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El. knyga: Solar Radiation: Practical Modeling for Renewable Energy Applications

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(National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Arvada, Colorado, USA)
  • Formatas: 212 pages
  • Serija: Energy and the Environment
  • Išleidimo metai: 12-Jul-2017
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781466503274
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Solar Radiation: Practical Modeling for Renewable Energy ApplicationsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 212 pages
  • Serija: Energy and the Environment
  • Išleidimo metai: 12-Jul-2017
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781466503274
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In 2011, physicist Myers retired from the US National Renewal Energy Laboratory after 37 years of research into solar radiation. Here he describes the nuts and bolts of practical solar radiation modeling applications to students, professional working scientists and engineers, and solar energy conversion system enthusiasts. He begins by describing solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere and its path to Earth's surface, and radiometers and their calibration and accuracy. Then he turns to modeling solar radiation at the surface, under clear skies, under partly cloudy skies, for various solar energy collector geometries, when key information is missing, the distribution of solar energy as a function of wavelength of light, and the spatial distribution of daylight over the sky dome for architectural lighting computations. Annotation ©2013 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Written by a leading scientist with over 35 years of experience working at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Solar Radiation: Practical Modeling for Renewable Energy Applications brings together the most widely used, easily implemented concepts and models for estimating broadband and spectral solar radiation data. The author addresses various technical and practical questions about the accuracy of solar radiation measurements and modeling.

While the focus is on engineering models and results, the book does review the fundamentals of solar radiation modeling and solar radiation measurements. It also examines the accuracy of solar radiation modeling and measurements. The majority of the book describes the most popular simple models for estimating broadband and spectral solar resources available to flat plate, concentrating, photovoltaic, solar thermal, and daylighting engineering designs. Sufficient detail is provided for readers to implement the models in assorted development environments.

Covering the nuts and bolts of practical solar radiation modeling applications, this book helps readers translate solar radiation data into viable, real-world renewable energy applications. It answers many how-to questions relating to solar energy conversion systems, solar daylighting, energy efficiency of buildings, and other solar radiation applications.

Recenzijos

This work provides a unique balance of a theoretical treatment and practical application for a broad readership interested in learning and using the latest information on solar radiation modeling. The scope is comprehensive, giving the reader everything from the subject fundamentals to the numerical recipes and technical references for further study. The treatment of uncertainty and the modelers toolbox formed by the appendices are reason enough to have this book. This is a timely publication for understanding and applying solar resource characterization a uniquely comprehensive treatment of the many aspects of modeling broadband and spectral solar irradiance at the Earths surface. The numerical recipes for modeling solar radiation under clear and cloudy sky conditions make this a very practical reference as well as a useful introduction to the subject. The balanced content is exemplified by the treatment of solar measurements and measurement uncertainty that are key factors in the development and validation of models. Tom Stoffel, U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory

a relevant and well-structured tour through the ever-increasing array of radiometric modeling techniques available to researchers. an indispensable guide to practitioners and teachers by one of the leading authorities on solar resource modeling. Students will appreciate the worked examples. It offers a thorough and long-overdue summary of solar radiometric modeling from one of the most experienced authorities in the field. Michael Brooks, University of KwaZulu-Natal

The book gives a unique overview of the models used in the solar radiation community. even the more complex models are shown in all details. This is a good textbook for students who want to understand and reproduce the models used in solar radiation modeling nowadays. Jan Remund, Meteotest

For people looking for better information to understand solar radiation science, measuring techniques, instrumentation uncertainties, and modeling of solar radiation under different orientation and sky conditions, I recommend this book. Alemu Tadesse, SunEdison This work provides a unique balance of a theoretical treatment and practical application for a broad readership interested in learning and using the latest information on solar radiation modeling. The scope is comprehensive, giving the reader everything from the subject fundamentals to the numerical recipes and technical references for further study. The treatment of uncertainty and the modelers toolbox formed by the appendices are reason enough to have this book. This is a timely publication for understanding and applying solar resource characterization a uniquely comprehensive treatment of the many aspects of modeling broadband and spectral solar irradiance at the Earths surface. The numerical recipes for modeling solar radiation under clear and cloudy sky conditions make this a very practical reference as well as a useful introduction to the subject. The balanced content is exemplified by the treatment of solar measurements and measurement uncertainty that are key factors in the development and validation of models. Tom Stoffel, U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory

a relevant and well-structured tour through the ever-increasing array of radiometric modeling techniques available to researchers. an indispensable guide to practitioners and teachers by one of the leading authorities on solar resource modeling. Students will appreciate the worked examples. It offers a thorough and long-overdue summary of solar radiometric modeling from one of the most experienced authorities in the field. Michael Brooks, University of KwaZulu-Natal

