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El. knyga: Spatial Data Modelling for 3D GIS

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  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 23-Sep-2007
  • Leidėjas: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783540741671
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Spatial Data Modelling for 3D GISDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 23-Sep-2007
  • Leidėjas: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783540741671
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This book covers fundamental aspects of spatial data modelling specifically on the aspect of three-dimensional (3D) modelling and structuring. Realisation of "true" 3D GIS spatial system needs a lot of effort, and the process is taking place in various research centres and universities in some countries. The development of spatial data modelling for 3D objects is the focus of this book.

This book covers fundamental aspects of spatial data modelling specifically on the aspect of three-dimensional (3D) modelling and structuring. Realisation of “true” 3D GIS spatial system needs a lot of efforts, and the process is taking place in various research centres and universities in some countries. The development of spatial data modelling for 3D objects is the focus of this book. The book begins with some problems and motivations, the fundamental theories, the implementation, and some applications developed based on the concepts. The book is intended for various geoinformation related professionals like GIS engineers, GIS software developers, photogrammetrists, land surveyors, mapping specialists, researchers, postgraduate students, and lecturers.
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Why Does 3D GIS Matter?
1
1.2 The Needs for 3D GIS
3
1.3 The Need for 3D Spatial Data Modeling
7
1.4 Problems Associated with Spatial Modelling for 3D GIS
9
1.5 Previous Work
10
1.6 Background to the 3D GIS Problem
13
Chapter 2 An Overview of 3D GIS Development 15
2.1 GIS Functions
15
2.2 3D GIS
16
2.3 Recent Progress Made on 3D GIS
17
2.4 Commercially Available Systems and 3D GIS
18
2.4.1 ArcView 3D Analyst
18
2.4.2 Imagine VirtualGIS
19
2.4.3 GeoMedia Terrain
20
2.4.4 PAMAP GIS Topographer
21
2.5 Why is 3D GIS Difficult to Realise?
22
2.6 Discussion
23
Chapter 3 2D and 3D Spatial Data Representations 25
3.1 Introduction
25
3.2 Classes of Object Representations
26
3.2.1 Grid
26
3.2.2 Shape Model
27
3.2.3 Facet Model
28
3.2.4 Boundary Representation (B-rep)
30
3.2.5 3D Array
32
3.2.6 Octree
33
3.2.7 Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
34
3.2.8 3D TIN (Tetrahedral network, TEN)
35
3.3 GIS Applicability of the Representations
37
3.4 The Selection Criteria
38
3.4.1 Representation of Object Primitives
38
3.4.2 Topology of Spatial Objects: Simplexes and Complexes
40
3.5 Vector and Raster Representations
41
3.6 Summary
42
Chapter 4 The Fundamentals of Geo-Spatial Modelling 43
4.1 Spatial Data
44
4.2 Spatial Data Modeling
44
4.3 Models and Their Importance for Geoinformation
45
4.4 Components of Geo-spatial Model
47
4.5 Phases in Geo-spatial Modeling
48
4.6 Conceptual Design of a Geo-spatial Model
50
4.6.1 Definition of Space
51
4.6.2 Abstraction of Space
52
4.6.3 Abstraction of Real World Object
53
4.6.4 Object and Spatial Extent
57
4.6.5 Spatial Relations
57
4.6.6 Application of Spatial Relations
62
4.6.7 Representation of Spatial Objects and Relationships
65
4.6.8 Spatial Data Models in GIS
73
4.7 Logical Design of Geo-spatial Model
78
4.7.1 Relational Approach
79
4.7.2 Object-oriented Approach
81
4.8 Summary
85
Chapter 5 The Conceptual Design 87
5.1 TIN-based (2.5D) Data Model
87
5.2 Properties of the TIN-based Data Model
90
5.3 TEN-based Data Model
94
5.4 Generalized n-dimensional Integrated Darr Moue I
97
5.4.1 The Definitions
98
5.5 Single-theme and Multi-theme
101
5.6 Euler's Characteristics
102
5.6.1 Euler's Equality
103
5.6.2 The Generalized Euler Equality
104
5.7 Discussion
107
Chapter 6 The Logical Design 109
6.1 Relational Approach
109
6.1.1 Relational Data Structure for TIN-based Model
110
6.1.2 Relational Data Structure for a TEN-based Model
112
6.1.3 Relational Data Structure for an n-dimensional Data Model
115
6.2 Object-oriented Approach
116
6.2.1 Object-oriented Definition of a Spatial Object
117
6.2.2 Object-oriented Design Based on IDM
118
6.2.3 Specialization of Classes
120
6.2.4 Aggregation of Objects
125
6.2.5 Creation of Objects
126
6.2.6 Behaviour of Objects in the Database
128
6.2.7 Comparison with Other 00 Approaches
129
6.3 Discussion
130
Chapter 7 Object-Orientation of TINs Spatial Data 133
7.1 Introduction
133
7.2 Object-oriented Concepts
133
7.2.1 The Abstraction Mechanisms
134
7.2.2 The Programming Language
136
7.3 Object-oriented TIN Tessellations
136
7.3.1 Classes for 2D TIN Tessellations
136
7.3.2 Classes for 3D TIN Tessellations
140
7.4 Object-oriented TINs Spatial Data Modelling
140
7.4.1 The Classes Schema
140
7.5 Object-oriented TIN Spatial Database Development
146
7.5.1 The POET 00 DBMS
146
7.5.2 The POET Database Schema
147
7.5.3 The POET Database Browser
148
7.5.4 POET Database Query
148
7.6 Object-oriented TIN-based Subsystems for GIS
149
7.7 Summary
150
Chapter 8 The Supporting Algorithms 153
8.1 Introduction
153
8.2 Distance Transformation
153
8.3 Voronoi Tessellations
158
8.4 Triangulations (TINs)
163
8.4.1 TIN Topological Data Structuring
168
8.5 Visualization
170
8.6 3D Distance Transformation
171
8.7 3D Voronoi Tessellation
176
8.8 Tetrahedron Network (TEN) Generation
181
8.9 Constrained Triangulations
183
8.9.1 The Line Rasterization
183
8.9.2 The Construction of the Constrained TINs
185
8.10 Contouring Algorithm
190
8.10.1 Data Structures for Contouring
190
8.10.2 The Algorithm
192
8.10.3 The Contour Visualization
195
8.11 Algorithms for Irregular Network Formation
196
8.12 Summary
204
Chapter 9 Applications of the Model 207
9.1 Integration of Terrain Relief and Terrain Features
207
9.2 Creating an Integrated Database
209
9.3 A Spatial Query Example
212
9.4 Integrating with 3D Features
214
9.5 Integrating with Geo-scientific Data
219
9.6 Spatial Operators
221
9.7 Graphic Visualization
223
9.7.1 Wireframe Graphics
224
9.7.2 Hidden Line and Surface Removal
225
9.7.3 Surface Shading and Illumination
226
9.7.4 Texture Mapping
227
9.8 Virtual Reality
230
9.9 Discussion
230
Chapter 10 The Web and 3D GIS 233
10.1 Introduction
233
10.2 Web 3D GIS
234
10.3 Management of 3D Spatial Data
238
10.4 GUI for 3D Visualization and Editing on the Web
240
10.5 Current and Possible Approaches in Urban Planning
248
10.6 Realized Browser-based Solutions
249
10.7 Stand-alone Solutions/Toolkits/Front-ends
254
10.8 Summary
255
Chapter 11 Conclusion and Further Outlook 257
11.1 Summary
257
11.2 Further Research
264
References and Bibliography 267
Index 287


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