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Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction 5th edition [Minkštas viršelis]

(The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK), (The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK)
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 442 pages, aukštis x plotis: 234x156 mm, weight: 1400 g, 38 Tables, color; 350 Illustrations, color
  • Išleidimo metai: 04-Aug-2020
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367135728
  • ISBN-13: 9780367135720
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 442 pages, aukštis x plotis: 234x156 mm, weight: 1400 g, 38 Tables, color; 350 Illustrations, color
  • Išleidimo metai: 04-Aug-2020
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367135728
  • ISBN-13: 9780367135720
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction 5th edition is a fully revised edition of one of our most successful textbooks with at least 20% new information.

Solid-state chemistry is still a rapidly advancing field, contributing to areas such as batteries for transport and energy storage, nanostructured materials, porous materials for the capture of carbon dioxide and other pollutants.

This edition aims, as previously, not only to teach the basic science that underpins the subject, but also to direct the reader to the most modern techniques and to expanding and new areas of

research. The user-friendly style takes a largely non-mathematical approach and gives practical examples of applications of solid state materials and concepts.

A notable and timely addition to the 5th edition is a chapter on sustainability written by an expert in the field. Examples of how solid state chemistry contribute to sustainability are also given in relevant chapters.

Other new topics in this edition include cryo-electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) and covalent organic frameworks.

A companion website offering accessible resources for students and instructors alike, featuring topics and tools such as quizzes, videos, web links and more has been provided for this edition.

Recenzijos

"The latest edition of Solid State Chemistry combines clear explanations with a broad range of topics to provide students with a firm grounding in the major theoretical and practical aspects of the chemistry of solids."

-Professor Robert Palgrave, University College London, UK

"A comprehensive guide to solid state chemistry which is ideal for all undergraduate levels. It cover the fundamentals of the area from basic structures, to methods of analysis well but also introduces modern topics such as sustainability."

