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Sowing the seed?: Human Impact and Plant Subsistence in Dutch Wetlands During the Late Mesolithic and Early and Middle Neolithic (5500-3400 cal BC) [Minkštas viršelis]

  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 502 pages, aukštis: 273 mm, weight: 1313 g
  • Serija: Archaeological Studies Leiden University 18
  • Išleidimo metai: 30-Oct-2009
  • Leidėjas: Leiden University Press
  • ISBN-10: 9087280726
  • ISBN-13: 9789087280727
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Sowing the seed?: Human Impact and Plant Subsistence in Dutch Wetlands During the Late Mesolithic and Early and Middle Neolithic (5500-3400 cal BC)Didesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 502 pages, aukštis: 273 mm, weight: 1313 g
  • Serija: Archaeological Studies Leiden University 18
  • Išleidimo metai: 30-Oct-2009
  • Leidėjas: Leiden University Press
  • ISBN-10: 9087280726
  • ISBN-13: 9789087280727
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9789087280727.html
Until now, a coherent overview of the archaeobotanical research on the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture in the Netherlands was lacking. Drawing on new data on pollen, seeds, and fruit, Welmoed Out provides an in-depth account of the natural and human-sown vegetation in the Dutch wetlands during the Late Mesolithic and Early and Middle Neolithic periods. Not only does Sowing the Seed? offer new insights into the neolithisation process in the Dutch wetlands by means of the reconstruction of natural vegetation, human impact, plant use, and cultivation practices, it also examines the culture of the humans who inhabited the land during this time.
1 Introduction
17(10)
1.1 Background
17(1)
1.2 Problem, goal and questions
17(4)
1.3 Approach
21(4)
1.4 Comments on materials and methods
25(1)
1.5 Outline
26(1)
2 Central river area
27(46)
2.1 Geology and palaeogeography of the central river area
27(6)
2.1.1 Subsurface
27(1)
2.1.2 Anastomosing river system
28(4)
2.1.3 Types of dry terrain in the anastomosing river system
32(1)
2.1.4 Ground water level and marine influence
32(1)
2.2 Bergambacht
33(5)
2.2.1 Introduction
33(1)
2.2.2 Materials and methods of the pollen analysis
33(2)
2.2.3 Results of the pollen analysis
35(1)
2.2.4 Discussion of the pollen analysis
36(1)
2.2.5 Materials and methods of the macroremains analysis
36(1)
2.2.6 Results and discussion of the macroremains analysis
36(2)
2.2.7 Discussion and conclusions
38(1)
2.3 Pollen diagram of Goudriaan
38(4)
2.3.1 Introduction
38(1)
2.3.2 Material and methods
38(1)
2.3.3 Results
39(2)
2.3.4 Conclusions
41(1)
2.4 Zijdeweg, Rechthoeksdonk and Meerdonk
42(3)
2.5 Hardinxveld-Giessendam Polderweg and Hardinxveld-Giessendam De Bruin
45(1)
2.6 Brandwijk-Kerkhof
46(1)
2.7 Hazendonk
47(1)
2.8 Synthesis central river area
48(24)
2.8.1 Occupation and neolithisation
48(2)
2.8.2 Reconstruction of the natural vegetation
50(3)
2.8.3 Human impact
53(1)
2.8.3.1 Pollen diagrams
53(1)
2.8.3.2 Distinction between human impact and natural causes of disturbance
54(1)
2.8.3.3 Factors influencing the evidence of human impact in pollen diagrams
55(1)
2.8.3.4 The influence of the introduction of agriculture on signals of human impact
55(3)
2.8.3.5 Macroremains diagrams
