| Preface |
|
xiii | |
| Bibliography and references |
|
xvi | |
|
Part I Introduction and overview |
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1 | (54) |
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1 Qualitative description of single and binary star evolution |
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3 | (27) |
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1.1 On the evolutionary status of real single stars |
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5 | (9) |
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1.2 Close binary stars and evolutionary scenarios |
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14 | (16) |
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Bibliography and references |
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28 | (2) |
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2 Quantitative foundations of stellar evolution theory |
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30 | (25) |
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2.1 Observed properties of the Sun |
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30 | (8) |
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2.2 Nearby stars in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram |
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38 | (3) |
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2.3 Mass-luminosity relationships |
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41 | (4) |
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2.4 Evolutionary paths of theoretical models in the HR diagram |
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45 | (6) |
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2.5 The evolutionary status of familiar stars |
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51 | (4) |
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Bibliography and references |
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54 | (1) |
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Part II Basic physical processes in stellar interiors |
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55 | (472) |
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3 Properties of and physical processes in main sequence stars-order of magnitude estimates |
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57 | (31) |
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3.1 Particle numbers and separations, pressures and temperatures |
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58 | (3) |
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3.2 Departures from a classical perfect gas: electrostatic interactions, electron degeneracy, and radiation pressure |
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61 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Electrostatic forces |
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61 | (1) |
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3.2.2 The exclusion principle and electron degeneracy |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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3.3 Virial theorems relating kinetic, gravitational binding, and net binding energies |
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65 | (3) |
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3.4 Energy transport: radiation, convection, and conduction |
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68 | (12) |
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3.4.1 Radiative flow and mass-luminosity relationships |
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69 | (2) |
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|
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (5) |
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3.4.4 Heat conduction by electrons |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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3.5 Nuclear energy-generation rates and evolutionary time scales |
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80 | (6) |
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3.6 The static electrical field |
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86 | (2) |
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Bibliography and references |
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87 | (1) |
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4 Statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, and equations of state |
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88 | (103) |
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4.1 Quantum-mechanical wave functions and the unit cell in phase space |
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89 | (2) |
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4.2 The connection between thermodynamics and Fermi-Dirac statistics for particles which obey the Pauli exclusion principle |
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91 | (6) |
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4.3 Calculation of pressure and energy density |
|
|
97 | (2) |
