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El. knyga: Social Research Methods: Sociology in Action

Edited by (North Carolina State University, USA), Edited by (Wake Forest University, USA), Edited by (William Paterson University), Edited by (Ramapo College of New Jersey, USA)
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 12-May-2022
  • Leidėjas: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781544373904
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  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 12-May-2022
  • Leidėjas: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781544373904
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Featuring a unique pedagogical framework, Social Research Methods: Sociology in Action provides all the elements required to create an active learning experience for this course. Modeled after the other volumes in SAGE's "Sociology in Action" series, this innovative new text combines hands-on work, application, and learning-by-example. It features a diverse group of expert contributing authors who also practice active learning in their own classrooms. 

Each chapter discusses one aspect of conducting quantitative or qualitative research, and pairs that foundational coverage with carefully-developed learning activities and thought-provoking questions that prompt students to practice and apply their new research skills. The comprehensive Activity Guide that accompanies the text will help you carry out and assess the activities that best engage your students, fit the mode of instruction you choose, and meet your course goals. 

In the spirit of the “Sociology in Action” theme, the text conclude with two unique chapters on how social researchers interact with their surrounding communities and help bring about social change and social justice

Also available as a digital option (courseware). Learn more about 9781071871676, Social Research Methods: Sociology in Action - Vantage Digital Option.
Learning Activities xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
About the Authors xxi
About the Series Editors xxii
About the Contributors xxiii
Chapter 1 Making the Case for Sociological Knowledge
3(18)
Sociology and Social Science
4(1)
What Is Sociology?
4(1)
What Is Social Science?
5(1)
Social Science Research
6(1)
Our Tricky Human Brains
6(1)
Overgeneratization
6(1)
Selective or Inaccurate Perception
6(1)
Illogical Reasoning
7(1)
Resistance to Change
7(1)
The Scientific Method
8(1)
Social Research as a Life Skill
9(1)
Making Real-World Decisio ns
9(1)
Media Literacy
10(1)
Citizenship
10(2)
Working in a Career
12(1)
The Benefits of Social Science Research for Society
13(1)
Document Social Inequalities, Societal Transformations, and Emerging Issues
13(1)
Challenging Stereotypes and Misinformation
14(1)
Inform Public Policies and Programs
15(1)
Strengthening Democracy
16(1)
Conclusion
17(1)
Review
17(1)
Key Terms
18(3)
Chapter 2 Posing Questions, Crafting Explanations, and Communicating Results
21(16)
What Is Theory and Why Does It Matter?
22(1)
Theories
22(2)
Why Theory Matters
24(1)
Posing Questions
25(1)
Empirical and Non-empirical Questions
25(1)
Inductive and Deductive Questions
26(1)
Crafting Explanations
27(1)
Developing a Research Design
27(1)
Collecting Data
28(1)
Analyzing Data and Drawing Conclusions
28(2)
Communicating Results
30(1)
Conveying Findings
30(2)
Reading Sociological Research
32(1)
Conclusion
33(1)
Review
34(1)
Key Terms
34(3)
Chapter 3 Characterizing the Dimensions of Social Research
37(20)
Introduction
37(1)
Goals for Sociological Research
38(1)
Exploration
39(1)
Description
40(1)
Explanation
41(1)
Application
42(1)
Program Evaluation
42(1)
Community-Based Research
42(1)
Qualitative and Quantitative Data
43(1)
Qualitative Data
44(1)
Quantitative Data
45(2)
Units of Analysis
47(1)
The Individual Unit
47(1)
Other Units of Analysis
47(1)
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data
48(1)
Cross-Sectional Data
48(1)
Longitudinal Data
49(2)
Writing Research for Different Audiences
51(1)
Academic Audiences
51(1)
Audiences of Stakeholders and Policy Makers
52(1)
Audiences of Community Partners
52(3)
Conclusion
55(1)
Review
55(1)
Key Terms
55(2)
Chapter 4 Contemplating the Ethical Dilemmas of Social Research
57(22)
Human Subjects Research
58(1)
Unethical Research: Key Historical Examples
59(1)
The Eugenics Movement
60(1)
The Tuskegee Study
60(1)
The Milgram Experiment
61(1)
The Stanford Prison Experiment
62(1)
Policies and Resources to Promote Ethical Research Today
63(1)
Federal Oversight and Provisions for the Institutional Review Board
63(2)
Negotiating Ethics in Social Network Research
65(1)
The American Sociological Association's "Code to Live By"
65(1)
Collective Risk
66(1)
Authenticity and Deception
67(1)
Authenticity in Social Research
67(1)
Research Requiring Explicit Deception
68(2)
Ethics in the Publication of Research
70(1)
Plagiarism
