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Southwood's Ecological Methods 5th Revised edition [Kietas viršelis]

(Pisces Conservation Ltd and University of Oxford, UK)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 528 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 253x195x29 mm, weight: 1256 g, 176 colour line figures and illustrations
  • Išleidimo metai: 01-Apr-2021
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 019886227X
  • ISBN-13: 9780198862277
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Southwood's Ecological Methods 5th Revised editionDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 528 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 253x195x29 mm, weight: 1256 g, 176 colour line figures and illustrations
  • Išleidimo metai: 01-Apr-2021
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 019886227X
  • ISBN-13: 9780198862277
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9780198862277.html
Raktažodžiai:
Ecological Methods by the late T.R. E. Southwood and revised over the years by P. A. Henderson has developed into a classic reference work for the field biologist. It provides a handbook of ecological methods and analytical techniques pertinent to the study of animals, with an emphasis on non-microscopic animals in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. It remains unique in the breadth of the methods presented and in the depth of the literature cited, stretching right back to the earliest days of ecological research.

The universal availability of R as an open source package has radically changed the way ecologists analyse their data. In response, Southwood's classic text has been thoroughly revised to be more relevant and useful to a new generation of ecologists, making the vast resource of R packages more readily available to the wider ecological community. By focusing on the use of R for data analysis, supported by worked examples, the book is now more accessible than previous editions to students requiring support and ideas for their projects.

Southwood's Ecological Methods provides a crucial resource for both graduate students and research scientists in applied ecology, wildlife ecology, fisheries, agriculture, conservation biology, and habitat ecology. It will also be useful to the many professional ecologists, wildlife biologists, conservation biologists and practitioners requiring an authoritative overview of ecological methodology.
1 Introduction to the Study of Animals
1(7)
1.1 Population estimates
1(2)
1.1.1 Absolute and related estimates
2(1)
1.1.2 Relative estimates
2(1)
1.1.3 Population indices
2(1)
1.2 Errors and confidence
3(3)
1.2.1 Calculating confidence limits about the mean using R
4(1)
1.2.2 Jackknife and bootstrap estimation of confidence limits
4(2)
1.3 Studies of communities
6(2)
References
6(2)
2 The Sampling Programme and the Measurement and Description of Dispersion
8(55)
2.1 Preliminary sampling
8(11)
2.1.1 Planning and fieldwork
8(4)
2.1.2 Data control and statistical aspects
12(2)
2.1.3 The normal distribution and transformations
14(5)
2.2 The sampling programme
19(8)
2.2.1 The number of samples per habitat unit (e.g. plant, host, or puddle)
19(2)
2.2.2 The sampling unit: its selection, size, and shape
21(2)
2.2.3 The number of samples
23(1)
2.2.4 The pattern of sampling
24(2)
2.2.5 The timing of sampling
26(1)
2.3 Dispersion
27(7)
2.3.1 Mathematical distributions that serve as models
27(7)
2.4 Aggregation indices
34(9)
2.4.1 Index of dispersion: the departure of the distribution from randomness
34(1)
2.4.2 Taylor's power law as a measure of aggregation
34(3)
2.4.3 Pattern analysis
37(1)
2.4.4 Lloyd's mean crowding and patchiness
37(2)
2.4.5 Iwao's ρ index: a measure of colony area
39(1)
2.4.6 Lloyd's mean crowding and Iwao's patchiness regression indices for the population and species
40(1)
2.4.7 Breder's equations: a measure of the cohesion of aggregations
40(1)
2.4.8 Deevey's coefficient of crowding
41(1)
2.4.9 SADIE: Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices
42(1)
2.5 Nearest-neighbour and related techniques: measures of population size or of the departure from randomness of the distribution
43(3)
2.5.1 Nearest-neighbour method
45(1)
2.5.2 Closest individual or distance method
46(1)
2.6 Sequential sampling
46(3)
2.6.1 Sampling numbers
46(3)
2.7 Presence--absence sampling: binomial data analysis
49(2)
2.8 Sampling a fauna
51(1)
2.9 Biological and other qualitative aspects of sampling
51(12)
References
52(11)
3 Absolute Population Estimates Using Capture--Recapture Experiments
63(50)
3.1 Capture--recapture methods
64(1)