The book gives a unique overview of the models used in the solar radiation community. even the more complex models are shown in all details. This is a good textbook for students who want to understand and reproduce the models used in solar radiation modeling nowadays. Jan Remund, Meteotest

For people looking for better information to understand solar radiation science, measuring techniques, instrumentation uncertainties, and modeling of solar radiation under different orientation and sky conditions, I recommend this book. Alemu Tadesse, SunEdison

Series Editor xiii
Series Editor's Preface xv
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
About the Author xxiii
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Solar Radiation
1(14)
1.1 The Sun as a Star
1(1)
1.2 The Earth and the Sun
1(2)
1.2.1 The Orbit and Rotation of the Earth
1(1)
1.2.2 The Sun and Intensity of Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation
2(1)
1.3 Solar Time and Solar Position
3(6)
1.3.1 Solar Time
3(1)
1.3.2 Declination
4(1)
1.3.3 Equation of Time
4(1)
1.3.4 Local Apparent Time
5(1)
1.3.5 Solar Position: Altitude and Azimuth
5(1)
1.3.6 Solar Incidence Angles
6(1)
1.3.7 Air Mass
7(2)
1.4 Solar Components
9(1)
1.5 Clearness Index
10(1)
1.6 Summary
11(1)
References
12(3)
Chapter 2 Introduction to Solar Radiation Measurements
15(28)
2.1 Overview of Detector Technology
15(1)
2.2 Calorimetry
15(3)
2.2.1 Thermoelectric Detectors
15(1)
2.2.1.1 Thermopiles
15(1)
2.2.1.2 Resistance Detectors
16(1)
2.2.2 Photoelectric Detectors
17(1)
2.3 Pyrheliometers: Measuring Direct Normal Irradiance
18(1)
2.3.1 Pyrheliometer Design
18(1)
2.3.2 Circumsolar Radiation
18(1)
2.4 Pyranometers: Measuring Hemispherical Radiation
19(5)
2.4.1 Thermal Pyranometers
20(1)
2.4.2 Photoelectric Pyranometers
21(1)
2.4.3 Diffuse Measurements
21(1)
2.4.4 Rotating Shadowband Radiometers
22(2)
2.5 Spectral Distributions
24(2)
2.6 Uncertainty
26(8)
2.6.1 The Guide to Measurement Uncertainty
27(1)
2.6.2 Sources of Radiometric Uncertainty
27(1)
2.6.3 The World Radiometric Reference
28(1)
2.6.4 Pyranometer Geometrical Response Functions
29(2)
2.6.5 Summary of Uncertainty Sources and Magnitudes in Solar Measurements
31(3)
2.7 Measurement Networks
34(5)
2.8 Summary
39(1)
References
39(4)
Chapter 3 Modeling Clear Sky Solar Radiation
43(22)
3.1 The Atmospheric Filter
43(1)
3.2 Physics-Based Models
43(1)
3.3 Empirical Models
44(1)
3.4 Parameterization Models
45(18)
3.4.1 Bird Clear Sky Direct Beam Irradiance
46(3)
3.4.2 Bird Clear Sky Diffuse Irradiance
49(1)
3.4.3 The Bird Clear Sky Total Hemispherical Irradiance
49(1)
3.4.4 Computational Example
50(1)
3.4.5 The Ineichen Simplified SOLIS Model
51(2)
3.4.6 Extension of the Simple SOLIS Model
53(3)
3.4.7 Gueymard's REST2 Model
56(1)
3.4.7.1 Basic REST2 Structure
57(1)
3.4.7.2 The REST2 Model Transmittance Equations
57(3)
3.4.7.3 REST Computational Example
60(3)
3.5 Summary
63(1)
References
63(2)
Chapter 4 Modeling Global Irradiance under All Sky Conditions
65(16)
4.1 Simple Correlation Models
65(2)
4.1.1 Solar Radiation from Temperature Observations
65(1)
4.1.2 Correlations with Sunshine Duration
66(1)
4.2 Clouds
67(1)
4.2.1 Cloud Observations
67(1)
4.3 Empirical All Sky Radiation Models
68(8)
4.3.1 Kasten and Czeplak Models
68(1)
4.3.2 Simple Cloud Cover Modifier for Clear Sky Models
69(7)
4.4 All Sky Solar Radiation from Weather Satellites
76(1)
4.5 The Future: Forecasting Solar Radiation
77(1)
4.6 Summary
77(1)
References
78(3)
Chapter 5 Modeling Missing Components
81(10)
5.1 Introduction
81(1)
5.2 Estimating Diffuse from Global Horizontal Irradiance
81(2)
5.2.1 Orgill and Hollands Correlation
82(1)
5.2.2 Erbs Correlation
82(1)