58(1)
2.8.3.6 Carbonised macroremains of non-cultivated plants
59(4)
2.8.3.7 Wood and charcoal
63(1)
2.8.4 Crop cultivation
64(1)
2.8.4.1 Suitability of the landscape for cultivation
64(1)
2.8.4.2 Crop plants
65(1)
2.8.4.3 Arable weeds
65(6)
2.8.4.4 Local cultivation
71(1)
2.9 Suggestions for further research
72(1)
3 Coastal region
73(90)
3.1 Geology and palaeogeography of the coastal region
73(3)
3.1.1 Introduction
73(1)
3.1.2 Ypenburg
73(2)
3.1.3 Wateringen 4
75(1)
3.1.4 Schipluiden (AHR-39)
75(1)
3.1.5 Sion (AHR-42)
75(1)
3.1.6 Rijswijk-A4
75(1)
3.1.7 Wateringse Veld
75(1)
3.2 Nootdorp-Driemanspolder
76(2)
3.3 Schipluiden-Zuidkade
78(2)
3.4 Ypenburg-Postenkade
80(1)
3.5 Rijswijk-Ypenburg
81(4)
3.5.1 Archaeology
81(1)
3.5.2 Pollen analysis
81(1)
3.5.3 Macroremains analysis
82(1)
3.5.4 Wood and charcoal analysis
83(1)
3.5.5 Discussion
84(1)
3.6 Schipluiden
85(9)
3.6.1 Archaeology
85(1)
3.6.2 Diatom and pollen analysis
86(1)
3.6.3 Macroremains analysis
87(1)
3.6.4 Crop plants
88(1)
3.6.5 Arable weeds
88(3)
3.6.6 Wood and charcoal analysis
91(2)
3.6.7 Other sources
93(1)
3.6.8 Discussion
93(1)
3.7 Wateringen 4
94(5)
3.7.1 Archaeology
94(1)
3.7.2 Archaeobotanical materials and methods
95(1)
3.7.3 Pollen analysis
96(1)
3.7.4 Macroremains analysis
96(3)
3.7.6 Discussion
99(1)
3.8 Sion (AHR-42)
99(1)
3.9 Rijswijk-A4
100(15)
3.9.1 Archaeology
100(1)
3.9.2 Macroremains analysis
101(10)
3.9.3 Discussion
111(4)
3.10 Synthesis coastal region
115(19)
3.10.1 Occupation and neolithisation
115(1)
3.10.2 Reconstruction of the natural vegetation
116(1)
3.10.2.1 Reconstruction of the regional vegetation
116(2)
3.10.2.2 Reconstruction of the dune vegetation
118(1)
3.10.3 Human impact
119(1)
3.10.3.1 Pollen and diatoms
119(1)
3.10.3.2 Carbonised macroremains
120(4)
3.10.3.4 Wood and charcoal
124(3)
3.10.4 Crop cultivation
127(1)
3.10.4.1 Suitability of the landscape for cultivation
127(1)
3.10.4.2 Crop plants
127(1)
3.10.4.3 Arable weeds
128(5)
3.10.4.4 Local cultivation
133(1)
3.11 Suggestions for further research
134(29)
4 Vecht region
163(50)
4.1 Geology and palaeogeography of the Vecht region
163(6)
4.1.1 Introduction
163(4)
4.1.2 Swifterbant
167(1)
4.1.3 Schokland-P14
167(1)
4.1.4 Schokkerhaven-E170
167(1)
4.1.5 Urk-E4
167(2)
4.1.6 Emmeloord-J97
169(1)
4.2 Swifterbant
169(12)
4.2.1 Archaeology
169(1)
4.2.2 Archaeobotany
170(1)
4.2.2.1 Pollen analysis
170(1)
4.2.2.2 Macroremains analysis
171(1)
4.2.2.3 Carbonised macroremains of non-cultivated plants
172(1)
4.2.2.4 Crop plants
172(1)
4.2.2.5 Arable weeds
173(1)
4.2.2.6 Wood analysis
174(2)
4.2.2.7 Charcoal analysis
176(1)
4.2.2.8 Moss analysis
177(1)
4.2.2.9 Other sources
177(1)
4.2.3 Discussion
177(1)
4.2.3.1 Reconstruction of the natural vegetation
177(1)
4.2.3.2 Human impact on the vegetation
178(1)
4.2.3.3 Local cultivation
179(2)
4.3 Schokland-P14
181(9)
4.3.1 Archaeology
181(1)
4.3.2 Archaeobotanical materials and methods
182(1)
4.3.2.1 Pollen and diatoms analysis from sections
183(1)
4.3.2.2 Macroremains analysis
184(1)
4.3.2.3 Crop plants
184(1)
4.3.2.4 Arable weeds
184(2)
4.3.2.5 Charcoal analysis
186(1)
4.3.2.6 Other sources
186(1)
4.3.3 Discussion
186(1)
4.3.3.1 Reconstruction of the natural vegetation
186(2)
4.3.3.2 Human impact on the vegetation
188(1)
4.3.3.3 Local cultivation