3.2 What accuracy can be expected?
64(14)
3.2.1 Assumptions common to most methods
65(2)
3.2.2 Estimating closed populations
67(8)
3.2.3 Estimations for open populations
75(3)
3.3 The Fisher--Ford method
78(6)
3.3.1 Bailey's triple-catch method
78(1)
3.3.2 Jolly--Seber stochastic method
79(3)
3.3.3 Robust design
82(1)
3.3.4 Manly and Parr's and Manly et al.'s ageing methods
82(1)
3.3.5 Cormack's log-linear method
83(1)
3.4 Methods of marking animals
84(29)
3.4.1 Handling techniques
85(2)
3.4.2 Release
87(1)
3.4.3 Surface marks using paints and solutions of dyes
87(3)
3.4.4 Dyes and fluorescent substances in powder form
90(2)
3.4.5 Pollen
92(1)
3.4.6 Marking formed by feeding on or absorption of dyes
93(1)
3.4.7 Marking by injection, Panjet, or tattooing
94(1)
3.4.8 External tags
95(1)
3.4.9 Branding
96(1)
3.4.10 Mutilation
96(1)
3.4.11 Natural marks, photo-ID, parasites, and genes
96(1)
3.4.12 Rare elements
97(1)
3.4.13 Protein marking
98(1)
3.4.14 Radioactive isotopes
98(1)
3.4.15 Radio and sonic tags
98(1)
References
99(14)
4 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Habitat: Air, Plants, Plant Products, and Vertebrate Hosts
113(32)
4.1 Sampling from the air
113(1)
4.2 Sampling apparatus
114(3)
4.2.1 Exposed cone (Johnson--Taylor) suction trap
114(1)
4.2.2 Enclosed cone types of suction trap, including the Rothamstead 12-m trap
115(1)
4.2.3 Rotary and other traps
115(2)
4.2.4 Remote aerial vehicles as insect samplers
117(1)
4.3 Comparison and efficiencies of the different types of suction trap
117(2)
4.3.1 Conversion of catch to aerial density
118(1)
4.3.2 Conversion of density to total aerial population
119(1)
4.4 Sampling from plants
119(16)
4.4.1 Assessing the plant
120(1)
4.4.2 Determining the numbers of invertebrates
120(1)
4.4.3 The separation of exposed small animals from the foliage on which they are living
121(3)
4.4.4 The expulsion of animals from tall vegetation
124(2)
4.4.5 The extraction of animals from herbage and debris
126(7)
4.4.6 Methods for animals in plant tissues
133(1)
4.4.7 Special sampling problems with animals in plant material
134(1)
4.5 Sampling from vertebrate hosts
135(10)
4.5.1 Sampling from living hosts
135(2)
4.5.2 Sampling from dead hosts
137(1)
4.5.3 Sampling from vertebrate `homes'
138(1)
References
138(7)
5 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Aquatic Habitat
145(31)
5.1 Open water
145(6)
5.1.1 Nets
145(3)
5.1.2 Pumps
148(1)
5.1.3 Water sampling bottles
149(1)
5.1.4 The Patalas--Schindler volume sampler
149(1)
5.1.5 Particular methods for insects*
150(1)
5.2 Vegetation
151(5)
5.2.1 Floating vegetation
151(3)
5.2.2 Emergent vegetation
154(1)
5.2.3 Submerged vegetation
155(1)
5.3 Bottom fauna
156(15)
5.3.1 Hand net sampling of forest litter
157(1)
5.3.2 Sampling from under stones
157(2)
5.3.3 The planting of removable portions of the substrate
159(1)
5.3.4 Cylinders and boxes for delimiting an area
160(2)
5.3.5 Trawls, bottom sledges and dredges
162(2)
5.3.6 Grabs
164(2)
5.3.7 Dendy inverting sampler
166(2)
5.3.8 Box samplers and corers
168(1)
5.3.9 Air-lift and suction devices
168(3)
5.4 Poisons and anaesthetics used for sampling fish in rock pools and small ponds
171(5)
References
171(5)
6 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Soil or Litter Habitat: Extraction Techniques
176(28)
6.1 Sampling
176(2)
6.2 Bulk staining
178(1)
6.3 Mechanical methods of extraction
178(10)
6.3.1 Dry sieving
178(1)
6.3.2 Wet sieving
179(1)
6.3.3 Soil washing and flotation
180(2)
6.3.4 Flotation