70(1)
Counterfeit Research
70(1)
Conflicts of Interest
71(1)
Retraction
71(1)
Ethical Considerations for Engaged Research
72(1)
Community-Based Research
72(2)
Evaluation Research
74(1)
Conclusion
75(1)
Review
76(1)
Key Terms
77(2)
Chapter 5 Selecting Observations
79(18)
Selecting Observations
79(2)
Populations and Samples
81(1)
Choosing a Sample Size
82(1)
Why Larger Samples?
82(1)
Why Smaller Samples?
82(2)
Probability Sampling
84(1)
Simple Random Sampling
84(1)
Systematic Random Sampling
85(1)
Cluster Sampling
86(1)
Stratified Sampling
87(1)
Non-Probability Sampling
88(1)
Convenience Sampling
88(1)
Purposive Sampling
89(1)
Snowball Sampling and Respondent-Driven Sampling
90(2)
Quota Sampling
92(1)
Sampling Vulnerable Populations
93(1)
Conclusion
94(1)
Review
95(1)
Key Terms
95(2)
Chapter 6 Authenticating Concepts and Measures
97(20)
Concepts and Conceptualization
98(1)
Challenges of Conceptualization
98(1)
Specifying the Dimensions of a Concept
99(1)
Operationalization
100(3)
Deductive and Inductive Approaches to Measurement
103(1)
Open- and Closed-Ended Questions
104(2)
Composite Measures
106(2)
Characteristics of Good Measures
108(1)
Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Categories
108(2)
Validity
110(1)
Reliability
111(1)
Conclusion
112(2)
Review
114(1)
Key Terms
115(2)
Chapter 7 Causality and the Role of Experimental Designs
117(20)
Understanding Probabilistic Causality
117(2)
Components of Causality
119(1)
Necessary Conditions and Sufficient Causes
120(1)
Experimental Design
121(1)
Research Questions and Treatments
122(1)
Treatment and Control Groups
122(1)
Stages of Sociological Experiments
123(1)
Recruitment
123(1)
Informed Consent
124(1)
Assignment to Treatment or Control Group
124(1)
Designing Experiments for Validity
125(2)
Debriefing
127(1)
Measuring the Effect of the Treatment
127(1)
Two-Group Pre-Test and Post-Test Design
127(1)
Eliminating the Pre-Test
128(1)
Multiple Treatment Groups
128(1)
Causality and Generalizability in Experiments
129(1)
Experiments Outside of the Laboratory
130(1)
Field Experiments
130(1)
Surveys as Quasi-Experimentation
131(2)
Conclusion
133(1)
Review
133(1)
Key Terms
134(3)
Chapter 8 Surveying the Social Landscape
137(24)
Why Should We Use Surveys?
138(1)
Developing Survey Research Questions
139(2)
The Total Survey Error ITSE] Approach
141(2)
Question Design to Reduce Measurement Error
143(1)
Refining a Survey Question: Measuring the Experience of Credit Card Debt
144(2)
Additional Sources of Measurement Error
146(2)
Modes of Data Collection
148(1)
Face-to-Face Structured Interviews
148(1)
Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI)
149(1)
Mailed Survey
150(1)
Web Surveys
150(1)
Multimodal Surveys
151(1)
Weighing the Costs and Benefits of Survey Modes
152(1)
Sampling and Recruitment
152(2)
Survey Implementation
154(2)
Identifying Bad Surveys and Nonsurveys
156(1)
Conclusion
157(1)
Review Questions
158(1)
Key Terms
159(2)
Chapter 9 Watching, Talking, and Listening
161(18)
Qualitative Research Approaches
161(1)
Case Selection
162(2)
Fieldwork Observation
164(1)
Entering the Field
165(1)
Field Notes
166(1)
Theory, Data, and Approaches to Fieldwork
167(1)
Reflexivity
167(1)
Social Science Interviews
168(1)
Interview Formats
168(1)
Semi-Structured Interview Guides and Questions
169(1)
What to Ask-and What to Avoid Asking
170(3)
Group Interviews/Focus Groups
173(1)
Who's in the Group?
174(1)
The Structure of the Interview
174(1)
Multiple Levels of Analysis
175(1)
Conclusion
176(1)
Review
176(1)
Key Terms
177(2)
Chapter 10 Collecting What's Already There: Content Analysis and Some Related Methods
179(20)
Unobtrusive Methods in Sociological Research
179(2)
Content Analysis
181(1)
When Is Content Analysis an Appropriate Method of Data Collection?
181(1)
Historical and Comparative Research
181(1)
Differential Portrayal of Groups
182(1)
Political Topics
183(1)
Exploratory and Descriptive Research
183(1)
Advantages of Content Analysis
184(1)
Disadvantages of Content Analysis
184(1)
What Are the Steps for Doing a Content Analysis?
185(1)
Clarifying Your Research Questions
185(2)
Choosing a Sample
187(1)
Conceptualization in Content Analysis--the Importance of Manifest and Latent Content
187(1)
Operationalization in Content Analysis--Developing a Codebook
188(2)
Coding Data for Content Analysis and Calculating Intercoder Reliability
190(1)
The Importance of Validity and Reliability in Content Analysis
190(1)
Intercoder Reliability in Content Analysis
191(2)
Analyzing Historical Records, Documents, and Policy
193(1)
Sampling
193(1)
A Tendency to Focus Upon a Single Policy
193(2)
Conclusion
195(1)
Review
195(2)
Key Terms
197(2)
Chapter 11 Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches: Mixed Methods Research
199(16)
Mixed Methods Research
199(1)
Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
200(1)
Approaches to Mixed Methods: Convergent, Additional, Sequential
200(1)
