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El. knyga: Social Networks in the History of Innovation and Invention

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This book integrates history of science and technology with modern social network theory. Using examples from the history of machines, as well as case studies from wireless, radio and chaos theory, the author challenges the genius model of invention. Network analysis concepts are presented to demonstrate the societal nature of invention in areas such as steam power, internal combustion engines, early aviation, air conditioning and more. Using modern measures of network theory, the author demonstrates that the social networks of invention from the 19th and early 20th centuries have similar characteristics to modern 21st C networks such as the World Wide Web. The book provides evidence that exponential growth in technical innovation is linked to the growth of historical innovation networks.



This book integrates the history of science and technology with modern social network theory. The author uses historical examples and case studies to show that exponential growth in technical innovation is linked to growth of historical innovation networks.
1 Introduction: James Watt's Social Network
1(32)
1.1 The Genius Theory of Innovation
3(3)
1.1.1 Goal of this Monograph
4(2)
1.2 James Watt and the Steam Engine: Genius or Social Network?
6(1)
1.3 Innovation Evolution Models and Network Diagrams
7(5)
1.3.1 Description of Selected Links in the Steam Engine Network
10(1)
1.3.2 James Watt's `Epiphany' Story
11(1)
1.3.3 Links to the Aeronautics Network
11(1)
1.4 History of Innovation Studies
12(1)
1.5 Historical Innovation Networks
13(3)
1.5.1 Influence Matrices
15(1)
1.6 Introduction to the Theory of Graphs
16(8)
1.6.1 Growth of a Network Knowledge Commons: Timelines and Social Networks
19(5)
1.7 Mathematical Models for Network Growth
24(4)
1.7.1 Growth Models and the "S" Curve
26(2)
1.8 Lessons from History Innovation Networks
28(5)
1.8.1 Self-Organized Critical State Models for Innovation
29(1)
References
30(3)
2 Networks in the Machine Age: From Leonardo to Clocks to Reuleaux
33(32)
2.1 A Theory of Machines: Kinematics of Mechanisms
34(3)
2.1.1 Kinematic Chain
36(1)
2.1.2 Mechanisms
36(1)
2.1.3 Complex Machines
36(1)
2.2 Leonardo: Engineer or Artist?
37(3)
2.3 Influence Network of Leonardo da Vinci in Machine Design
40(2)
2.4 Theatre of Machines Books
42(4)
2.4.1 Jacque Besson [ c. 1540--1573]
45(1)
2.4.2 Agostino Ramelli [ c.1531, c.1600]
46(1)
2.5 Evolution of Machine Engineering
46(2)
2.6 Kinematics of Machines and Franz Reuleaux
48(5)
2.6.1 `Father' of Kinematics of Machines
49(4)
2.7 The Evolution of Clock Technology Networks
53(4)
2.8 Growth of Kinematics of Machines Nodes: Ferguson's Timeline
57(1)
2.9 Networks of Machine Designers and Builders in the Nineteenth Century
58(2)
2.9.1 International Expositions
59(1)
2.10 Cheering for Leonardo
60(5)
References
62(3)
3 Social Networks of the Internal Combustion Engine and Automobile
65(20)
3.1 Growth of Technical Events for the Internal Combustion Engine
68(1)
3.2 The Standard Model for Internal Combustion Engine Innovation
69(4)
3.2.1 A Network Model for Internal Combustion Engine Innovation
71(2)
3.3 Pre-Lenoir and Otto IC Engines: Linear Growth 1800--1880
73(3)
3.4 The Evolution of the Automobile
76(1)
3.5 The Classic Timeline for the Automobile
77(8)
3.5.1 The Henry Ford Model A and Model T Automobile Networks
79(2)
3.5.2 Zipf's law: For Auto Makers
81(2)
References
83(2)
4 Social Networks in Early Aviation History
85(26)
4.1 A Social Network of Early Aviation
86(4)
4.2 Discussion of Results
90(12)
4.2.1 Octave Chanute
92(9)
4.2.2 The role of Aeronautical Science Nodes
101(1)
4.3 Ballooning Evolution as a Precursor to Aviation
102(2)
4.4 Summary
104(7)
Appendix I Human Nodes 1800--1910 in Aviation Network
105(1)
Appendix II Aeronautical Societies Nodes
106(1)
Appendix III University Nodes in the Early Aviation Network
107(1)
Appendix IV Sibling Nodes
107(1)
References
108(3)
5 Wireless and Radio Electronics Social Networks
111(24)
5.1 Timeline Avalanche
113(4)
5.2 Selected Links in the Radio Electronics Historical Innovation Network
117(1)
5.3 The Edwin Armstrong Sub-Network
118(6)
5.3.1 Observations About the Radio Innovation Network
121(3)
5.4 Wireless and Radio Books and Magazines
124(4)
5.5 Nicola Tesla and the Claim: `Father of Radio'
128(1)
5.6 Interlinked Innovation Networks
129(2)
5.7 Ørsted and the Early Electromagnetic Theory Network
131(4)
References
132(3)
6 Social Networks in Nonlinear Dynamics, Chaos and Fractals
135(28)
6.1 Introduction to Modern Chaos Theory
135(8)
6.1.1 Edward Lorenz and Weather Chaos
140(1)
6.1.2 The Early `Geniuses' of Chaos Theory: the 1970s
141(2)
6.2 Tracing the Social Network for Chaos Theory
143(4)
6.3 Radio and Engine Dynamics Origins of Chaos Theory
147(6)
6.4 Catastrophe Theory and Chaos 1960--1980
153(3)
6.5 Fractals and the Mandelbrot Network
156(4)
6.6 Summary
160(3)
References
161(2)
7 The Last Hero-Inventor: A Theory of Innovation?
163(22)
7.1 Willis H. Carrier and the Persistence of the Genius Myth
165(5)
7.1.1 Air-Conditioning Machines Social Network
166(4)
7.2 The End of the Genius-Inventor and the Rise of a Theory of Innovation
170(4)
7.2.1 Summary of Innovation Growth Curves
171(3)
7.3 Innovation Growth Models in Economics
174(1)
7.4 Fading Memory in Historical Innovation Networks
175(2)
7.5 The Role of the Genius-Hero in Innovation Networks
177(1)
7.5.1 The Genius Theory of Innovation
177(1)
7.5.2 Epiphany Stories of the `Genius-Hero'?
178(1)
7.6 Role of the Media and the Knowledge Commons
178(2)
7.6.1 The Knowledge Commons
179(1)
7.7 Innovation Networks and the `Paradigm Shift'
180(1)
7.8 A New Approach to the Study of Innovation History
181(2)
7.9 Hallmarks of Innovation
183(2)
References
184(1)
Subject Index 185(8)
Author Index 193
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