emotional Public Opinion Holds a High Proportion of Public Opinion
107(1)
5.1.4.5 The Pluralism Characteristic Is Even More Significant
108(1)
5.1.5 Network Forum Administration
109(6)
5.1.5.1 Developing Network Forum Ethics
111(1)
5.1.5.2 Reasonably Setting Topics in Network Forums
111(1)
5.1.5.3 Giving Play to Opinion Leaders' Active Role
112(2)
5.1.5.4 Application of Mandatory Regulations and Network Technology
114(1)
5.1.5.5 Network Commentators with Chinese Characteristics
115(1)
5.2 Network Water Army
115(8)
5.2.1 Concept of Network Water Army
115(2)
5.2.1.1 Network Shuijun: A New Word and a New Occupation
115(1)
5.2.1.2 Communication Mechanism of Network Water Army
116(1)
5.2.2 Operation of Network Water Army
117(3)
5.2.2.1 Making Topics to Attract Public Attention-The "Jia Junpeng event"
117(1)
5.2.2.2 Promotion of Consumer Products-"The Wanglaoji Event"
118(1)
5.2.2.3 Deleting Posts-"Sanlu Milk Powder Event"
119(1)
5.2.2.4 Repeated Voting Online
120(1)
5.2.3 Control of Network Water Army
120(3)
6 Blogs and Microblogging
123(52)
6.1 Blogs
123(7)
6.1.1 The Concept of Blog
124(1)
6.1.2 Characteristics of a Blog
124(3)
6.1.3 Blog's Influence on News Communication
127(2)
6.1.4 Problems of Blogs
129(1)
6.1.4.1 Blogs Still Need Mainstream Media and the Information Provided by Blogs Needs to be Verified
129(1)
6.1.4.2 The Audience (Users) Is (Are) Limited
130(1)
6.2 Microblogging
130(16)
6.2.1 Development of Microblogging
130(3)
6.2.1.1 Development of Twitter
130(1)
6.2.1.2 Development of Microblogging in China
131(2)
6.2.2 Advantages of Microblogging
133(1)
6.2.2.1 Simple and Easy to Use
133(1)
6.2.2.2 Timely
133(1)
6.2.2.3 Highly Initiative
134(1)
6.2.2.4 Open and Diversified Platforms for Publication
134(1)
6.2.3 Influences of Microblogging on the News Industry
134(4)
6.2.3.1 Microblogging Becomes an Important Source of Information
134(1)
6.2.3.2 To a Certain Degree Microblogging Affects the Development of Major News Events
135(1)
6.2.3.3 Microblogging Is a New Way of Propagating Products by Media Organizations
136(1)
6.2.3.4 Network Word-of-Mouth Marketing of Microblogging and the Media Organizations
136(1)
6.2.3.5 Application of Microblogging in Media Organizations
137(1)
6.2.4 Microblogging and the Public Sphere
138(1)
6.2.5 Microblogging and Information Cocoons
139(1)
6.2.6 Calm Thinking of Microblogging
140(6)
6.2.6.1 Information Release Is Highly Arbitrary, and Information Truthfulness Cannot Be Guaranteed
140(1)
6.2.6.2 Microblogging Is User-Friendly for the Grassroots and Is by Nature an Entertaining Platform
141(1)
6.2.6.3 Microblogging Has Become a Tool for Commercial Speculation
142(1)
6.2.6.4 Microblogging Easily Causes Social Instability
143(1)
6.2.6.5 It Lacks an Effective Profit Model
144(1)
6.2.6.6 Management Plight
145(1)
6.3 Analysis of Microblogging Public Opinion
146(23)
6.3.1 Characteristics of Microblogging Public Opinion
147(15)
6.3.1.1 Microblogging Public Opinion Is Formed Very Quickly
147(1)
6.3.1.2 Autonomy of Agenda Setting of Microblogging Public Opinion
148(2)
6.3.1.3 Microblogging Public Opinion Is Grassroots and Extensive
150(2)
6.3.1.4 Opinion Leaders in Microblogging Public Opinion and the Dandelion Effect
152(4)
6.3.1.5 Co-existence of Rationality and Irrationality in Microblogging Public Opinion
156(1)
6.3.1.6 Public Opinion Dissemination on Microblogging Sites Can Be Self-Purified