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4.4 Equation of state for non-degenerate, non-relativistic ions |
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|
99 | (2) |
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4.5 Equation of state for weakly degenerate, non-relativistic electrons |
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|
101 | (4) |
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4.6 Equation of state for strongly degenerate, non-relativistic electrons |
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|
105 | (5) |
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4.7 Equation of state for non-relativistic electrons of intermediate degeneracy |
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|
110 | (6) |
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4.8 Equation of state for relativistically degenerate electrons at zero temperature |
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|
116 | (5) |
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4.9 Equation of state for relativistically degenerate electrons at finite temperatures |
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121 | (7) |
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4.10 High temperatures and electron-positron pairs |
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|
128 | (21) |
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4.11 Indistinguishable particles, Bose-Einstein statistics, and the electromagnetic radiation field |
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149 | (5) |
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4.12 Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics and entropy |
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154 | (4) |
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4.13 Ionization equilibrium and the Saha equation for pure hydrogen |
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158 | (7) |
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4.14 Thermodynamic properties of partially ionized hydrogen |
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165 | (5) |
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4.15 The generalized Saha equations, with application to pure helium |
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170 | (4) |
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4.16 Thermodynamic properties of hydrogen- and helium-rich matter in stellar envelopes |
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|
174 | (5) |
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4.17 The effect of Coulomb interactions on the equation of state for a gas |
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179 | (12) |
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4.17.1 Modifications when electrons are modestly degenerate |
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184 | (3) |
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4.17.2 When electrons are significantly degenerate |
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187 | (2) |
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Bibliography and references |
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189 | (2) |
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5 Polytropes and single zone models |
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191 | (67) |
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5.1 The basic structure equation when pressure is proportional to a fixed power (1+1/N) of the density |
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193 | (4) |
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5.2 Several properties of solutions as functions of N |
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197 | (13) |
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5.3 Additional properties of solutions when an equation of state and a law of nuclear energy generation are assumed |
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210 | (5) |
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5.4 Luminosity as a function of position in core nuclear burning models |
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215 | (7) |
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5.5 Polytropic characteristics of zero age main sequence models |
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222 | (2) |
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5.6 Models in adiabatic equilibrium: existence of a maximum temperature and decrease of entropy with time |
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224 | (7) |
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5.7 White dwarf properties revealed by polytropes: radius-mass relationships and the maximum mass |
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231 | (6) |
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5.7.1 Consequences of the N = 3/2 polytropic approximation |
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232 | (3) |
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5.7.2 The Chandrasekhar mass limit from the N = 3 polytrope |
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235 | (2) |