-Dr Jennifer Readman, University of Central Lancashire, UK

Preface to the Fifth Edition xv
Preface to the Fourth Edition xvii
Authors xix
Contributors xxi
List of Units, Prefixes, and Constants
xxiii
Chapter 1 An Introduction To Crystal Structures
1(64)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Lattices and Unit Cells
1(2)
1.2.1 Lattices
2(1)
1.2.2 One- and Two-Dimensional Unit Cells
2(1)
1.3 Symmetry
3(4)
1.3.1 Symmetry Notation
5(1)
1.3.2 Axes of Symmetry
5(1)
1.3.3 Planes of Symmetry
6(1)
1.3.4 Inversion
7(1)
1.3.5 Inversion Axes and the Identity Element
7(1)
1.3.6 Operations
7(1)
1.4 Symmetry in Crystals
7(3)
1.4.1 Translational Symmetry Elements
8(2)
1.5 Three-Dimensional Lattices and Their Unit Cells
10(8)
1.5.1 Space Group Labels
16(1)
1.5.2 Packing Diagrams
17(1)
1.6 Close Packing
18(6)
1.6.1 Body-Centred and Primitive Structures
22(2)
1.7 Crystal Planes--Miller Indices
24(2)
1.7.1 Interplanar Spacings
25(1)
1.8 Crystalline Solids
26(27)
1.8.1 Ionic Solids with Formula MX
27(7)
1.8.2 Solids with General Formula MX
34(4)
1.8.3 Other Important Crystal Structures
38(4)
1.8.4 Ionic Radii
42(5)
1.8.5 Extended Covalent Arrays
47(1)
1.8.6 Bonding in Crystals
48(2)
1.8.7 Atomic Radii
50(1)
1.8.8 Molecular Structures
50(3)
1.9 Lattice Energy
53(7)
1.9.1 Born--Haber Cycle
53(2)
1.9.2 Calculating Lattice Energies
55(4)
1.9.2.1 Computer Modeling
59(1)
1.10 Summary
60(1)
Questions
60(5)
Chapter 2 Physical Methods For Characterizing Solids
65(66)
Liana Vella-Zarb
2.1 Introduction
65(1)
2.2 X-Ray Diffraction
66(5)
2.2.1 Generation of X-Rays
66(2)
2.2.2 Diffraction of X-Rays
68(3)
2.3 Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction
71(6)
2.3.1 The Importance of Intensities
71(3)
2.3.2 Solving Single Crystal Structures
74(2)
2.3.3 High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction
76(1)
2.4 Powder Diffraction
77(11)
2.4.1 Powder Diffraction Patterns
77(1)
2.4.2 Absences Due to Lattice Centring
78(4)
2.4.3 Systematic Absences Due to Screw Axes and Glide Planes
82(2)
2.4.4 Uses of Powder X-Ray Diffraction
84(1)
2.4.4.1 Identification of Unknowns and Phase Purity
84(1)
2.4.4.2 Crystallite Size
84(1)
2.4.4.3 Following Reactions and Phase Diagrams
85(1)
2.4.4.4 Structure Determination and the Rietveld Method
86(2)
2.5 Neutron Diffraction
88(3)
2.5.1 Uses of Neutron Diffraction
89(2)
2.6 X-Ray Microscopy/X-Ray Computed Tomography
91(4)
2.7 Electron Microscopy
95(9)
2.7.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM
96(2)
2.7.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy, TEM
98(2)
2.7.3 Cryogenic Electron Microscopy (Cryo EM)
100(1)
2.7.4 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis, EDX (EDAX)
101(1)
2.7.5 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy, STEM
101(2)
2.7.6 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy, EELS
103(1)
2.7.7 superSTEM
104(1)
2.8 Scanning Probe Microscopy, SPM
104(2)
2.8.1 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy, STM
105(1)
2.9 Atomic Force Microscopy, AFM
106(2)
2.10 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy, XAS
108(7)
2.10.1 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure, EXAFS
108(6)
2.10.2 X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure, XANES, and Near-Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure, NEXAFS
114(1)
2.11 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
115(2)
2.12 Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
117(4)
2.13 Thermal Analysis
121(2)
2.13.1 Differential Thermal Analysis, DTA
121(1)
2.13.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis, TGA
121(1)
2.13.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC
122(1)
2.13.4 Simultaneous Thermal Analysis, STA, and Coupling with Spectroscopic or Spectrometric Methods
122(1)
2.14 Temperature Programmed Reduction, TPR
123(1)
2.15 Other Techniques
124(1)
2.16 Summary
124(3)
Questions
127(4)
Chapter 3 Synthesis Of Solids
131(28)
3.1 Introduction
131(1)
3.2 High-Temperature Ceramic Methods
132(6)
3.2.1 Direct Heating of Solids
132(3)
3.2.2 Precursor Methods
135(1)
3.2.3 Sol--Gel Methods
136(2)
3.3 Mechanochemical Synthesis
138(1)
3.4 Microwave Synthesis
139(1)
3.5 Combustion Synthesis
140(2)
3.6 High-Pressure Methods