157(1)
6.3.1.7 "Tacitus Trap" in Microblogging Public Opinion Events
158(3)
6.3.1.8 Public Opinion Dissemination Through Microblogging Sites Has the "Group Polarization" Effect
161(1)
6.3.2 Microblogging's Public Opinion Generation Mechanism
162(5)
6.3.2.1 First stage, the formation of public opinion
163(1)
6.3.2.2 Second Stage, the Outbreak of Public Opinion
163(1)
6.3.2.3 Third Stage, the Crest of Public Opinion
163(1)
6.3.2.4 Fourth Stage, the Ease of Public Opinion
164(1)
6.3.2.5 Fifth Stage, the Pacification of Public Opinion
164(1)
6.3.2.6 Sixth Stage, the Reappearance of Public Opinion
164(3)
6.3.3 Expansion Mechanism of the Influence of Microblogging Public Opinion
167(2)
6.3.3.1 Combination with Mobile Phone Media
167(1)
6.3.3.2 Multipoint Release and "Synchronization"
167(1)
6.3.3.3 Chain Reaction and Circulating Reposts
168(1)
6.3.3.4 Interaction with Traditional Media
169(1)
6.4 Comparison of Public Opinion in Network Forums and Public Opinion on Microblogging Sites
169(6)
6.4.1 Comparison of the Differences Between Network-Forum Public Opinion and Microblogging Public Opinion
169(2)
6.4.1.1 Network Forums Put Hot Topics High on the Page, While Microblogging Focuses on Reposts
169(1)
6.4.1.2 Network Forums Are Professional, and Microblogging Does Not Have Many Classifications
170(1)
6.4.1.3 Network Forums Are One-Way, but Microblogging Is Interactive
171(1)
6.4.2 Reasons for the Differences Between Network-Forum Public Opinion and Microblogging Public Opinion
171(4)
6.4.2.1 Evolution of Technical Form
171(1)
6.4.2.2 Differences of User Characteristics
172(1)
6.4.2.3 Change of the Management Style
173(1)
6.4.2.4 Forums and Microblogging in the Mobile Internet Era
174(1)
7 Mobile Phone Media and Its Public Opinion Management
175(34)
7.1 Concept and Characteristics of Mobile Phone Media
175(7)
7.1.1 Characteristics of Mobile Phone Media
176(6)
7.1.1.1 Advantages of Mobile Phone Media
176(4)
7.1.1.2 Disadvantages of Mobile Phone Dissemination
180(2)
7.2 Problems Caused by Mobile Phone Media
182(7)
7.2.1 Illegal Short Messages
182(1)
7.2.2 Garbage Information Disseminated Through Mobile Phones
183(1)
7.2.3 Security Problem Brought About by Mobile Phones
184(1)
7.2.4 Problem of Citizen Privacy Protection Brought About by Mobile Phones
185(3)
7.2.4.1 Mobile Phones Have Multiple Functions, and Their Filming and Sound Recording Functions Are Worrisome
186(1)
7.2.4.2 Different Countries Legislate Laws and Regulations to Ban Taking Stealthies with Mobile Phones
186(1)
7.2.4.3 Analysis of the Motives of Taking Stealthies
187(1)
7.2.5 Mobile Phone Viruses
188(1)
7.2.6 Other Problems Brought About by Mobile Phones
188(1)
7.2.6.1 Mobile Phone Ringtones or Mobile Phone Talk May Cause Noise Pollution in Public Places
188(1)
7.2.6.2 Mobile Phone Addiction
189(1)
7.2.6.3 Road Safety
189(1)
7.2.6.4 Environment Protection Problem that Is Brought About by Mobile Phones
189(1)
7.3 WeChat
189(11)
7.3.1 Development of WeChat
189(1)
7.3.2 Dissemination Advantages of WeChat
190(3)
7.3.2.1 Human-Oriented Design, Convenient Operation
190(1)
7.3.2.2 Multimedia Dissemination
190(1)
7.3.2.3 Open System for Free Use
191(1)
7.3.2.4 High User Stickiness
191(1)
7.3.2.5 Two-Way and Interactive Dissemination Entities
191(1)
7.3.2.6 Disseminated Content is Private and Instant
191(1)
7.3.2.7 Dissemination Channels Are the Integration of Multimedia Platforms for Co-sharing
