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Somali Grammar [Kietas viršelis]

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  • Formatas: Hardback, 502 pages, aukštis x plotis: 240x170 mm, weight: 973 g, 30 Illustrations, black and white; 6 Illustrations, color; 8 Tables, black and white
  • Serija: Mouton-CASL Grammar Series [MCASL]
  • Išleidimo metai: 23-Aug-2021
  • Leidėjas: De Gruyter Mouton
  • ISBN-10: 1501511653
  • ISBN-13: 9781501511653
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Somali GrammarDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 502 pages, aukštis x plotis: 240x170 mm, weight: 973 g, 30 Illustrations, black and white; 6 Illustrations, color; 8 Tables, black and white
  • Serija: Mouton-CASL Grammar Series [MCASL]
  • Išleidimo metai: 23-Aug-2021
  • Leidėjas: De Gruyter Mouton
  • ISBN-10: 1501511653
  • ISBN-13: 9781501511653
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781501511653.html
Raktažodžiai:

This book will offer a contemporary look at Somali from the standpoint of its major varieties and will provide a comprehensive account of the language that is grounded in linguistic theory and the latest scholarship. The grammar will include an extensive array of examples drawn from the researchers' large Internet corpus of Somalia and vetted via their fieldwork with native speakers of the language.



The series aims to make a significant contribution to modern language studies by providing up-to-date, linguistically sophisticated, and comprehensive language materials, of use to a wide spectrum of users, on major world languages which have hitherto been largely neglected.

Foreword vii
Series Editors' Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
Abbreviations xxvii
1 Introduction
1(20)
1.1 Background
1(1)
1.2 Somali in Somalia and beyond
2(4)
1.3 Classification
6(5)
1.3.1 Ehret & Ali (1984)
8(1)
1.3.2 Lamberti (1984, 1986)
9(1)
1.3.3 Abdullahi (2000)
10(1)
1.3.4 Ismail (2011, 2015)
10(1)
1.4 Major Somali varieties
11(4)
1.4.1 Af-Maxaad Tidhi
11(1)
1.4.2 Northern Somali
12(1)
1.4.2.1 Djibouti Somali
13(1)
1.4.3 Central Somali
13(1)
1.4.4 Benaadir Somali
14(1)
1.5 Previous work on Somali
15(2)
1.5.1 Theoretical literature
15(2)
1.5.2 Reference and pedagogical materials
17(1)
1.6 Other languages of the Somali cluster
17(1)
1.6.1 Ashraaf (Marka, Shingani, Xamar)
17(1)
1.6.2 Maay (Maay-Maay)
18(1)
1.7 Somali in the diaspora
18(1)
1.8 Data sources
19(1)
1.9 Outline of this book
19(2)
2 Orthography
21(6)
2.1 Perso-Arabic
21(1)
2.2 Cismaaniya (Osmania)
21(2)
2.3 Gadabuursi
23(1)
2.4 Official orthography
23(4)
3 Segmental Phonology
27(58)
3.1 Consonants
27(26)
3.1.1 Establishing stop contrasts
31(3)
3.1.1.1 /b/ - (orthographic b)
34(1)
3.1.1.2 /d/ - (orthographic d)
34(1)
3.1.1.3 /g/ - (orthographic g)