The Convergent Approach
200(1)
The Additional Approach
201(1)
The Sequential Approach
201(3)
Advantages of Mixed Methods Research
204(3)
Challenges of Mixed Methods Research
207(1)
Conducting Mixed Methods Research
208(1)
Best Practices for Designing Mixed Methods Research
208(1)
Process for Conducting Mixed Methods Research
209(3)
Conclusion
212(1)
Review
212(1)
Key Terms
213(2)
Chapter 12 Investigating Numerical Data: Quantitative Analysis
215(28)
Quantitative Data Analysis: What and Why?
215(1)
Why Do Sociologists Analyze Quantitative Data?
216(2)
How Do Sociologists Analyze Quantitative Data?
218(1)
The General Social Survey
219(1)
Who Is Included in the GSS Sample?
220(1)
How Are the Data Collected?
220(1)
What Are Variable Weights?
220(1)
How Do I Access GSS Data?
221(1)
Describing Quantitative Data
222(2)
Unpacking and Creating Frequency Tables
224(1)
Univariate Statistics
225(1)
Measures of Central Tendency
225(1)
The Mode
225(2)
The Median
227(1)
The Mean
227(1)
Measures of Variation
227(1)
Bar Charts and Pie Charts
227(3)
Bivariate Relationships
230(2)
Visualizing Bivariate Relationships With Graphs
232(4)
Correlations And Controls
236(3)
Conclusion
239(1)
Review
239(1)
Key Terms
240(3)
Chapter 13 Coding Qualitative Data: Revealing Patterns in Words and Images
243(40)
Coding
244(1)
Memoing
245(1)
Descriptive Coding
246(2)
Topic Coding
248(2)
Social Position and Coding
250(2)
Analytic Coding
252(1)
Constant Comparison
252(1)
Analyzing Exceptions
253(3)
Quantitizing the Qualitative
256(1)
Coding With Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS)
257(1)
Hierarchical Array
258(1)
Matrices
258(2)
Conclusion
260(1)
Review
261(1)
Key Terms
262(3)
Chapter H Evaluation Research: Applying Data to Problems
265(1)
An Introduction to Evaluation Research
265(1)
Evaluation and Sociological Research
266(2)
Key Players in Evaluation Research
268(1)
Benefits of Evaluation Research
268(3)
Evaluation Types and Methods
271(1)
Evaluation Types
271(1)
Formative Evaluations
271(1)
Process Evaluations
272(1)
Outcome and Impact Evaluations
272(1)
Transformative Evaluation
273(1)
Qualitative Methods in Evaluation Research
273(1)
Quantitative Methods in Evaluation Research
274(1)
Mixed Methods in Evaluation Research
275(1)
Ethical Considerations for Evaluation Research
275(1)
On Neutrality in Evaluation Research
276(1)
Different Stakes
276(1)
Risks for Subjects
277(1)
Voluntary Participation
278(1)
Representation and Voice
278(1)
Guiding Principles for Evaluation
279(1)
Conclusion
280(1)
Review
280(1)
Key Terms
281(2)
Chapter 15 Telling the Story: Interacting With the Communities You Study
283(18)
What Is Community-Based Research?
284(1)
Examples of CBR
284(3)
What Are the Main Steps in CBR?
287(1)
Identify the Social Issue or Community Concern
287(1)
Identify Stakeholders
287(1)
Community Advisory Boards
287(1)
Identify a Collective Problem
288(1)
Data Collection
288(1)
Data Interpretation
289(1)
Share Results
289(1)
Develop an Agenda for Action
290(1)
What Are the Unique Ethical Considerations of Community-Based Research?
291(3)
What Are the Challenges and Opportunities Involved in CBR?
294(1)
Challenges
295(1)
Sharing Power
295(1)
Ethical Considerations
295(1)
Timeline
295(1)
Community Partner Commitment
295(1)
Academic Research
296(1)
Opportunities
296(1)
Social Change
296(1)
Community Organizing Skills
296(1)
Resume Building
297(1)
Cultural Competence
297(1)
Unique Data
297(1)
Conclusion
298(1)
Review
298(1)
Key Terms
299(2)
Chapter 16 Changing the Game: Using Research to Promote Social Justice
301(17)
Sociology and Social Justice: Fulfilling Our Promise
301(2)
Goals of Social Justice Research
303(1)
Identifying and Analyzing a Social Problem
304(1)
Connecting Research to the Public Arena
304(1)
Building and Strengthening Social Movements
305(2)
Key Concepts for Social Justice Research
307(1)
Attention to Power and Oppression
307(1)
Democratic Practice and Civic Engagement
308(1)
Systemic Alternatives
309(1)
Research as Empowerment
309(3)
Social Justice Research Methods: Tools for the Field
312(1)
Institutional Ethnography
312(1)
Power Mapping
313(1)
Interpretive Focus Groups/Check-Ins
314(1)
Conclusion
315(1)
Review
316(1)
Key Terms
317(1)
Glossary 318(10)
References 328(7)
Index 335
Kristin Kenneavy is an associate professor of Sociology at Ramapo College of New Jersey. Her research interests include sexual and interpersonal violence prevention, sexuality, gender roles, and media effects. Her current work takes an intersectional approach to the effects of gender, race, and class on bystander intervention to prevent violence. She teaches Social Research Methods, Social Statistics, Public Sociologies, Environmental Sociology, and Sociology of Media and Pop Culture. She is the recipient of Ramapo Colleges Henry Bischoff Award for Excellence in Teaching and has served as the Center for Student Involvements Faculty Fellow for Civic Engagement.