192(1)
7.3.2.8 WeChat Builds an Omnibearing and Three-dimensional Social Network for Its Users
192(1)
7.3.2.9 Diffused and Accurate Dissemination Effect
192(1)
7.3.3 Problems of WeChat
193(1)
7.3.3.1 Information Overload
193(1)
7.3.3.2 Privacy Protection
193(1)
7.3.4 WeChat Diversifies Opinion Leaders
194(1)
7.3.5 WeChat Integrates Interpersonal Dissemination, Group Dissemination and Mass Dissemination
194(1)
7.3.6 Comparison of WeChat and Microblogging
195(5)
7.3.6.1 Mode of Dissemination: WeChat Highlights Interpersonal Dissemination and Group Dissemination; Microblogging Highlights Mass Dissemination
195(1)
7.3.6.2 Users' Network Social Interaction: WeChat Stresses Interpersonal Relationship, Microblogging Does Not
196(1)
7.3.6.3 Dissemination Effect: WeChat Information Is More Reliable than Microblogging Information
197(3)
7.4 Management of Mobile Phone Media
200(11)
7.4.1 Difficulties in the Supervision of Mobile Phone Media
200(1)
7.4.1.1 Massive Population of Mobile Phone Users
200(1)
7.4.1.2 Challenges of Cross-Region Dissemination
201(1)
7.4.1.3 Policies, Laws and Regulations that Lag Behind
201(1)
7.4.2 Problems of Mobile Phone Media in News Dissemination
201(2)
7.4.3 Problems of Mobile Phone Media Management in China
203(1)
7.4.4 Policies and Laws on the Management of Mobile Phone Media in Developed Countries
204(1)
7.4.5 Management Measures of Mobile Phone Media
205(6)
7.4.5.1 Ways of Management of Mobile Phone Media
205(1)
7.4.5.2 Respecting the Special Development Rules of Mobile Phone Media, Innovating on the Principles of Management of Mobile Phone Media
206(3)
Part IV: Hot Topics of Studies of New-Media's Public Opinions 209(46)
8 Studies of New Media's Rumors
211(14)
8.1 The Evolution of the Rumor
211(5)
8.1.1 Studies of the Concept of the Rumor
211(3)
8.1.1.1 From the Perspective of History
212(1)
8.1.1.2 From the Perspective of Social Psychology
213(1)
8.1.1.3 From the Perspective of Social Public Opinions
213(1)
8.1.2 The Evolution of the Communication Form of the Rumor
214(2)
8.1.2.1 The Relation Between the Traditional Rumor and the Network Rumor
215(1)
8.1.2.2 Similarities and Differences Between the Weibo Rumor and the Network Rumor
215(1)
8.1.2.3 The Mobile Weibo Rumor and the Network Weibo Rumor
216(1)
8.2 The Rumor Communication and Dissolution Model in the New Media
216(9)
8.2.1 Gordon Willard Allport Model
217(2)
8.2.2 The Communication, Spreading and Dissolution Model of the Network Rumor
219(3)
8.2.3 Strategies for Dissolution of the Network Rumor Based on the "Communication, Spreading and Dissolution Model of the Network Rumor"
222(4)
8.2.3.1 The Government Should Enhance Its Credibility, Publish Information Based on Facts and Lay the Foundation for Dissolution of the Rumor
222(1)
8.2.3.2 Pay Attention to the Impact of the "Tacitus Trap"
223(1)
8.2.3.3 The New Media is the Important Platform to Successfully Dissolve the Rumor
223(1)
8.2.3.4 The Public Will Be the Final Propellent for Successful Dissolution of the Rumor by Virtue of Their Unremitting Pursuit of the Truth
224(1)
9 New-Media's Public Opinions of the Mass Incident
225(30)
9.1 The Mass Incident: A Concept with Chinese Characteristics
226(7)
9.1.1 The Definition of the Concept of the Mass Incident
226(4)
9.1.2 The Definition of the Concept of the New-Media Mass Incident
230(1)