35(1)
3.1.1.4 /th/ - (orthographic r)
35(1)
3.1.1.5 /kh/ - (orthographic k)
36(1)
3.1.1.6 /q/ - (orthographic q)
37(1)
3.1.1.7 /d/- (orthographic dh)
37(1)
3.1.1.8 /?/-(orthographic c)
38(1)
3.1.1.9 /?/- (orthographic')
39(1)
3.1.2 Other consonants
39(1)
3.1.2.1 /tj/ - (orthographic/)
39(1)
3.1.2.2 /ml - (orthographic m)
40(1)
3.1.2.3 /n/ and /n/ - (orthographic n)
40(2)
3.1.2.4 /f/- (orthographic f)
42(1)
3.1.2.5 /s/-(orthographies)
42(1)
3.1.2.6 /f/- (orthographic sh)
43(1)
3.1.2.7 /x/ - (orthographic kh)
43(1)
3.1.2.8 /h/-(orthographic x)
44(1)
3.1.2.9 /h/ - (orthographic h)
44(1)
3.1.2.10 /I/ and /r/ - (orthographic l)
45(1)
3.1.2.11 /r/ and /r/ - (orthographic r)
45(2)
3.1.2.12 /j/ (orthographic y)
47(1)
3.1.2.13 /w/ - (orthographic w)
48(1)
3.1.3 Geminate consonants
48(1)
3.1.3.1 Geminate stops
49(1)
3.1.3.2 Geminate sonorants
50(2)
3.1.3.3 "Virtual geminates"
52(1)
3.2 Vowels
53(10)
3.2.1 [ -ATR] short vowels - i, e, u, c, a
59(1)
3.2.2 [ +ATR] short vowels - i, e, w, y, æ
60(1)
3.2.3 [ -ATR] long vowels - ii, ee, uu, cc, aa
60(1)
3.2.4 [ +ATR] long vowels - ii, ee, ww, yy, ææ
61(1)
3.2.5 Diphthongs
61(2)
3.3 Vowel harmony
63(2)
3.3.1 In the nominal system
64(1)
3.3.2 In the verbal system
64(1)
3.3.3 Fronting/raising harmony
65(1)
3.4 Alternations
65(15)
3.4.1 Epenthesis
65(1)
3.4.2 Deaspiration
66(3)
3.4.3 Degemination
69(1)
3.4.4 Manner assimilation
70(2)
3.4.5 Consonant deletion
72(1)
3.4.6 Voicing
72(1)
3.4.7 Spirantization
73(1)
3.4.8 Vowel height alternations
74(1)
3.4.9 Debuccalization
75(1)
3.4.10 Assibilation
76(2)
3.4.11 Palatalization
78(1)
3.4.12 Metathesis
79(1)
3.5 V/0 alternation
80(5)
4 Syllable structure and phonotactics
85(16)
4.1 Syllable structure
85(1)
4.2 Word shape and size requirements
86(1)
4.3 Phonotactics
87(9)
4.3.1 Word-initial and intervocalic consonant distribution
87(1)
4.3.2 Consonant distribution in codas
88(1)
4.3.3 Syllable contact sequences
89(3)
4.3.3.1 Sequences in roots
92(2)
4.3.3.2 Sequences created by V/Ø alternation
94(1)
4.3.3.3 Sequences in compounds and inflected forms
95(1)
4.3.3.4 Sequences in borrowings
95(1)
4.4 Loanword adaptation
96(2)
4.4.1 Segmental repair
96(1)
4.4.2 Phonotactic repair
97(1)
4.5 Poetic metrics
98(3)
5 Tone
101(18)
5.1 Introduction
101(1)
5.2 High tone assignment
102(4)
5.2.1 Nouns
102(3)
5.2.2 Verbs
105(1)
5.2.3 Other parts of speech
105(1)
5.3 Tone alternations
106(4)
5.3.1 Rightward H shift
106(3)
5.3.2 Premodifier H shift
109(1)
5.3.3 Other alternations
110(1)
5.4 Phrasal phenomena
110(2)
5.4.1 Subject Marking
110(1)
5.4.2 Associative High
111(1)
5.4.3 Vocative High
112(1)
5.5 Intonation
112(7)
5.5.1 High and Low boundary tones
113(2)
5.5.2 Ltone of focalization
115(1)
5.5.3 Statements vs. questions
116(3)
6 Nominal morphology
119(26)
6.1 Gender and agreement
119(1)
6.2 Class and number