142(4)
3.6.1 Hydrothermal Methods
142(1)
3.6.2 Using High-Pressure Gases
143(2)
3.6.3 Using Hydrostatic Pressures
145(1)
3.6.4 Using Ultrasound
146(1)
3.7 Chemical Vapour Deposition
146(4)
3.7.1 Preparation of Semiconductors
147(1)
3.7.2 Diamond Films
148(1)
3.7.3 Optical Fibres
149(1)
3.7.4 Lithium Niobate
150(1)
3.8 Preparing Single Crystals
150(4)
3.8.1 Epitaxy Methods
150(1)
3.8.2 Chemical Vapour Transport
151(1)
3.8.3 Melt Methods
152(2)
3.8.4 Solution Methods
154(1)
3.9 Intercalation
154(1)
3.10 Green Chemistry
155(2)
3.11 Choosing a Method
157(1)
Questions
158(1)
Chapter 4 Solids: Bonding And Electronic Properties
159(28)
Neil Allan
4.1 Introduction
159(1)
4.2 Bonding in Solids: Free-Electron Theory
159(7)
4.2.1 Electronic Conductivity
164(2)
4.3 Bonding in Solids: Molecular Orbital Theory
166(6)
4.3.1 Simple Metals
171(1)
4.4 Diamond, Si, and Ge: Semiconductors
172(8)
4.4.1 Photoconductivity
175(1)
4.4.2 Doped Semiconductors
176(1)
4.4.3 p--n Junction and Field Effect Transistors
177(3)
4.5 Bands in Compounds: Gallium Arsenide
180(1)
4.6 Bands in d-Block Compounds: Transition Metal Monoxides
181(2)
4.7 Summary
183(1)
Questions
184(3)
Chapter 5 Defects And Nonstoichiometry
187(38)
5.1 Introduction
187(1)
5.2 Point Defects and Their Concentration
187(8)
5.2.1 Intrinsic Defects
187(3)
5.2.2 Concentration of Defects
190(4)
5.2.3 Extrinsic Defects
194(1)
5.2.4 Defect Nomenclature
194(1)
5.3 Nonstoichiometric Compounds
195(10)
5.3.1 Nonstoichiometry in Wustite (FeO) and MO-Type Oxides
197(4)
5.3.2 Uranium Dioxide
201(1)
5.3.3 Titanium Monoxide Structure
202(3)
5.4 Extended Defects
205(10)
5.4.1 CS Planes
207(4)
5.4.2 Planar Intergrowths
211(1)
5.4.3 Block Structures
212(2)
5.4.4 Pentagonal Columns
214(1)
5.4.5 Infinitely Adaptive Structures
215(1)
5.5 Electronic Properties of Nonstoichiometric Oxides
215(5)
5.6 Summary
220(1)
Questions
221(4)
Chapter 6 Solid-State Materials For Batteries
225(22)
6.1 Introduction
225(3)
6.2 Ionic Conductivity in Solids
228(5)
6.3 Solid Electrolytes
233(8)
6.3.1 Silver Ion Conductors
233(4)
6.3.2 Lithium Ion Conductors
237(2)
6.3.3 Sodium Ion Conductors
239(2)
6.4 Lithium-Based Batteries
241(3)
6.5 Sodium-Based Batteries
244(1)
6.6 Summary
245(1)
Questions
245(2)
Chapter 7 Microporous And Mesoporous Solids
247(36)
7.1 Introduction
247(1)
7.2 Zeolites
247(21)
7.2.1 Silicates
248(4)
7.2.2 Composition and Structure of Zeolites
252(3)
7.2.3 Zeolite Nomenclature
255(1)
7.2.4 Si/Al Ratios in Zeolites
256(1)
7.2.5 Exchangeable Cations
256(1)
7.2.6 Channels and Cavities
257(4)
7.2.7 Synthesis of Zeolites
261(1)
7.2.8 Uses of Zeolites
262(1)
7.2.8.1 Adsorbents
262(1)
7.2.8.2 Catalysts
263(5)
7.3 Metal Organic Frameworks
268(7)
7.3.1 Composition and Structure of MOFs
268(1)
7.3.2 Synthesis of MOFs
268(5)
7.3.3 Uses of MOFs
273(1)
7.3.3.1 Storage and Separation
273(1)
7.3.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis
274(1)
7.3.3.3 Other Applications
275(1)
7.3.4 Zeolite-like MOFs
275(1)
7.4 Covalent Organic Frameworks
275(2)
7.4.1 Structure of COFs
276(1)
7.4.2 Synthesis of COFs
276(1)
7.4.3 Uses of COFs
277(1)
7.5 Other Porous Solids
277(3)
7.5.1 Mesoporous Aluminosilicates
277(1)
7.5.2 Clays
278(1)
7.5.3 Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas
279(1)
7.6 Summary
280(1)
Questions
280(3)
Chapter 8 Optical Properties Of Solids
283(32)
8.1 Introduction
283(1)
8.2 Interaction of Light with Atoms
284(5)
8.2.1 Ruby Laser
286(2)
8.2.2 Phosphors in LEDs
288(1)
8.3 Colour Centres
289(2)
8.4 Absorption and Emission of Radiation in Continuous Solids
291(7)
8.4.1 Gallium Arsenide Laser
294(1)
8.4.2 Quantum Wells: Blue Lasers
295(1)
8.4.3 Light-Emitting Diodes
296(1)
8.4.4 Photovoltaic (Solar) Cells
297(1)
8.5 Carbon-Based Conducting Polymers
298(5)
8.5.1 Discovery of Polyacetylene
298(2)
8.5.2 Bonding in Polyacetylene and Related Polymers
300(2)
8.5.3 Organic LEDs and Photovoltaic Cells
302(1)
8.6 Refraction
303(4)
8.6.1 Calcite
304(2)
8.6.2 Optical Fibres
306(1)
8.7 Photonic Crystals
307(3)
8.8 Metamaterials
310(2)
8.9 Summary
312(1)
Questions
313(2)
Chapter 9 Magnetic And Electrical Properties
315(32)
9.1 Introduction
315(1)
9.2 Magnetic Susceptibility
315(2)
9.3 Paramagnetism in Metal Complexes
317(3)
