Foreword |
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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
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1 | (32) |
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1.1 Introduction to Hyperspectral Imaging Systems |
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1 | (3) |
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1.2 High-Dimensional Data |
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4 | (27) |
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1.2.1 Geometrical and Statistical Properties of High Dimensional Data and the Need for Feature Reduction |
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5 | (6) |
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1.2.2 Conventional Spectral Classifiers and the Importance of Considering Spatial Information |
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11 | (20) |
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31 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Classification Approaches |
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33 | (22) |
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33 | (3) |
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2.2 Statistical Classification |
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36 | (8) |
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2.2.1 Support Vector Machines |
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37 | (4) |
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2.2.2 Neural Network Classifiers |
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41 | (2) |
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2.2.3 Decision Tree Classifiers |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (6) |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (1) |
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2.5 Estimation of Classification Error |
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51 | (3) |
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51 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Average Accuracy (AA) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Feature Reduction |
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55 | (36) |
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3.1 Feature Extraction (FE) |
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56 | (13) |
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3.1.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) |
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58 | (2) |
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3.1.2 Independent Component Analysis |
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60 | (2) |
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3.1.3 Discriminant Analysis Feature Extraction (DAFE) |
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62 | (2) |
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3.1.4 Decision Boundary Feature Extraction (DBFE) |
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64 | (3) |
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3.1.5 Nonparametric Weighted Feature Extraction (NWFE) |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (21) |
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3.2.1 Supervised and Unsupervised Feature Selection Techniques |
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71 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Evolutionary-Based Feature Selection Techniques |
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72 | (3) |
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3.2.3 Genetic Algorithm (GA)-Based Feature Selection |
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75 | (2) |
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3.2.4 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-Based Feature Selection |
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77 | (6) |
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3.2.5 Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Particle Swarm Optimization (HGAPSO)-Based Feature Selection |
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83 | (1) |
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3.2.6 FODPSO-Based Feature Selection |
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84 | (6) |
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90 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Spatial Information Extraction Using Segmentation |
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91 | (50) |
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4.1 Some Approaches for the Integration of Spectral and Spatial Information |
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94 | (7) |
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4.1.1 Feature Fusion into a Stacked Vector |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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4.1.3 Spectral-Spatial Classification Using Majority Voting |
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96 | (5) |
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4.2 Clustering Approaches |
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101 | (4) |
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101 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Fuzzy C-Means Clustering (FCM) |
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103 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-Based FCM (PSO-FCM) |
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104 | (1) |
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4.3 Expectation Maximization (EM) |
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105 | (3) |
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4.4 Mean-shift Segmentation (MSS) |
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108 | (1) |
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4.5 Watershed Segmentation (WS) |
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109 | (4) |
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4.6 Hierarchical Segmentation (HSeg) |
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113 | (2) |
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4.7 Segmentation and Classification Using Automatically Selected Markers |
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115 | (9) |
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4.7.1 Marker Selection Using Probabilistic SVM |
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116 | (3) |
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4.7.2 Multiple Classifier Approach for Marker Selection |
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119 | (3) |
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4.7.3 Construction of a Minimum Spanning Forest (MSF) |
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122 | (2) |
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4.8 Thresholding-Based Segmentation Techniques |
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124 | (14) |
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127 | (4) |
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4.8.2 Classification Based on Thresholding-Based Image Segmentation |
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131 | (1) |
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4.8.3 Experimental Evaluation of Different Spectral-Spatial Classification Approaches Based on Different Segmentation Methods |
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132 | (6) |
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138 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Morphological Profile |
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141 | (24) |
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5.1 Mathematical Morphology (MM) |
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142 | (20) |
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5.1.1 Morphological Operators |
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142 | (7) |
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5.1.2 Morphological Profile (MP) |
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149 | (4) |
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5.1.3 Morphological Neighborhood |
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153 | (3) |
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5.1.4 Spectral-Spatial Classification |
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156 | (6) |
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162 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 Attribute Profiles |
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165 | (34) |
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6.1 Fundamental Properties |
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166 | (1) |
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6.2 Morphological Attribute Filter (AF) |
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167 | (13) |
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6.2.1 Attribute Profile and Its Extension to Hyperspectral Images |
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173 | (7) |
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6.3 Spectral-Spatial Classification Based on AP |
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180 | (18) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (17) |
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198 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Conclusion and Future Works |
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199 | (6) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (5) |
Appendix A CEM Clustering |
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205 | (2) |
Appendix B Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) |
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207 | (2) |
Appendix C Prim's Algorithm |
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209 | (2) |
Appendix D Data Sets Description |
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211 | (6) |
Abbreviations and Acronyms |
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217 | (2) |
Bibliography |
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219 | (30) |
About the Authors |
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249 | (2) |
Index |
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251 | |