182(1)
6.3.5 The separation of plant and insects by differential wetting
183(2)
6.3.6 Centrifugation
185(1)
6.3.7 Sedimentation
185(1)
6.3.8 Elutriation
185(2)
6.3.9 Sectioning
187(1)
6.3.10 Aeration
188(1)
6.4 Behavioral or dynamic methods
188(9)
6.4.1 Dry extractors
188(4)
6.4.2 The Winkler method
192(1)
6.4.3 Wet extractors
193(4)
6.4.4 Chemical extraction
197(1)
6.4.5 Electrical extraction
197(1)
6.5 Summary of the applicability of the methods
197(7)
6.5.1 Substrate type
197(1)
6.5.2 Animal type
198(1)
6.5.3 Cost
199(1)
References
199(5)
7 Relative Methods of Population Measurement and the Derivation of Absolute Estimates
204(64)
7.1 Factors affecting the size of relative estimates
204(5)
7.1.1 The `phase' of the animal
204(1)
7.1.2 The activity of the animal
205(2)
7.1.3 Differences in the response between species, sexes, and individuals
207(1)
7.1.4 The efficiency of the trap or searching method
208(1)
7.2 The uses of relative methods
209(2)
7.2.1 Measures of the availability
209(1)
7.2.2 Indices of absolute population
210(1)
7.2.3 Estimates of absolute population
210(1)
7.2.4 `Calibration' by comparison with absolute estimates
210(1)
7.3 Removal trapping or collecting
211(3)
7.3.1 Assumptions underlying Zippin's and Carle and Scrub's methods
211(1)
7.3.2 Software for the computation of population size using removal sampling
212(1)
7.3.3 Simplified calculations with two or three sampling occasions
212(1)
7.3.4 Graphical and regression methods with constant probability of capture
213(1)
7.3.5 Dealing with variable probabilities of capture and the general maximum likelihood model
213(1)
7.4 Collecting
214(1)
7.5 Relative methods: catch per unit effort
214(8)
7.5.1 Observation by radar
214(1)
7.5.2 Hydroacoustic methods
215(1)
7.5.3 Fish counters
216(1)
7.5.4 Electric fishing
216(1)
7.5.5 Aural detection
217(1)
7.5.6 Exposure by plough
217(1)
7.5.7 Collecting with a net or similar device
217(5)
7.5.8 Visual searching and pooting
222(1)
7.6 Relative methods: trapping
222(21)
7.6.1 Interception traps
223(2)
7.6.2 Water: drift samplers and fish traps
225(6)
7.6.3 Flight traps combining interception and attraction
231(3)
7.6.4 Light and other visual traps
234(9)
7.7 Traps that attract animals by some natural stimulus or a substitute
243(25)
7.7.1 Shelter traps
243(1)
7.7.2 Trap host plants
244(1)
7.7.3 Baited traps
244(3)
7.7.4 The use of vertebrate hosts or substitutes as bait for insects
247(4)
7.7.5 Using sound
251(1)
References
251(17)
8 Estimates of Species Richness and Population Size Based on Signs, Products, and Effects
268(13)
8.1 Arthropod products
268(3)
8.1.1 Exuviae
268(1)
8.1.2 Frass
269(2)
8.2 Vertebrate products and effects
271(1)
8.3 Effects due to an individual insect
272(1)
8.4 General effects: plant damage
273(3)
8.4.1 Criteria
273(3)
8.5 Determining the relationship between damage and insect populations
276(5)
References
276(5)
9 Wildlife Population Estimates by Census and Distance Measuring Techniques
281(12)
9.1 Census methods
282(1)
9.2 Point and line survey methods
282(2)
9.2.1 Indices of abundance using transects
282(2)
9.3 Line transect methods: the Fourier series estimator
284(4)
9.4 Point transects
288(1)
9.5 Distance sampling software in R
288(1)
9.6 Spatial distribution and plotless density estimators
289(4)
9.6.1 Closest-individual or distance method
290(1)
9.6.2 Nearest-neighbour methods
290(1)
References
291(2)
10 Observational and Experimental Methods to Estimate Natality, Mortality, Movement, and Dispersal
