Learning Activities |
|
xv | |
Preface |
|
xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
|
xix | |
About the Authors |
|
xxi | |
About the Series Editors |
|
xxii | |
About the Contributors |
|
xxiii | |
|
Chapter 1 Making the Case for Sociological Knowledge |
|
|
3 | (18) |
|
Sociology and Social Science |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
Selective or Inaccurate Perception |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
Social Research as a Life Skill |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
Making Real-World Decisio ns |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
|
10 | (2) |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
The Benefits of Social Science Research for Society |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Document Social Inequalities, Societal Transformations, and Emerging Issues |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Challenging Stereotypes and Misinformation |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
Inform Public Policies and Programs |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
18 | (3) |
|
Chapter 2 Posing Questions, Crafting Explanations, and Communicating Results |
|
|
21 | (16) |
|
What Is Theory and Why Does It Matter? |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
|
22 | (2) |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
Empirical and Non-empirical Questions |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
Inductive and Deductive Questions |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
Developing a Research Design |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Analyzing Data and Drawing Conclusions |
|
|
28 | (2) |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
|
30 | (2) |
|
Reading Sociological Research |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
|
34 | (3) |
|
Chapter 3 Characterizing the Dimensions of Social Research |
|
|
37 | (20) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
Goals for Sociological Research |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
Qualitative and Quantitative Data |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
45 | (2) |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
49 | (2) |
|
Writing Research for Different Audiences |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
Audiences of Stakeholders and Policy Makers |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Audiences of Community Partners |
|
|
52 | (3) |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
|
55 | (2) |
|
Chapter 4 Contemplating the Ethical Dilemmas of Social Research |
|
|
57 | (22) |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
Unethical Research: Key Historical Examples |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
The Stanford Prison Experiment |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
Policies and Resources to Promote Ethical Research Today |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
Federal Oversight and Provisions for the Institutional Review Board |
|
|
63 | (2) |
|
Negotiating Ethics in Social Network Research |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
The American Sociological Association's "Code to Live By" |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
Authenticity and Deception |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Authenticity in Social Research |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Research Requiring Explicit Deception |
|
|
68 | (2) |
|
Ethics in the Publication of Research |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
Ethical Considerations for Engaged Research |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
|
72 | (2) |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
Chapter 5 Selecting Observations |
|
|
79 | (18) |
|
|
79 | (2) |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
Systematic Random Sampling |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
Snowball Sampling and Respondent-Driven Sampling |
|
|
90 | (2) |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
Sampling Vulnerable Populations |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
|
95 | (2) |
|
Chapter 6 Authenticating Concepts and Measures |
|
|
97 | (20) |
|
Concepts and Conceptualization |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
Challenges of Conceptualization |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
Specifying the Dimensions of a Concept |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
|
100 | (3) |
|
Deductive and Inductive Approaches to Measurement |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
Open- and Closed-Ended Questions |
|
|
104 | (2) |
|
|
106 | (2) |
|
Characteristics of Good Measures |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Categories |
|
|
108 | (2) |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
|
115 | (2) |
|
Chapter 7 Causality and the Role of Experimental Designs |
|
|
117 | (20) |
|
Understanding Probabilistic Causality |
|
|
117 | (2) |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
Necessary Conditions and Sufficient Causes |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
Research Questions and Treatments |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
Treatment and Control Groups |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
Stages of Sociological Experiments |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
Assignment to Treatment or Control Group |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
Designing Experiments for Validity |
|
|
125 | (2) |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
Measuring the Effect of the Treatment |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
Two-Group Pre-Test and Post-Test Design |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
Multiple Treatment Groups |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
Causality and Generalizability in Experiments |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
Experiments Outside of the Laboratory |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
Surveys as Quasi-Experimentation |
|
|
131 | (2) |
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
|
134 | (3) |
|
Chapter 8 Surveying the Social Landscape |
|
|
137 | (24) |
|
Why Should We Use Surveys? |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
Developing Survey Research Questions |
|
|
139 | (2) |
|
The Total Survey Error ITSE] Approach |
|
|
141 | (2) |
|
Question Design to Reduce Measurement Error |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
Refining a Survey Question: Measuring the Experience of Credit Card Debt |
|
|
144 | (2) |
|
Additional Sources of Measurement Error |
|
|
146 | (2) |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Face-to-Face Structured Interviews |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
Weighing the Costs and Benefits of Survey Modes |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
152 | (2) |
|
|
154 | (2) |
|
Identifying Bad Surveys and Nonsurveys |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
|
159 | (2) |
|
Chapter 9 Watching, Talking, and Listening |
|
|
161 | (18) |
|
Qualitative Research Approaches |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Theory, Data, and Approaches to Fieldwork |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
Social Science Interviews |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
Semi-Structured Interview Guides and Questions |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
What to Ask-and What to Avoid Asking |
|
|
170 | (3) |
|
Group Interviews/Focus Groups |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
The Structure of the Interview |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
Multiple Levels of Analysis |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