188(2)
4.4 Schokkerhaven-E170
190(5)
4.4.1 Archaeology
190(1)
4.4.2 Pollen analysis
191(1)
4.4.3 Macroremains analysis
191(3)
4.4.4 Conclusions
194(1)
4.5 Urk-E4
195(5)
4.5.1 Archaeology
195(1)
4.5.2 Archaeobotanical materials and methods
196(1)
4.5.3 Reconstruction of the natural vegetation
196(2)
4.5.4 Evidence of human impact from the macroremains
198(1)
4.5.5 Crop plants
198(1)
4.5.6 Presumed ard marks
199(1)
4.5.7 Conclusions
200(1)
4.6 Emmeloord-J97
200(2)
4.6.1 Archaeology
200(1)
4.6.2 Archaeobotanical materials and methods
201(1)
4.6.3 Macroremains analysis
201(1)
4.6.4 Wood analysis
202(1)
4.6.5 Conclusion and discussion
202(1)
4.7 Synthesis Vecht region
202(10)
4.7.1 Occupation and neolithisation
202(2)
4.7.2 Reconstruction of the natural vegetation
204(2)
4.7.3 Human impact on the vegetation
206(2)
4.7.4 Crop cultivation
208(1)
4.7.4.1 Suitability of the landscape for cultivation
208(1)
4.7.4.2 Crop plants
209(1)
4.7.4.3 Arable weeds
209(1)
4.7.4.4 Local cultivation
209(3)
4.8 Suggestions for further research
212(1)
5 Eem region
213(32)
5.1 Geology and palaeogeography of the Eem region
213(1)
5.2 Archaeology of Hoge Vaart
214(2)
5.3 Sand ridge
216(4)
5.3.1 Reconstruction of the natural vegetation and abiotic factors at the sand ridge
216(1)
5.3.1.1 Early and Middle Atlantic (phase 1)
217(1)
5.3.1.2 Middle and Late Atlantic (phases 2 and 3)
217(1)
5.3.1.3 Initial submerging of the sand ridge (end phase 3)
218(1)
5.3.1.4 Complete submerging of the sand ridge (phase 4)
219(1)
5.3.2 Evidence of human impact on the vegetation from the sand ridge pollen diagrams
219(1)
5.4 Bank zone
220(8)
5.4.1 Reconstruction of the natural vegetation of the bank zone based on pollen and macroremains
220(7)
5.4.2 Evidence of human impact on the vegetation from the bank zone diagrams
227(1)
5.5 Macroremains analysis
228(4)
5.5.1 Materials and methods
228(2)
5.5.2 Results
230(1)
5.5.3 Carbonised macroremains
230(2)
5.6 Disturbance indicators
232(2)
5.7 Wood analysis
234(4)
5.7.1 Unworked wood remains
234(1)
5.7.2 Presumably worked wood remains
234(2)
5.7.3 Wooden artefacts
236(2)
5.8 Charcoal analysis
238(2)
5.9 Other sources
240(5)
5.10.1 Reconstruction of the natural vegetation
240(1)
5.10.1.1 Reconstruction of the natural vegetation of dry terrain
240(1)
5.10.1.2 Reconstruction of the wetland vegetation
241(1)
5.10.2 Human impact on the vegetation
242(1)
5.10.3 Crop cultivation
243(1)
5.10.3.1 Suitability of the landscape for cultivation
243(1)
5.10.3.2 Absence of indications of agriculture at Hoge Vaart
243(2)
6 Other sites
245(8)
6.1 Introduction
245(1)
6.2 Randstadrail Central Station (western river area)
246(1)
6.3 Bergschenhoek (western river area; see appendix V)
246(2)
6.4 Hillegersberg (western river area)
248(1)
6.5 Barendrecht 20.126 (western river area)
248(1)
6.6 Barendrecht 20.125 (western river area)
248(1)
6.7 Benschop cluster (western river area)
249(1)
6.8 Alblasserdam-Nieuw Kinderdijk (central river area)
249(1)
6.9 Nijmegen-Oosterhout't Klumke (eastern river area)
250(1)
6.10 Winterswijk
250(1)
6.11 Hude I
250(1)
6.12 Jardinga
251(1)
6.13 Doel Deurganckdok-sector B
251(2)
7 Reconstruction of the natural vegetation
253(18)
7.1 Abiotic factors influencing the natural vegetation
253(1)
7.2 Woodland vegetation
253(13)