293(43)
10.1 Natality
293(1)
10.2 Fertility
293(2)
10.3 Numbers entering a stage
295(5)
10.4 The birth rate from mark-recapture data
300(1)
10.5 Mortality
300(11)
10.5.1 Total mortality
300(5)
10.5.2 Exclusion techniques
305(6)
10.6 Dispersal
311(25)
10.6.1 Detecting and quantifying jump dispersal
311(1)
10.6.2 Quantifying neighbourhood dispersal
312(6)
10.6.3 Methods based on a two-dimensional solution of the diffusion equation
318(1)
10.6.4 The boundary-flux approach
319(1)
10.6.5 The rate of population interchange between two areas
319(1)
10.6.6 The description of population displacement in relation to its dispersion
320(1)
10.6.7 The measurement and description of home range and territory
320(4)
10.6.8 The rate of colonization of a new habitat and artificial substrates
324(1)
10.6.9 The direction of migration
324(1)
References
324(12)
11 The Construction, Description, and Analysis of Age-Specific Life-Tables
336(26)
11.1 Types of life-table and the budget
336(1)
11.2 The construction of a budget
336(1)
11.3 Analysis of stage-frequency data
337(1)
11.3.1 Southwood's graphical method
338(1)
11.4 Richards and Waloff's first method
338(6)
11.4.1 Manly's method
340(1)
11.4.2 Ruesink's method
340(1)
11.4.3 Dempster's method
341(1)
11.4.4 Richards and Waloff's Second Method
341(1)
11.4.5 Kiritani, Nakasuji, and Manly's method
342(1)
11.4.6 Kempton's method
343(1)
11.4.7 The Bellows and Birley method
343(1)
11.5 The description of budgets and life-tables
344(4)
11.5.1 Survivorship curves
344(1)
11.5.2 Stock--recruitment (Moran--Ricker) curves
344(2)
11.5.3 The life-table and life expectancy
346(1)
11.5.4 Life and fertility tables and the net reproductive rate
347(1)
11.6 Population growth rates
348(2)
11.6.1 The calculation of r
349(1)
11.7 The analysis of life-table data
350(1)
11.7.1 The comparison of mortality factors within a generation
351(1)
11.8 Survival and life budget analysis
351(11)
11.8.1 Varley and Gradwell's method: K-value or key-factor analysis
352(5)
11.8.2 Sibley's A contribution analysis
357(1)
11.8.3 Methods devoloped from demographic methods
358(1)
References
358(4)
12 Age-Grouping, Time-Specific Life-Tables, and Predictive Population Models
362(22)
12.1 Age-grouping
362(9)
12.1.1 Ageing young by developmental stage
362(2)
12.1.2 Ageing by using structures
364(7)
12.2 Time-specific life-tables and survival rates
371(13)
12.2.1 Physiological time
372(1)
12.2.2 Life-table parameters
373(1)
12.2.3 Recruitment in the field
373(1)
12.2.4 Lewis--Leslie matrices and R packages
374(3)
References
377(7)
13 Species Richness, Diversity, and Packing
384(46)
13.1 Diversity
385(1)
13.2 Description of α- and γ-diversity
385(1)
13.3 Species richness
386(12)
13.3.1 Extrapolating the species accumulation curve, rarefaction
387(3)
13.3.2 Rarefaction to compare species richness
390(1)
13.3.3 Sample-based rarefaction
391(1)
13.3.4 An example of sample-based rarefaction
391(1)
13.3.5 Using parametric models of relative abundance to estimate species richness
391(1)
13.3.6 Non-parametric estimates of species richness
392(1)
13.3.7 Software for calculating species richness and rarefaction
393(1)
13.3.8 Models for the S:N relationship
394(4)
13.4 Non-parametric indices of diversity
398(1)
13.4.1 Shannon--Wiener function (H)
398(1)
13.4.2 Simpson--Yule index (D)
399(1)
13.5 Berger--Parker dominance index
399(4)
13.5.1 Evenness (equitability)
400(1)
13.5.2 Mcintosh diversity measure
400(1)
13.5.3 Comparing diversities, diversity ordering, and Hill numbers
400(1)