120(10)
6.2.1 Class 1:-d plurals
121(1)
6.2.1.1 Class 1a: T singular / K plural
121(1)
6.2.1.2 Class 1b: K singular / T plural
122(1)
6.2.1.3 Class 1C: K singular / K plural
123(1)
6.2.2 Class 2: Reduplication plurals
123(1)
6.2.3 Class 3: Singular nouns ending in -e
124(1)
6.2.4 Class 4: Singular nouns ending in -o
125(1)
6.2.5 Irregular nouns
126(1)
6.2.5.1 Nouns using Arabic pluralization strategies
126(2)
6.2.5.2 `Prosodic plurals'
128(1)
6.2.6 Singulatives
129(1)
6.2.7 Double pluralization by -o-yaal
129(1)
6.2.8 Number marking summary
130(1)
6.3 Derivation
130(9)
6.3.1 Noun-to-noun derivation
131(1)
6.3.1.1 Abstract nouns with -nimo
131(1)
6.3.1.2 Abstract nouns with -iyad
131(1)
6.3.1.3 Abstract nouns with -tooyo
132(1)
6.3.1.4 Antonyms with -darrd
133(1)
6.3.1.5 -een
133(1)
6.3.2 Deverbal nouns
134(1)
6.3.2.1 -niin
134(1)
6.3.2.2 -n
134(1)
6.3.2.3 -asho
134(1)
6.3.2.4 -itaan
134(1)
6.3.2.5 -aal
135(1)
6.3.2.6 Deverbal nouns with -tin
135(1)
6.3.2.7 Agentive nouns with -e
136(1)
6.3.2.8 Agentive nouns with -aa
136(1)
6.3.2.9 Instrumental nouns with -e
137(1)
6.3.2.10 Uncountable and collective nouns with -to
137(1)
6.3.3 Ownership nouns with -le
137(1)
6.3.3.1 Collective nouns with -ley
138(1)
6.3.4 Abstract state nouns with -aan
139(1)
6.3.5 Derivational morphology summary
139(1)
6.4 Gerunds
139(2)
6.5 Vocative marking
141(1)
6.5.1 Noun vocative
141(1)
6.5.2 Name vocative
142(1)
6.5.3 Prosodi evocative
142(1)
6.6 Associative marking
142(3)
7 Verbs and verbal morphology
145(66)
7.1 Stem types
146(13)
7.1.1 Bare (Underived)
147(1)
7.1.2 Experiencer
147(1)
7.1.3 Inchoative
148(1)
7.1.4 Reciprocal
149(1)
7.1.5 Weak Causative
150(1)
7.1.6 Factitive
151(2)
7.1.7 Middle
153(2)
7.1.8 Neuter
155(1)
7.1.9 Strong Causative
156(2)
7.1.10 Adjectival participles
158(1)
7.2 Inflection
159(4)
7.3 Infinitives
163(1)
7.4 Auxiliary verbs
163(1)
7.5 Main clause suffixing verbs
164(12)
7.5.1 Realis contexts
166(1)
7.5.1.1 Simple Present
166(1)
7.5.1.2 Present Progressive
166(1)
7.5.1.3 Simple Past
167(1)
7.5.1.4 Past Progressive
168(1)
7.5.1.5 Emphatic Past
169(1)
7.5.2 Irrealis contexts
169(1)
7.5.2.1 Simple Present Negative
169(1)
7.5.2.2 Present Progressive Negative
170(1)
7.5.2.3 Optative
171(1)
7.5.3 Auxiliary constructions
172(1)
7.5.3.1 Past Habitual
172(1)
7.5.3.2 Conditional
173(1)
7.5.3.3 Future
173(1)
7.5.4 Other moods
174(1)
7.5.4.1 Imperative
174(1)
7.5.4.2 Potential
175(1)
7.6 Main clause prefixing verbs
176(9)
7.6.1 Realis contexts
177(1)
7.6.1.1 Simple Present
177(1)
7.6.1.2 Present Progressive
178(1)
7.6.1.3 Simple Past
178(1)
7.6.1.4 Past Progressive
179(1)
7.6.1.5 Emphatic Past
180(1)
7.6.2 Irrealis contexts
180(1)
7.6.2.1 Simple Present Negative
180(1)
7.6.2.2 Present Progressive Negative
181(1)
7.6.2.3 Optative
182(1)
7.6.3 Auxiliary constructions
182(1)