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5.8 Insights from one zone models: white dwarf radius versus mass, heating and cooling in a low mass star as functions of radius, and compression and ion cooling as luminosity sources in white dwarfs |
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|
237 | (11) |
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5.8.1 The temperature maximum and the nature of energy sources in cooling white dwarfs and completely convective low mass stars |
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242 | (6) |
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5.9 One zone models of neutron stars, neutron star composition, and neutron star masses |
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248 | (10) |
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Bibliography and references |
|
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256 | (2) |
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6 Hydrogen-burning reactions and energy-generation rates |
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258 | (40) |
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6.1 The nature and energetics of the pp reaction |
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|
260 | (1) |
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6.2 Ingredients of the pp-reaction probability |
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261 | (1) |
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6.3 An estimate of the weak interaction coupling constant |
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262 | (2) |
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6.4 The nuclear matrix element |
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264 | (4) |
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6.5 A numerical estimate of the cross section |
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268 | (1) |
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6.6 The pp-reaction rate and proton lifetime |
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269 | (2) |
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6.7 Other hydrogen-burning reactions - laboratory cross sections and extrapolation to stellar conditions |
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271 | (4) |
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6.8 The pp-chain reactions |
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275 | (5) |
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6.9 Equilibrium abundances and energy-generation rates for pp-chain reactions |
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|
280 | (4) |
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6.10 The CN-cycle reactions |
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|
284 | (3) |
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6.11 The effect of electrostatic screening on nuclear reaction rates |
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287 | (4) |
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6.12 Polytropic models for zero age main sequence stars |
|
|
291 | (7) |
|
Bibliography and references |
|
|
297 | (1) |
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7 Photon-matter interaction probabilities, absorption cross sections, and opacity |
|
|
298 | (137) |
|
7.1 Photons and the electron-photon interaction Hamiltonian |
|
|
300 | (3) |
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7.2 First order perturbation theory and the golden rule for a radiative transition between two matter eigenstates |
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303 | (4) |
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7.3 The relationship between emission and absorption probabilities |
|
|
307 | (5) |
|
7.4 The cross section for bound-free (photoelectric) absorption from the K shell |
|
|
312 | (7) |
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7.4.1 On the determination of the associated opacity coefficient |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
7.5 The matrix element for free-free (inverse bremsstrahlung) absorption |
|
|
319 | (6) |
|
7.6 The cross section for free-free absorption |
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|
325 | (6) |
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7.7 The Kramers semiclassical approximation and Gaunt factors for free-free absorption |
|
|
331 | (6) |
|
7.8 Spontaneous emission between bound atomic states |
|
|
337 | (4) |
|
7.9 Detailed balance, stimulated emission, bound-bound cross sections, and line broadening |
|
|
341 | (6) |
|
7.10 The Rosseland mean opacity |
|
|
347 | (3) |
|
7.11 Sample calculations of the Rosseland mean opacity |
|
|
350 | (30) |
|
7.11.1 Hydrogen and helium completely ionized, oxygen with zero to two bound electrons |
|
|
351 | (3) |
|
7.11.2 Anatomy of an opacity when density = 1 g cm-3 and temperature varies from 107 to 106 K |
|
|
354 | (7) |
|
7.11.3 Arbitrary states of ionization for hydrogen, helium, and oxygen |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
7.11.4 Number abundances and opacities as functions of temperature when density = 0.01 g cm-3 |
|
|
363 | (8) |
|