9.4 Ferromagnetic Metals
320(6)
9.4.1 Ferromagnetic Domains
323(2)
9.4.2 Permanent Magnets
325(1)
9.4.3 Magnetic Shielding
326(1)
9.5 Ferromagnetic Compounds: Chromium Dioxide
326(1)
9.6 Antiferromagnetism: Transition Metal Monoxides
327(2)
9.7 Ferrimagnetism: Ferrites
329(2)
9.7.1 Magnetic Strips on Swipe Cards
330(1)
9.8 Spiral Magnetism
331(1)
9.9 Giant, Tunnelling, and Colossal Magnetoresistance
332(4)
9.9.1 Giant Magnetoresistance
332(1)
9.9.2 Tunnelling Magnetoresistance
333(1)
9.9.3 Hard-Disk Read Heads
334(1)
9.9.4 Colossal Magnetoresistance: Manganites
335(1)
9.10 Electrical Polarisation
336(1)
9.11 Piezoelectric Crystals: A-Quartz
337(1)
9.12 Ferroelectric Effect
338(4)
9.12.1 Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors
341(1)
9.13 Multiferroics
342(3)
9.13.1 Type I Multiferroics: Bismuth Ferrite
343(1)
9.13.2 Type II Multiferroics: Terbium Manganite
343(2)
9.14 Summary
345(1)
Questions
346(1)
Chapter 10 Superconductivity
347(16)
10.1 Introduction
347(2)
10.2 Properties of Superconductors
349(4)
10.2.1 Electrical Conductivity
349(1)
10.2.2 Magnetic Properties of Superconductors
349(2)
10.2.3 BCS Theory of Superconductivity
351(2)
10.3 High-Temperature Superconductors
353(8)
10.3.1 Cuprate Superconductors
354(4)
10.3.2 Iron Superconductors
358(1)
10.3.3 Theory of High-Tc Superconductors
359(2)
10.4 Uses of High-Temperature Superconductors
361(1)
10.5 Summary
361(1)
Questions
362(1)
Chapter 11 Nanostructures
363(28)
11.1 Introduction
363(1)
11.2 Consequences of the Nanoscale
363(10)
11.2.1 Nanoparticle Morphology
363(1)
11.2.2 Electronic Structure
364(3)
11.2.3 Optical Properties
367(3)
11.2.4 Magnetic Properties
370(2)
11.2.5 Mechanical Properties
372(1)
11.2.6 Melting Temperature
372(1)
11.3 Nanostructural Carbon
373(7)
11.3.1 Carbon Black
373(1)
11.3.2 Graphite
373(1)
11.3.3 Intercalation Compounds of Graphite
374(1)
11.3.4 Graphene
375(2)
11.3.5 Graphene Oxide
377(1)
11.3.6 Buckminsterfullerene
377(2)
11.3.7 Carbon Nanotubes
379(1)
11.4 Noncarbon Nanoparticles
380(3)
11.4.1 Fumed Silica
381(1)
11.4.2 Quantum Dots
381(1)
11.4.3 Metal Nanoparticles
382(1)
11.5 Other Noncarbon Nanostructures
383(1)
11.6 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
383(5)
11.6.1 Top-Down Methods
384(1)
11.6.2 Bottom-Up Methods: Manipulating Atoms and Molecules
384(3)
11.6.3 Synthesis Using Templates
387(1)
11.7 Safety
388(1)
11.8 Summary
389(1)
Questions
390(1)
Chapter 12 Sustainability
391(12)
Mary Anne White
12.1 Introduction
391(5)
12.1.1 Definition of Materials Sustainability
391(1)
12.1.2 Sustainable Materials Chemistry Goals
391(1)
12.1.3 Materials Dependence in Society
392(1)
12.1.4 Elemental Abundances
392(3)
12.1.5 Solid-State Chemistry's Role in Sustainability
395(1)
12.1.6 Material Life Cycle
395(1)
12.2 Tools for Sustainable Approaches
396(5)
12.2.1 Green Chemistry
396(1)
12.2.2 Herfindahl--Hirschman Index (HHI)
396(2)
12.2.3 Embodied Energy
398(1)
12.2.4 Exergy
399(1)
12.2.5 Life Cycle Assessment
400(1)
12.3 Case Study: Sustainability of a Smartphone
401(1)
12.4 Concluding Remarks
402(1)
Questions
402(1)
Answers to Questions 403(24)
Further Reading 427(4)
Index 431
Elaine A. Moore studied chemistry as an undergraduate at Oxford University and then stayed on to complete a DPhil in theoretical chemistry with Peter Atkins. After a two- year postdoctoral position at the University of Southampton, she joined the Open University in 1975, becoming a lecturer in chemistry in 1977, senior lecturer in 1998 and reader in 2004.She retired in 2017 and currently has an honorary position at the Open University. She has produced OU teaching texts in chemistry for courses at levels 1, 2 and 3 and written texts in astronomy at level 2 and physics at level 3. She is coauthor of Metals and Life and of Concepts in Transition Metal Chemistry, which were part of a level 3 Open University course in inorganic chemistry and co-published with the Royal Society of Chemistry. She was team leader for the production and presentation of an Open University level 2 chemistry module delivered entirely online. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. She was co-chair for the successful Departmental submission of an Athena Swan bronze award.