7.6.3.1 Past Habitual
182(1)
7.6.3.2 Conditional
183(1)
7.6.3.3 Future
183(1)
7.6.4 Other moods
184(1)
7.6.4.1 Imperative
184(1)
7.6.4.2 Potential
184(1)
7.7 Irregular verbs
185(6)
7.7.1 Realis contexts
185(1)
7.7.1.1 Simple Present and Present Progressive
185(1)
7.7.1.2 Simple Past and Past Progressive
186(1)
7.7.2 Irrealis contexts
187(1)
7.7.2.1 Simple Present Negative
187(1)
7.7.2.2 Present Progressive Negative
187(1)
7.7.2.3 Optative
188(1)
7.7.3 Auxiliary constructions
188(1)
7.7.3.1 Past Habitual
188(1)
7.7.3.2 Conditional
189(1)
7.7.3.3 Future
189(1)
7.7.4 Other moods
190(1)
7.7.4.1 Imperative
190(1)
7.7.4.2 Potential
190(1)
7.8 Reduced agreement
191(5)
7.8.1 Prefixing and suffixing verbs
191(3)
7.8.2 Irregular verbs
194(2)
7.9 Subordinate clause verbs
196(8)
7.9.1 Complement, adverbial, and object relative clauses
196(2)
7.9.2 Suffixing verbs
198(1)
7.9.3 Prefixing verbs
199(2)
7.9.4 Irregular verbs
201(1)
7.9.5 Subject relative clauses
202(2)
7.9.6 Negation
204(1)
7.10 Inflection summary
204(3)
7.11 Hybrid verbs
207(4)
8 Compounds
211(14)
8.1 Nominal compounds
211(6)
8.1.1 Noun + Noun
212(1)
8.1.2 Noun + Agentive Noun
213(1)
8.1.3 Noun + Ownership Noun
214(1)
8.1.4 Associative Compounds
214(1)
8.1.5 Noun + Deverbal Noun
215(1)
8.1.6 Noun + Gerund
215(1)
8.1.7 Noun + Verb
216(1)
8.1.8 Noun + Adjective
216(1)
8.1.9 Noun + Adposition/Adverbial + Verb
216(1)
8.2 Verbal compounds
217(3)
8.2.1 Object Incorporation
217(2)
8.2.2 Lexicalized compounds
219(1)
8.2.3 Subject incorporation
220(1)
8.3 Light verb constructions
220(1)
8.4 Ideophones
221(1)
8.5 Phrasal verbs
222(3)
9 The noun phrase
225(30)
9.1 Noun categories
226(9)
9.1.1 Count nouns
226(1)
9.1.2 Corporate nouns
227(1)
9.1.3 Uncountable nouns
228(1)
9.1.3.1 Mass nouns
228(1)
9.1.3.2 Collective nouns
229(1)
9.1.3.3 Pluralia tantum
230(1)
9.1.3.4 Summary of countable vs. uncountable nouns
231(1)
9.1.4 Proper nouns
231(1)
9.1.5 Color terms
232(1)
9.1.6 Numerics
232(1)
9.1.6.1 Cardinal numbers
232(1)
9.1.6.2 Ordinal numbers
233(1)
9.1.6.3 Approximate numbers
234(1)
9.1.7 Ideophones
234(1)
9.1.8 Independent personal pronouns
234(1)
9.2 Subject marking
235(4)
9.2.1 H tone loss
237(1)
9.2.2 H tone loss with -i, -yi, or -u
238(1)
9.2.3 Vowel alternation
238(1)
9.2.4 No overt realization
238(1)
9.3 Determiners
239(7)
9.3.1 Possessive determiners
240(1)
9.3.2 Demonstrative determiners
241(1)
9.3.3 Remote definite determiner
242(2)
9.3.4 Definite determiner
244(1)
9.3.5 Interrogative determiner
245(1)
9.4 Lexical adjectives
246(2)
9.5 Associative constructions
248(4)
9.5.1 Prosodic associatives
249(1)
9.5.1.1 With possessive determiners
250(1)
9.5.2 Suffixing associatives with -eed, -odd, -aad
250(1)
9.5.2.1 With count nouns
251(1)
9.5.2.2 Ordinal numbers
251(1)
9.6 Attributive relative clauses
252(1)
9.7 Other clitics