7.11.5 Number abundances and opacities as functions of temperature when density = 10-4 g cm-3 |
|
|
371 | (5) |
|
7.11.6 Number abundances and opacities as functions of temperature when density = 10-6 g cm-3 |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
7.11.7 The effect on the Rosseland mean opacity of using Coulomb-distorted plane waves for electrons to obtain the free-free absorption coefficient |
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
7.11.8 Concluding comments |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
7.12 Analytical approximations to results of opacity calculations for intermediate to high temperatures |
|
|
380 | (8) |
|
7.12.1 Keller-Meyerott opacities |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
7.12.2 Metal-free opacities at high temperatures |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
7.12.3 Cox-Stewart opacities at intermediate to high temperatures for mixtures of hydrogen and helium when Z ≤ 0.02 |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
7.12.4 Cox-Stewart opacities at high temperatures for mixtures of helium, carbon, and oxygen |
|
|
385 | (3) |
|
7.13 Convective cores in stars burning nuclear fuel at the center |
|
|
388 | (11) |
|
7.13.1 The criterion for convection at the center and evidence for the composite nature of models relying on CN-cycle energy generation |
|
|
389 | (3) |
|
7.13.2 Estimates of the size of a convection core in CN-cycle-burning main sequence stars |
|
|
392 | (3) |
|
7.13.3 Convective regions in realistic models of zero age main sequence models |
|
|
395 | (4) |
|
7.14 Algorithms for interpolation in opacity tables |
|
|
399 | (16) |
|
7.14.1 Linear interpolation |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
7.14.2 Quadratic interpolation |
|
|
401 | (3) |
|
7.14.3 Cubic spline interpolation |
|
|
404 | (6) |
|
7.14.4 Bicubic spline interpolation |
|
|
410 | (5) |
|
7.15 Interpolation in opacity tables: a concrete example |
|
|
415 | (4) |
|
7.16 Absorption by the negative hydrogen ion |
|
|
419 | (16) |
|
Bibliography and references |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
8 Equations of stellar evolution and methods of solution |
|
|
435 | (92) |
|
8.1 Consequences of the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy |
|
|
437 | (9) |
|
8.2 Examples of the creation-destruction potential for ions and electrons |
|
|
446 | (7) |
|
8.3 The quasistatic equations of stellar structure in spherical symmetry |
|
|
453 | (4) |
|
8.4 The photospheric boundary condition |
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
8.5 The classical fitting technique for model construction |
|
|
459 | (3) |
|
8.5.1 Development close to the model center and near the surface |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
8.5.2 Matching results of inward and outward integrations |
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
8.6 On the construction of integration algorithms |
|
|
462 | (15) |
|
8.6.1 Application to stellar structure |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
8.7 The relaxation technique for model construction |
|
|
477 | (16) |
|
8.8 Composition changes in radiative regions due to nuclear transformations |
|
|
493 | (7) |
|
8.9 Solution of linear equations by Gaussian elimination and LU decomposition |
|
|
500 | (6) |
|
8.10 Composition changes in convective regions |
|
|
506 | (10) |
|
8.10.1 Time scales of relevance |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
8.10.2 Convective diffusion in the mixing length approximation |
|
|
508 | (3) |
|
8.10.3 Solution of the convective diffusion equation: conversion to a difference equation and construction of recurrence relationships |
|
|
511 | (2) |
|
8.10.4 The outer boundary condition and the quantities ak and bk |
|
|
513 | (2) |
|
8.10.5 The inner boundary condition and determination of new composition variables |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
8.10.6 Composition in the static envelope |
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
8.11 Remarks on mixing in radiative zones due to particle diffusion: gravitational settling, abundance-gradient induced diffusion and rotation-induced diffusion |
|
|
516 | (3) |
|
8.12 Zoning considerations and choice of time step |
|
|
519 | (2) |
|
8.13 On the evolution of the computing environment |
|
|
521 | (6) |
|
Bibliography and references |
|
|
525 | (2) |
|
Part III Pre-main sequence, main sequence, and shell hydrogen-burning evolution of single stars |
|
|
527 | (364) |
|
9 Star formation, pre-main sequence evolution, and the zero age main sequence |
|
|
529 | (108) |
|
9.1 Some concepts relevant to star formation |
|
|
531 | (8) |
|
9.1.1 The Jeans criterion |
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
9.1.2 The roles of magnetic fields and cosmic rays |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
9.1.3 Other studies of collapse and formation of a quasistatic core |
|
|
535 | (3) |
|
9.1.4 Further description of the accretion phase |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
9.2 Pre-main sequence quasistatic evolution of a solar mass population I model with deuterium burning |
|
|
539 | (34) |
|