|
177 | (2) |
|
Chapter 10 Collecting What's Already There: Content Analysis and Some Related Methods |
|
|
179 | (20) |
|
Unobtrusive Methods in Sociological Research |
|
|
179 | (2) |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
When Is Content Analysis an Appropriate Method of Data Collection? |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
Historical and Comparative Research |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
Differential Portrayal of Groups |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
Exploratory and Descriptive Research |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
Advantages of Content Analysis |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Disadvantages of Content Analysis |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
What Are the Steps for Doing a Content Analysis? |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
Clarifying Your Research Questions |
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Conceptualization in Content Analysis--the Importance of Manifest and Latent Content |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Operationalization in Content Analysis--Developing a Codebook |
|
|
188 | (2) |
|
Coding Data for Content Analysis and Calculating Intercoder Reliability |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
The Importance of Validity and Reliability in Content Analysis |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Intercoder Reliability in Content Analysis |
|
|
191 | (2) |
|
Analyzing Historical Records, Documents, and Policy |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
A Tendency to Focus Upon a Single Policy |
|
|
193 | (2) |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
195 | (2) |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
Chapter 11 Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches: Mixed Methods Research |
|
|
199 | (16) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Quantitative and Qualitative Methods |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
Approaches to Mixed Methods: Convergent, Additional, Sequential |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (3) |
|
Advantages of Mixed Methods Research |
|
|
204 | (3) |
|
Challenges of Mixed Methods Research |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Conducting Mixed Methods Research |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Best Practices for Designing Mixed Methods Research |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Process for Conducting Mixed Methods Research |
|
|
209 | (3) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (2) |
|
Chapter 12 Investigating Numerical Data: Quantitative Analysis |
|
|
215 | (28) |
|
Quantitative Data Analysis: What and Why? |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
Why Do Sociologists Analyze Quantitative Data? |
|
|
216 | (2) |
|
How Do Sociologists Analyze Quantitative Data? |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
The General Social Survey |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Who Is Included in the GSS Sample? |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
How Are the Data Collected? |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
What Are Variable Weights? |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
How Do I Access GSS Data? |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
Describing Quantitative Data |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
Unpacking and Creating Frequency Tables |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
Measures of Central Tendency |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
Bar Charts and Pie Charts |
|
|
227 | (3) |
|
|
230 | (2) |
|
Visualizing Bivariate Relationships With Graphs |
|
|
232 | (4) |
|
Correlations And Controls |
|
|
236 | (3) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
240 | (3) |
|
Chapter 13 Coding Qualitative Data: Revealing Patterns in Words and Images |
|
|
243 | (40) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
|
246 | (2) |
|
|
248 | (2) |
|
Social Position and Coding |
|
|
250 | (2) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
253 | (3) |
|
Quantitizing the Qualitative |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Coding With Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
258 | (2) |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
|
262 | (3) |
|
Chapter H Evaluation Research: Applying Data to Problems |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
An Introduction to Evaluation Research |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Evaluation and Sociological Research |
|
|
266 | (2) |
|
Key Players in Evaluation Research |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
Benefits of Evaluation Research |
|
|
268 | (3) |
|
Evaluation Types and Methods |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Outcome and Impact Evaluations |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Transformative Evaluation |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Qualitative Methods in Evaluation Research |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Quantitative Methods in Evaluation Research |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
Mixed Methods in Evaluation Research |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
Ethical Considerations for Evaluation Research |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
On Neutrality in Evaluation Research |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
Guiding Principles for Evaluation |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (2) |
|
Chapter 15 Telling the Story: Interacting With the Communities You Study |
|
|
283 | (18) |
|
What Is Community-Based Research? |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
|
284 | (3) |
|
What Are the Main Steps in CBR? |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Identify the Social Issue or Community Concern |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Community Advisory Boards |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Identify a Collective Problem |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
Develop an Agenda for Action |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
What Are the Unique Ethical Considerations of Community-Based Research? |
|
|
291 | (3) |
|
What Are the Challenges and Opportunities Involved in CBR? |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Community Partner Commitment |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Community Organizing Skills |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (2) |
|
Chapter 16 Changing the Game: Using Research to Promote Social Justice |
|
|
301 | (17) |
|
Sociology and Social Justice: Fulfilling Our Promise |
|
|
301 | (2) |
|
Goals of Social Justice Research |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
Identifying and Analyzing a Social Problem |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Connecting Research to the Public Arena |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Building and Strengthening Social Movements |
|
|
305 | (2) |
|
Key Concepts for Social Justice Research |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Attention to Power and Oppression |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Democratic Practice and Civic Engagement |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
309 | (3) |
|
Social Justice Research Methods: Tools for the Field |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Institutional Ethnography |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Interpretive Focus Groups/Check-Ins |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
Glossary |
|
318 | (10) |
References |
|
328 | (7) |
Index |
|
335 | |