252(3)
9.7.1 Negative -net
252(1)
9.7.2 Intensifier-ba
253(2)
10 The Verb Complex
255(38)
10.1 The verb slot
256(1)
10.2 Pronoun clitics
257(12)
10.2.1 Subject pronoun clitics
258(3)
10.2.2 Impersonal subject pronoun
261(3)
10.2.3 First series object pronouns
264(3)
10.2.4 Reflexive/reciprocal pronoun
267(2)
10.3 Second series object pronouns
269(2)
10.4 Deictic particles
271(3)
10.4.1 Ventive soo
272(1)
10.4.2 Ltive sii
273(1)
10.5 Adverbial particles
274(2)
10.5.1 wada
274(1)
10.5.2 kala
275(1)
10.6 Adpositions
276(5)
10.6.1 u
278(1)
10.6.2 ku
279(1)
10.6.3 ka
280(1)
10.6.4 la
281(1)
10.7 Ad position clusters
281(8)
10.7.1 Two adpositions
281(1)
10.7.2 Three adpositions
282(1)
10.7.3 OPC + oneadposition
283(1)
10.7.4 OPC + two adpositions
284(1)
10.7.5 OPC + three adpositions
285(1)
10.7.6 Clusters with the ISP
286(2)
10.7.7 Clusters with the RRP
288(1)
10.8 Negative ma
289(4)
11 Focus markers
293(22)
11.1 Pre-verbal focus
294(9)
11.1.1 baa
295(1)
11.1.1.1 With a subject pronoun clitic
295(1)
11.1.1.2 With negative aan
296(2)
11.1.1.3 With interrogative ma
298(1)
11.1.1.4 Coalescence with a preceding noun phrase
298(1)
11.1.2 ayaa
299(1)
11.1.2.1 With a subject pronoun clitic
299(1)
11.1.2.2 With negative aan
300(1)
11.1.2.3 With interrogative ma
301(1)
11.1.2.4 With interrogative ma and negative aan
302(1)
11.2 Post-verbal focus
303(5)
11.2.1 With negative aan
306(1)
11.2.2 With interrogative ma
307(1)
11.2.3 With interrogative ma and negative aan
308(1)
11.3 The subject focus condition
308(3)
11.3.1 Verb inflection
309(1)
11.3.2 Pronoun clitics
310(1)
11.3.3 Subject marking
311(1)
11.4 The object focus condition
311(4)
11.4.1 Verb inflection
312(1)
11.4.2 Pronoun clitics
312(1)
11.4.3 Subject marking
313(2)
12 Main clauses without focus marking
315(12)
12.1 Declarative waa
316(3)
12.1.1 waaye-weeye--
318(1)
12.2 Negative mo
319(2)
12.3 Interrogative ma
321(2)
12.4 Optative
323(1)
12.5 Potential
324(1)
12.6 Imperative
325(2)
13 Information structure
327(20)
13.1 Broad Focus
327(1)
13.2 Narrow focus
328(2)
13.2.1 Narrow subject focus
329(1)
13.2.2 Narrow object focus
329(1)
13.3 Topicalization
330(1)
13.3.1 Object topicalization / Subject focus
330(1)
13.3.2 Subject topicalization / Object focus
330(1)
13.4 Retopicalization via right dislocation
331(2)
13.4.1 Subject dislocation
331(1)
13.4.2 Object dislocation
332(1)
13.4.3 Word order summary
332(1)
13.5 Other discourse functions of focus
333(4)
13.5.1 Contrastive focus
333(1)
13.5.2 Cataphoric focus
334(1)
13.5.3 Narrative focus
335(2)
13.6 Focusing other constituents
337(6)
13.6.1 Adverbs and adverbial clauses
337(2)
13.6.2 Relative clauses
339(1)
13.6.3 Complement clauses
340(1)
13.6.4 Reported speech
341(1)
13.6.5 Coordinated phrases and clauses
342(1)
13.7 Focus without focus markers
343(1)