9.2.1 Input physics and initial abundances for evolutionary calculations |
|
|
540 | (3) |
|
9.2.2 Structure and gravothermal characteristics of a Hayashi-band model |
|
|
543 | (5) |
|
9.2.3 The deuterium-burning phase |
|
|
548 | (8) |
|
9.2.4 Evolution in the HR diagram and characteristics of models along the approximately vertical portion of the track |
|
|
556 | (7) |
|
9.2.5 Development of a radiative core and the transition from vertically downward to upward and leftward in the HR diagram |
|
|
563 | (3) |
|
9.2.6 Characteristics of a model in transition from the convective phase to the predominantly radiative phase |
|
|
566 | (7) |
|
9.3 Approach of a solar mass model to the main sequence: the onset and ascendancy of hydrogen burning by pp-chain reactions and properties of a zero-age main sequence model |
|
|
573 | (24) |
|
9.3.1 Hydrogen burning begins |
|
|
573 | (6) |
|
9.3.2 A model in which nuclear burning and gravitational work contribute comparably to the surface luminosity |
|
|
579 | (8) |
|
9.3.3 A zero age main sequence model |
|
|
587 | (10) |
|
9.4 Evolution of a 5 M population I model to the main sequence: gravitational contraction, C → N burning, CN-cycle burning, and properties of a zero age main sequence model |
|
|
597 | (25) |
|
9.5 Evolution of a 25 M gravitationally contracting population I model through deuterium burning and two C → N burning phases, and properties of a CN-cycle burning zero age main sequence model |
|
|
622 | (15) |
|
Bibliography and references |
|
|
635 | (2) |
|
10 Solar structure and neutrino physics |
|
|
637 | (77) |
|
10.1 Construction and properties of a Z = 0.01 solar-like model with the Sun's luminosity, radius, and estimated age |
|
|
639 | (19) |
|
10.2 Construction and properties of a Z = 0.02 solar-like model with the Sun's luminosity, radius, and estimated age, and comparisons with the Z = 0.01 solar-like model |
|
|
658 | (10) |
|
10.3 Contributions to photon and neutrino luminosities and to neutrino fluxes at the Earth |
|
|
668 | (5) |
|
10.4 The solar neutrino problem |
|
|
673 | (9) |
|
10.5 Neutrino oscillations in vacuum |
|
|
682 | (7) |
|
|
|
689 | (10) |
|
10.7 Numerical solutions for neutrinos produced at the center of a simple solar model |
|
|
699 | (4) |
|
10.8 Solutions for neutrinos produced in realistic solar models |
|
|
703 | (7) |
|
10.9 Summary and conclusions |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
|
711 | (3) |
|
Bibliography and references |
|
|
712 | (2) |
|
11 Evolution through hydrogen-burning phases of models of mass 1, 5, and 25 M |
|
|
714 | (177) |
|
11.1 Evolution of a 1 M model during core and shell hydrogen burning on the main sequence, formation of an electron-degenerate core, and core growth during shell hydrogen burning on the red giant branch |
|
|
716 | (52) |
|
11.2 Evolution of a 5 M model during core hydrogen burning, development of a thick hydrogen-burning shell, and shell hydrogen-burning evolution up to the onset of core helium burning as a red giant |
|
|
768 | (52) |
|
11.3 Evolution of a 25 M model without mass loss during core hydrogen burning on the main sequence and during shell hydrogen burning near the main sequence up to the onset of core helium burning as a blue giant |
|
|
820 | (16) |
|
11.4 Global properties of main sequence models as functions of model mass and estimates of surface mass loss during pure hydrogen-burning phases |
|
|
836 | (55) |
|
11.4.1 Global main sequence properties |
|
|
836 | (4) |
|
11.4.2 Mass loss during hydrogen-burning phases |
|
|
840 | (5) |
|
Bibliography and references |
|
|
845 | (46) |
| Index |
|
846 | (626) |
| Preface |
|
ix | |
|
Part IV Transport processes, weak interaction processes, and helium-burning reactions |
|
|
891 | (210) |
|
12 Particle diffusion and gravitational settling |
|
|
893 | (48) |
|
12.1 Moments of the Boltzmann transport equation for a species under conditions of complete equilibrium |
|
|
895 | (6) |
|
12.2 A monoelemental gas in complete equilibrium at constant temperature in a constant gravitational field |
|
|
901 | (5) |
|
12.3 Diffusion velocities and moments in a multicomponent gas in a gravitational field |
|
|
906 | (3) |
|
12.4 The strength of the electrostatic field when equilibrium with respect to diffusion prevails |
|
|
909 | (2) |
|
12.5 Driving forces for diffusion in an initially homogeneous medium consisting of two ion species in a gravitational field |
|
|
911 | (4) |
|
12.6 On the determination of resistance coefficients for diffusion |
|
|
915 | (3) |
|
12.7 Inclusion of electron-flow properties and ion-electron interactions and determination of diffusion velocities |
|
|
918 | (4) |
|
12.8 Generalization to a multicomponent gas |
|
|
922 | (3) |
|
12.9 Gravitational diffusion velocities for helium and iron at the base of the convective envelope of solar models |
|
|
925 | (5) |
|
12.10 More diffusion velocities below the base of the convective envelope of a solar model |
|
|
930 | (3) |
|
12.11 Equations for abundance changes due to diffusion and solution algorithms |
|
|
933 | (8) |
|
Bibliography and references |
|
|
940 | (1) |
|
13 Heat conduction by electrons |
|
|
941 | (38) |
|