5.2.3 Boes DNI Correlation
83(1)
5.3 Estimating Direct from Global Normal Irradiance
83(6)
5.3.1 The Maxwell Direct Insolation Simulation Code Model
85(1)
5.3.2 The Perez DIRINT and DIRINDEX Models
86(1)
5.3.2.1 DIRINT Model
86(1)
5.3.2.2 DIRINDEX Model
87(2)
5.4 Summary
89(1)
References
90(1)
Chapter 6 Applications: Modeling Solar Radiation Available to Collectors
91(12)
6.1 Solar Collector Geometries
91(1)
6.2 Isotropic Models
92(2)
6.2.1 Liu and Jordan
93(1)
6.3 Anisotropic Models
94(1)
6.4 The Perez Anisotropic Tilt Conversion Model
95(5)
6.4.1 Computational Example
98(1)
6.4.2 The Accuracy of the Perez Anisotropic Model
99(1)
6.5 Summary
100(1)
References
100(3)
Chapter 7 Introduction to Modeling Spectral Distributions
103(18)
7.1 The Spectral Atmospheric Filter
103(1)
7.2 Renewable Energy Applications for Spectral Data and Models
103(1)
7.3 Complex Spectral Models
104(1)
7.3.1 Modtran and Lowtran
105(1)
7.3.2 LibRadtran and Other Complex Spectral Models
105(1)
7.4 Standard Spectral Distributions
105(2)
7.4.1 Reference AM0 Extraterrestrial Spectra
106(1)
7.4.2 Reference Terrestrial Spectra for Renewable
Energy Applications
107(2)
7.4.3 The International Commission on Illumination
108(1)
7.5 CIE Spectral Model---Illuminant D65 and Daylight
109(1)
7.6 Bird Clear Sky Spectral Model SPCTRL2
110(3)
7.6.1 Spectral Transmission Functions
111(1)
7.6.2 Diffuse Spectral Irradiance on a Horizontal Surface
112(1)
7.6.3 Diffuse Spectral Irradiance on a Tilted Surface
113(1)
7.7 Gueymard Clear Sky Spectral Model SMARTS
113(1)
7.8 Spctrl2 and Smarts for Astm Standard Reference Conditions
114(1)
7.9 Spectral Distributions under All Sky Conditions
115(1)
7.10 Summary
116(1)
References
116(5)
Chapter 8 Introduction to Modeling Daylight
121(20)
8.1 Introduction
121(1)
8.2 Illuminance versus Irradiance
121(4)
8.2.1 Photopic Response
121(2)
8.2.2 Luminous Efficacy
123(2)
8.3 Applications of Daylight Data and Models
125(1)
8.3.1 Interior Applications
125(1)
8.3.2 Exterior Applications
125(1)
8.4 The Perez Anisotropic Illuminance Model
126(4)
8.4.1 Perez Luminous Efficacy Functions
126(1)
8.4.2 Illuminance on Tilted Surfaces
127(2)
8.4.3 Uncertainty of the Perez Anisotropic Illuminance Model
129(1)
8.5 International Commission on Illumination Models
130(5)
8.5.1 CIE Standard Sky Models
130(1)
8.5.2 CIE Gradation and Indicatrix Functions
130(3)
8.5.3 Computational Example
133(2)
8.6 Sky Luminance Model Accuracy
135(1)
8.7 Other Sky Luminance Distribution Models
136(3)
8.7.1 Computational Example
137(2)
8.8 Other Reading
139(1)
8.9 Summary
139(1)
References
139(2)
Chapter 9 Summary and Future Prospects
141(6)
9.1 Overview of the Modeling
Chapters
141(3)
9.2 Current Issues and Future Prospects
144(3)
Appendix A Bird Clear Sky Model in Excel 147(2)
Appendix B Excel Structure for DISC Model of Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) from Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) 149(2)
Appendix C Tables for CIE D65 Reference Spectrum and Spectral Daylight Temperature Model 151(4)
Appendix D SPCTRL2 FORTRAN Source Code 155(8)
Appendix E Photopic Response Function V(λ) Curve 163(4)
Appendix F Perez Anisotropic Model Coefficients for Luminous Efficacy and Zenith Luminance Model 167(2)
Index 169
Daryl R. Myers worked as a senior scientist at the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for 37 years before retiring in 2011. He contributed to the development of many national solar radiometry consensus standards, the U.S. National Solar Radiation Data Base, and joint satellite data validation projects. He is the author or coauthor of 160 technical publications.
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