7.3.1 Pinus sp.
264(1)
7.3.2 Prunus spinosa
264(1)
7.3.3 Prunus padus
264(1)
7.3.4 Prunus avium
264(1)
7.3.5 Sorbus aucuparia
265(1)
7.3.6 Taxus baccata
265(1)
7.4 Reconstruction of the natural vegetation on a regional level
266(2)
7.4.1 Central river area
266(1)
7.4.2 Coastal region
266(1)
7.4.3 Vecht region
267(1)
7.4.4 Eem region
267(1)
7.5 Comparison with macroregions
268(3)
7.5.1 Scheldt Basin
268(3)
8 Evidence of human impact and plant subsistence from pollen diagrams, wood and charcoal
271(60)
8.1 Introduction
271(1)
8.2 Evidence of human impact in pollen diagrams from the studied regions
271(6)
8.2.1 Central river area
271(1)
8.2.2 Coastal region
271(1)
8.2.3 Vecht region
272(1)
8.2.4 Eem region
272(1)
8.2.5 Other sites
272(1)
8.2.6 Summary and comparison of the regions
273(1)
8.2.6.1 Trees and shrubs
273(1)
8.2.6.2 Herbs and non-pollen palynomorphs
273(2)
8.2.7 Evidence of human impact in pollen diagrams in relation to methodology
275(1)
8.2.8 Evidence of Neolithic subsistence and neolithisation in pollen diagrams
276(1)
8.3 Comparison with macroregions
277(6)
8.3.1 The models of human impact from other macroregions
277(3)
8.3.2 Comparison of the sites studied with the results from other macroregions
280(3)
8.3.3 Comparison with non-modelled information from other macroregions
283(1)
8.4 Evidence of human impact from wood
283(23)
8.4.1 The identifications of wooden artefacts and worked wood
283(3)
8.4.2 Selective use of wood for artefacts
286(1)
8.4.2.1 Fish traps and wattle work
287(1)
8.4.2.2 Dugout canoes
288(2)
8.4.2.3 Paddles
290(2)
8.4.2.4 Bows
292(2)
8.4.2.5 Hafts
294(2)
8.4.2.6 Rectangular split pieces
296(5)
8.4.2.7 Pointed roundwood other than posts
301(1)
8.4.2.8 Posts
302(2)
8.4.3 Import of wood
304(1)
8.4.4 Conclusion on the selective use of wood for artefacts
305(1)
8.5 Wood in relation to ideology
306(1)
8.6 Artefacts made of plant material other than wood
306(1)
8.7 Charcoal: selective use of fuel
307(4)
8.7.1 Selection of taxa
307(3)
8.7.2 Charcoal collection strategies
310(1)
8.8 Management
311(20)
8.8.1 Fire ecology
311(1)
8.8.2 Hedges
312(1)
8.8.3 Pollarding and coppicing
313(3)
8.8.4 Management -- miscellaneous
316(15)
9 Evidence of human impact and plant subsistence from macroremains: use plants and food plants from the natural vegetation
331(50)
9.1 Introduction
331(1)
9.2 Analysis
332(12)
9.2.1 Carbonised remains
332(1)
9.2.2 Frequency analysis
332(5)
9.2.3 Concentrations
337(1)
9.2.4 Features: hearths
337(5)
9.2.5 Spatial distribution
342(1)
9.2.6 Coprolites
343(1)
9.3 Results and discussion
344(20)
9.3.1 Discussion of probable use plants other than food plants
344(2)
9.3.2.1 Discussion of probable food plants - introduction
346(1)
9.3.2.2 Potential plant food from trees and shrubs
347(8)
9.3.2.3 Herbs, wild grasses and sedges
355(2)
9.3.2.4 Roots
357(2)
9.3.2.5 Conclusions on the evidence of consumption
359(1)
9.3.3 Food plants: regional differences
360(1)
9.3.4 Food plants: the economic importance of plants through time
360(3)
9.3.5 Food plants: preparation and consumption
363(1)
9.4 Comparison with other macroregions
364(17)
9.4.1 The Netherlands and Belgium
364(4)
9.4.2 France
368(1)
9.4.3 Germany
368(1)
9.4.4 Denmark
369(1)
9.4.5 Great Britain
369(12)
10 Evidence of human impact and plant subsistence from macroremains: potential arable weeds
381(20)
10.1 Introduction
381(1)
10.2 Analysis of arable weeds of the Dutch wetland sites: methods
381(2)
10.3 Results
383(3)
10.3.1 Concentrations of carbonised cereals
383(1)
10.3.2 Taxa present in a carbonised state in samples that contain carbonised cereal remains
383(1)
10.3.3 Comparison of potential arable weeds between sites with and without cereals
383(2)
10.3.4 Comparison of potential arable weeds between regions
385(1)
10.4 Discussion
386(3)