Her research interests are in theoretical chemistry applied mainly to solid-state systems and is author or coauthor of over 50 papers in refereed scientific journals. A long-standing collaboration in this area led to her being invited to help run a series of postgraduate workshops on computational Materials Science hosted by the University of Khartoum.

Lesley E. Smart studied chemistry at Southampton University, United Kingdom, and after completing a PhD in Raman spectroscopy, she moved to a lectureship at the (then) Royal University of Malta. After returning to the United Kingdom, she took an SRC Fellowship to Bristol University to work on X-ray crystallography. From 1977 to 2009, she worked at the Open University chemistry department as a lecturer, senior lecturer and Molecular Science Programme director, and held an honorary senior lectureship there until her death in 2016.

At the Open University, she was involved in the production of undergraduate courses in inorganic and physical chemistry and health sciences. She was the coordinating editor and an author of The Molecular World course, a series of eight books and DVDs co-published with the Royal Society of Chemistry, authoring two of these (2002), The Third Dimension and Separation, Purification and Identification. Her most recent books are (2007) Alcohol and Human Health and (2010) Concepts in Transition Metal Chemistry. She has an entry in Mothers in Science: 64 Ways to Have It All (downloadable from the Royal Society website). She served on the Council of the Royal Society of Chemistry and as the chair of their Benevolent Fund.

Her research interests were in the characterisation of the solid state, and she authored publications on single-crystal Raman studies, X-ray crystallography, Zintl phases, pigments and heterogeneous catalysis and fuel cells.