13.5.4 Which model or index?
401(2)
13.6 Procedure to determine α-diversity
403(1)
13.7 Determining β-diversity
404(1)
13.8 Partitioning β-diversity between species replacement and loss
405(1)
13.9 Similarity and the comparison and classification of samples
406(3)
13.9.1 Measures of complementarity
406(1)
13.9.2 Similarity indices
406(2)
13.9.3 Computation and display of indices
408(1)
13.10 Multivariate analysis
409(7)
13.10.1 Cluster analysis
410(4)
13.10.2 Ordination
414(1)
13.10.3 Species packing
415(1)
13.11 Measurement of interspecific association
416(2)
13.11.1 The departure of the distribution of presence or absence from independence
416(2)
13.12 Measurement of resource-utilization
418(4)
13.12.1 Species packing in terms of mean and width of resource-utilization spectrum (d/w method)
420(1)
13.12.2 Species packing in terms of proportional utilization of different resource states (pi method)
421(1)
13.13 Niche size and competition coefficients
422(8)
13.13.1 Software to calculate niche overlap statistics
423(2)
References
425(5)
14 Estimation of Productivity and the Construction of Energy Budgets
430(28)
14.1 Estimation of standing crop
432(1)
14.2 Measurement of biomass
432(1)
14.3 Determination of energy density
433(1)
14.4 Estimation of energy flow
433(1)
14.5 The measurement of production
434(2)
14.6 The measurement of feeding and assimilation
436(4)
14.6.1 The quality of the food eaten
436(1)
14.6.2 Feeding and assimilation rates
437(3)
14.7 The measurement of the energy loss due to respiration and metabolic process
440(6)
14.7.1 Calorimetric
440(1)
14.7.2 The exchange of respiratory gases
440(6)
14.8 The energy budget, efficiencies, and transfer coefficients
446(1)
14.9 The energy budget of a population (or trophic level)
446(3)
14.9.1 Dynamic energy budget models
447(2)
14.9.2 Energy transfer across trophic links
449(1)
14.10 Identification of ecological pathways using stable isotopes
449(2)
14.11 Assessment of energy and time costs of strategies
451(7)
References
451(7)
15 Techniques for the Study of Long-Term Dynamics: Analyzing Time Series
458(29)
15.1 Examples of Long-term studies and the need for careful interpretation of change
458(2)
15.2 Planning temporal sampling
460(1)
15.3 The classification of time series
460(10)
15.3.1 Using R for time series decomposition
462(8)
15.4 Detecting synchrony and species associations between time series
470(1)
15.5 Measuring temporal variability
471(2)
15.5.1 Tilman's index of community stability
473(1)
15.6 Detecting break-points
473(3)
15.7 Determining if a species has become extinct
476(1)
15.8 Detection of density dependence in time series
477(4)
15.8.1 Bulmer's (1975) test
477(1)
15.8.2 Pollard et al.'s (1987) randomization test
478(1)
15.8.3 Dennis and Taper's (1994) bootstrap approach
479(1)
15.8.4 Using a battery of approaches to detect density dependence
480(1)
15.9 Temporal β-diversity
481(6)
15.9.1 Similarity and dissimilarity measures
482(1)
15.9.2 Zeta diversity
482(1)
15.9.3 Turnover measures
483(1)
15.9.4 Mean rank shift
483(1)
15.9.5 Defining the assemblage of interest: which taxa should be included?
483(1)
15.9.6 Null models and the nature of change
483(1)
References
484(3)
16 Studies at Large Spatial Scales, Citizen Science, and the Classification of Habitats
487(12)
16.1 Planning spatial and temporal sampling
487(1)
16.2 Remote sensing data from satellites
488(2)
16.3 Remote sensing using piloted and unmanned aircraft
490(1)
16.4 Distributed networks of sensors and samplers
490(1)
16.5 Biodiversity and inventory databases
491(1)
16.6 Detecting break-points
491(1)
16.7 Geographical information systems
491(1)
16.8 Citizen science projects
492(1)
16.9 Ecosystem services
493(1)
16.10 Species richness change and scale
494(1)
16.11 Habitat classification
494(5)
16.11.1 Qualitative
494(1)
16.11.2 Quantitative
494(2)
References
496(3)
Index 499
Peter A. Henderson is Director of Pisces Conservation Ltd, an independent ecological consultancy and software house based in Southampton, UK. In addition, he lectures and holds the position of Senior Research Associate in the Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK. He is an ecological consultant and research scientist with 40 years' experience combining theoretical, applied, and field research, with extensive experience of the management of major ecological assessment projects including preparation and presentation of material for public enquires and liaising with conservation bodies and engineers. Projects he has undertaken include conservation planning for large tropical nature reserves, ecological effects studies of nuclear power station intakes, conservation studies of rare freshwater life and effects of climate change and drought.

Sir Richard Southwood (1931-2005) was a British biologist, Professor of Zoology and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, UK. The title of the 5th edition honours his memory as the original author of this landmark textbook, the original edition of which was first published in 1965.