10.4.1 Which taxa represent arable weeds?
386(1)
10.4.2 Information on cultivation practices derived from probable weeds
387(1)
10.4.3 Comparison with weeds of other relevant Neolithic cultures
388(1)
10.5 Suggestions for further research
389(12)
11 Evidence of human impact and plant subsistence from macroremains: crop plants and cultivation
401(38)
11.1 Introduction
401(1)
11.2 Archaeobotanical remains of crop plants at the wetland sites
401(7)
11.2.1 Finds of macroremains
401(5)
11.2.2 Age of the macroremains
406(1)
11.2.3 Finds of microremains
407(1)
11.3 Evidence of use and consumption
408(1)
11.4 The role and importance of crop plants
409(1)
11.5 Environmental possibilities and restraints for crop cultivation
410(1)
11.6 Local crop cultivation at Dutch Early and Middle Neolithic wetland sites?
411(13)
11.6.1 Querns
416(1)
11.6.2 Sickles and sickle gloss
416(1)
11.6.3 Arable plots
417(1)
11.6.4 Indications of human impact in pollen diagrams
417(1)
11.6.5 Presence of Cerealia-type pollen
418(1)
11.6.6 Dung indicators
418(1)
11.6.7 Arable weeds
419(1)
11.6.8 Poor development of emmer wheat
419(1)
11.6.9 Internodia of naked barley
419(2)
11.6.10 Ratio of emmer and naked barley
421(1)
11.6.11 Site function
422(1)
11.6.12 Conclusion on the types of evidence
422(1)
11.6.13 Conclusion on local crop cultivation at the sites
423(1)
11.7 Cultivation practices
424(5)
11.7.1 Cultivation methods
424(1)
11.7.2 Separate or mixed cultivation?
425(1)
11.7.3 Harvesting methods
426(2)
11.7.4 Autumn-sown crops or spring-sown crops
428(1)
11.7.5 Manuring
428(1)
11.8 Comparison with other cultures and regions
429(6)
11.8.1 Crop plant assemblages from other Neolithic cultures
429(2)
11.8.2 Period of introduction
431(1)
11.8.3 The location of arable plots
432(1)
11.8.4 The importance of crop plants
433(1)
11.8.5 Crop practices in other Neolithic cultures
434(1)
11.9 Neolithisation process: dispersal of crop plants
435(4)
12 Conclusions
439(8)
12.1 Introduction
439(1)
12.2 Implications on methodology
439(1)
12.3 Reconstruction of the natural vegetation
440(1)
12.4 Human impact
441(2)
12.4.1 Settlement choice
441(1)
12.4.2 Evidence of human impact in pollen diagrams
441(1)
12.4.3 Use of wood
441(1)
12.4.4 Food plants and use plants
442(1)
12.4.5 Social role of plants
442(1)
12.5 Neolithisation
443(2)
12.5.1 Wild plants
443(1)
12.5.2 Arable weeds
444(1)
12.5.3 Crop cultivation
444(1)
12.6 Suggestions for further research
445(2)
References 447
Summary 433(58)
Samenvatting 491(8)
Dankwoord 499
Curriculum vitae 51
Welmoed Out graduated in Biology at the Utrecht University in 2002. Between 2003 and 2008 she worked as a Ph.D. student in the archaeological research project 'The Malta Harvest: From Hardinxveld to Noordhoorn - from forager to farmer'. The results of the archaeobotanical research are presented in this thesis, and in several other publications. After the Ph.D. research she had a temporary position as a Marie Curie Research Fellow Archaeobotany at the University of Sheffield.