Catherine E. Harnois is Professor and Chair of the Department of Sociology at Wake Forest University, where she teaches courses on social inequality and research methods. She is the author of two books: Feminist Measures in Survey Research (SAGE 2013) and Analyzing Inequalities: An Introduction to Race, Class, Gender & Sexuality Using the US General Social Survey (SAGE, 2018). Her current research uses an intersectional framework to investigate issues of political consciousness, identity, and discrimination. Her methodological work on the intersection of gender and racial discrimination received the 2012 Outstanding Contribution to Scholarship Article Award from the American Sociological Association Section on Race, Gender, and Class. Her research has appeared in the journals Gender & Society, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Social Psychology Quarterly, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Social Science & Medicine, and other scholarly outlets.

Maxine P. Atkinson is Professor Emerita of Sociology at North Carolina State University, a research  extensive university in Raleigh, North Carolina.  Her area of specialty is the scholarship of teaching and learning and her published work has appeared in such journals as Teaching Sociology, The International Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology, and TRAILS: TRAILS: Teaching Resources and Innovations Library for Sociology.  She is also one of the  authors of the recent American Sociological Associations work defining best practices in the undergraduate sociology major,   The Sociology Major in the Changing Landscape of Higher Education: Curriculum, Careers, and Online Learning in addition to In the Trenches: Teaching and Learning Sociology, co-authored with Kathleen Lowney. She focuses on teaching introductory sociology courses and Teaching Sociology, a PhD course required for graduate students at NC State.

Maxine has won an impressive array of teaching awards including the American Sociological Societys Distinguished Contribution to Teaching Award, ASAs Section on Teaching and Learning Hans O. Mauksch Award for Distinguished Contributions to Undergraduate Sociology and the Carla B. Howery Award for Developing Teacher-Scholars, the Southern Sociological Societys Distinguished Contributions to Teaching Award. Maxine was the first woman from NC State University to win the University of North Carolinas Governors award for Excellence in Teaching.

Maxine has served in several administrative positions including being Head of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at NC State, director of NC States first year seminar program, and the Founding Director of the Service Learning Program at NC State. She has also served as Chair of ASAs Section on Teaching and Learning, and President of the Southern Sociological Society along with a plethora of task forces dedicated to undergraduate sociology. Maxine works as a consultant for other sociology departments as a member of the American Sociological Associations Departmental Resources Group. 

Kathleen Odell Korgen is Professor of Sociology at William Paterson University, a comprehensive university in Wayne, New Jersey. Kathleen enjoys teaching her students that sociology is a remarkably useful discipline and highlights how Sociologists in Action make a positive impact on society. Her published works on race relations and racial identity include From Black to Biracial, Crossing the Racial Divide, Multiracial Americans and Social Class, Race Policy and Multiracial Americans. Her teaching texts, in addition to Sociology in Action, include Our Social World,  The Engaged Sociologist,  Sociologists in Action, , and Social Problems in Action. Kathleen is also the editor of The Cambridge Handbook of Sociology.

 

Kathleen works as a consultant for other sociology departments as a member of the American Sociological Association Departmental Resources Group and received William Paterson Universitys award for Excellence in Scholarship/Creative Expression in 2006 and the universitys award for Excellence in Teaching in 2014.