9.1.3 Characteristics of the Mass Incident
231(2)
9.1.3.1 Collectiveness
231(1)
9.1.3.2 Burstiness and Quick Communication
231(1)
9.1.3.3 Co-existence of Irrationality and Rationality
232(1)
9.1.3.4 Interaction
232(1)
9.1.3.5 Cross-Region Property
232(1)
9.2 The Evolution Mechanism of the Mass Incident
233(24)
9.2.1 Theoretical Basis
233(6)
9.2.1.1 Social Conflict Theory
233(3)
9.2.1.2 Collective Behavior Theory
236(3)
9.2.2 The Basic Process of the New-Media Mass Incident
239(1)
9.2.3 Analysis of the Social Context for the Mass Incident
240(5)
9.2.3.1 Social Transformation and Redistribution of Interests
240(1)
9.2.3.2 Pressure of the Social Structure
241(4)
9.2.4 Influencing Factors of Evolution of the Mass Incident and Analysis of the Action Mechanism
245(6)
9.2.4.1 Influencing Factors of Evolution of the Mass Incident
245(4)
9.2.4.2 Analysis of the Action Mechanism of These Factors
249(2)
9.2.5 Analysis of the Evolution Mechanism of the Network Mass Incident
251(4)
Part V: Empirical Studies 255(8)
10 Empirical Studies on New-Media Public Opinion
257(6)
10.1 The Credibility of the New Media Is Not Less than that of the Traditional Media
258(1)
10.1.1 The Credibility of the New Media, Represented by the Mobile Media and the Internet, is Similar to that of Newspapers, While the Credibility of TV is the Highest
258(1)
10.1.2 Chinese Netizens Would Rather Believe Weibo
258(1)
10.2 The Mobile Media Has Become the New Media of New Media
259(1)
10.3 The New Media Has Become the Mainstream Media
260(3)
Part VI: Countermeasures and Prospects 263(22)
11 Countermeasures Against New-Media Public Opinion
265(12)
11.1 Daily Monitoring and Analysis of Public Opinion
266(2)
11.1.1 Monitoring of Public Opinion
266(1)
11.1.2 Analysis of Public Opinion
267(1)
11.2 Response Principles
268(9)
11.2.1 The Rule of the Golden Twenty-Four Hours
268(2)
11.2.2 The Principle of Information Disclosure
270(1)
11.2.2.1 Relevant Government Departments Should Give Full Play to Home Advantages and Guard against Home Disadvantages
270(1)
11.2.2.2 "Take the Banner" and the Dividing Strategy
270(1)
11.2.3 Take the Initiative to Communicate with Media and People
271(3)
11.2.4 The Fundamental Way to Solve Issues is to Solve the Conflicts in Real Society
274(3)
12 Future Prospects of New-Media Public Opinion
277(8)
12.1 Prospects of the New Media
278(3)
12.1.1 The New Media Becomes the Mainstream Media
278(1)
12.1.2 Diversified New Media Platforms and Forms
279(2)
12.2 Prospects of New-Media Public Opinions
281(4)
12.2.1 Internationalized New Media Public Opinions
281(1)
12.2.2 Innovative Management Thinking is Demanded for Management of New-Media Public Opinion
282(3)
References 285(4)
Index 289
Wenbo Kuang is a Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication, Renmin University of China. As a pioneer of new media research in China,Professor Kuang began to research new media in 1994 and has made significant contributions to the field, including publishing 12 books and more than a hundred and sixty papers in new media research. Sponsored by a variety of prestigious funds, including the National Fund of Philosophy and Social Science of China, and the China Scholarship Council China Education Ministry, he has also won the New Century Excellent Talents in University from the China Education Ministry.
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