13.8 Detopicalization strategies
343(4)
14 Subordination
347(36)
14.1 Relative clauses
347(22)
14.1.1 Headedness
348(1)
14.1.2 Relative/Antecedent relationship
349(1)
14.1.2.1 Subject-Subject
349(2)
14.1.2.2 Object-Subject
351(1)
14.1.2.3 Subject-Object
352(2)
14.1.2.4 Object-Object
354(2)
14.1.3 Negation
356(3)
14.1.4 Restrictive vs. non-restrictive
359(3)
14.1.5 Attributive relative clauses with nominal complements
362(1)
14.1.5.1 With `be'
362(2)
14.1.5.2 With `have'
364(2)
14.1.5.3 With Mack'
366(1)
14.1.5.4 With `hold, possess'
366(1)
14.1.6 Attributive relative clauses with hybrid verbs
367(2)
14.1.7 Indirect counting
369(1)
14.2 Complement clauses
369(5)
14.3 Subordinating adverbial clauses
374(9)
14.3.1 Time
374(3)
14.3.2 Purpose and reason
377(2)
14.3.3 Concession and condition
379(2)
14.3.4 Manner
381(1)
14.3.5 Location
382(1)
15 Coordination and other adverbials
383(24)
15.1 Coordination with coordinators
383(6)
15.1.1 Conjunction with iyo
383(2)
15.1.2 Disjunction with ama
385(3)
15.1.3 Contrastive conjunction with laaknn
388(1)
15.2 Coordination with clitics
389(3)
15.2.1 Conjunction with-no
389(1)
15.2.2 Disjunction with -se
390(2)
15.3 Coordinating relative clauses
392(4)
15.3.1 Non-restrictive coordination with 00
393(1)
15.3.2 Restrictive coordination with ee
394(1)
15.3.3 Restrictive/Non-restrictive coordination
395(1)
15.4 Coordinating larger constituents
396(2)
15.4.1 With 00
396(2)
15.4.2 withee
398(1)
15.5 Coordinating adverbials
398(4)
15.5.1 Time
399(1)
15.5.2 Purpose and reason
400(1)
15.5.3 Concession
401(1)
15.5.4 Manner
401(1)
15.6 Other adverbials
402(2)
15.6.1 Time
402(1)
15.6.2 Location
403(1)
15.6.3 Manner
404(1)
15.7 Comparatives and superlatives
404(3)
16 Questions
407(20)
16.1 Content questions
407(12)
16.1.1 Who? / Whom? -yda, kuma/tuma
408(2)
16.1.2 When? -godrma
410(1)
16.1.3 Where?-xaggee, halkee, meeshee
411(2)
16.1.4 What? - maxa(a)
413(2)
16.1.5 Why? - maxa(a) u
415(1)
16.1.6 How? -sidee
416(1)
16.1.7 How much? / How many? - immisa
417(2)
16.1.8 How long? / How much? / From where? - intei
419(1)
16.2 Polar questions
419(3)
16.2.1 Miyaa as a general question marker
421(1)
16.3 Choice questions
422(2)
16.3.1 With an interrogative determiner
423(1)
16.3.2 With the interrogative clitic =ma
423(1)
16.3.3 With mee
423(1)
16.4 Tag questions
424(3)
16.4.1 Misi maya - or not?
424(1)
16.4.2 s(h)ow... ma aha - isn't it?
424(3)
A Appendix - Suffixing verb paradigms
427(32)
A.1 Bare (underived) stems
428(2)
A.2 Experiencer stems
430(3)
A.3 Inchoative stems
433(3)
A.4 Reciprocal stems
436(3)
A.5 Weak causative stems
439(3)
A.6 Factitive stems
442(3)
A.7 Middle stems
445(3)
A.8 Neuter stems
448(3)
A.9 Strong causative stems
451(3)
A.10 Weak causative & middle stems
454(5)
Bibliography 459(14)
Index 473
Christopher R. Green, Syracuse University, USA.