13.1 The basic physics of thermal diffusion |
|
|
942 | (9) |
|
13.2 The macroscopic electrostatic field in an ionized medium in a gravitational field |
|
|
951 | (5) |
|
13.3 Use of the Boltzmann transport equation to find the asymmetry in the electron-distribution function |
|
|
956 | (6) |
|
13.3.1 The cross section integral |
|
|
960 | (2) |
|
13.4 Gradients in thermodynamic variables and the electric field |
|
|
962 | (6) |
|
13.5 Thermal conductivity in the classical approximation |
|
|
968 | (5) |
|
13.5.1 General considerations |
|
|
968 | (2) |
|
13.5.2 When electrons are not degenerate |
|
|
970 | (1) |
|
13.5.3 When electrons are degenerate but not relativistic |
|
|
971 | (2) |
|
13.6 A quantitative estimate of the conductive opacity |
|
|
973 | (6) |
|
13.6.1 Fits to still more sophisticated estimates of the conductive opacity |
|
|
975 | (3) |
|
Bibliography and references |
|
|
978 | (1) |
|
14 Beta decay and electron capture in stars at high densities |
|
|
979 | (32) |
|
|
|
980 | (4) |
|
14.2 Electron capture at high densities |
|
|
984 | (5) |
|
14.3 Electron decay at high densities |
|
|
989 | (4) |
|
14.4 Positron decay and general considerations concerning electron capture on a positron emitter |
|
|
993 | (2) |
|
14.5 Electron capture on a positron emitter when electrons are not degenerate |
|
|
995 | (4) |
|
14.6 Electron capture on a positron emitter when electrons are degenerate |
|
|
999 | (2) |
|
14.7 Urca neutrino energy-loss rates |
|
|
1001 | (3) |
|
14.8 Additional neutrino energy-loss rates for beta-decay reactions involving positron-stable isotopes |
|
|
1004 | (4) |
|
14.9 Neutrino energy-loss rates for electron capture on a positron emitter |
|
|
1008 | (1) |
|
14.10 Higher order beta transitions and experimental properties of beta-decay reactions |
|
|
1009 | (2) |
|
Bibliography and references |
|
|
1010 | (1) |
|
15 Current-current weak interactions and the production of neutrino-antineutrino pairs |
|
|
1011 | (59) |
|
15.1 The charged-current interaction Hamiltonian and the necessity for two coupling constants in nuclear beta decay |
|
|
1013 | (7) |
|
15.2 The charged-current interaction and muon decay |
|
|
1020 | (4) |
|
15.3 Annihilation of electron-positron pairs into neutrino-antineutrino pairs and the associated energy-loss rate when electrons are not degenerate |
|
|
1024 | (9) |
|
15.4 The Dirac equation, plane-wave solutions, helicity eigenfunctions, and gamma matrices |
|
|
1033 | (9) |
|
15.5 Derivation of the cross section for electron-positron pair annihilation in the V-A theory |
|
|
1042 | (8) |
|
15.6 A brief overview of the history and the nature of weak-interaction induced neutrino-antineutrino production processes |
|
|
1050 | (2) |
|
15.7 On the character of classical plasma oscillations |
|
|
1052 | (9) |
|
15.8 Quantized plasma oscillations and the neutrino-antineutrino energy-loss rate due to plasmon decay |
|
|
1061 | (9) |
|
Bibliography and references |
|
|
1068 | (2) |
|
16 Helium-burning nuclear reactions and energy-generation rates |
|
|
1070 | (31) |
|
16.1 Some basic physics of resonant reactions |
|
|
1072 | (6) |
|
16.2 The triple-alpha reactions in the classical approximation |
|
|
1078 | (8) |
|
16.3 Triple-alpha reactions at low temperatures |
|
|
1086 | (5) |
|
16.4 The formation of 16O by alpha capture on 12C and the conversion of 14N into 22Ne |
|
|
1091 | (3) |
|
16.5 Neutron production by (α, n) reactions on 13C and 22Ne |
|
|
1094 | (5) |
|
16.6 On the contribution of the 7Li(p, γ)8Be reaction to the production of carbon in metal-free stars |
|
|
1099 | (2) |
|
Bibliography and references |
|
|
1099 | (2) |
|
Part V Evolution during helium-burning phases |
|
|
1101 | (290) |
|
17 Evolution of a low mass model burning helium and hydrogen |
|
|
1103 | (117) |
|
17.1 Helium shell flashes during evolution from the red giant branch to the horizontal branch |
|
|
1104 | (45) |
|
17.2 Horizontal branch and early asymptotic giant branch evolution |
|
|
1149 | (26) |
|
17.3 The first helium shell flash on the asymptotic giant branch |
|
|
1175 | (16) |
|
17.4 Systematics of thermal pulses along the asymptotic giant branch |
|
|
1191 | (15) |
|
17.5 The roles of nuclear burning, convective mixing, and gravothermal activity in determining abundance changes and dredge-up during the TPAGB phase |
|
|
1206 | (8) |
|
17.6 Neutron production and neutron capture in helium-burning regions |
|
|
1214 | (6) |
|
Bibliography and references |
|
|
1218 | (2) |
|
18 Evolution of an intermediate mass model burning helium and hydrogen |
|
|
1220 | (71) |
|
18.1 Evolution during the core helium-burning phase |
|
|
1223 | (12) |
|
18.2 Transition to, evolution along, and transition from the early asymptotic giant branch |
|
|
1235 | (25) |
|
18.3 The thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch phase and the third dredge-up phenomenon |
|
|
1260 | (31) |
|
Bibliography and references |
|
|
1290 | (1) |
|
19 Neutron production and neutron capture in a TPAGB model star of intermediate mass |
|
|
1291 | (48) |
|
19.1 History of s-process nucleosynthesis and outline |
|
|
1291 | (2) |
|
19.2 Neutron-production and neutron-capture reaction rates |
|
|
1293 | (9) |
|
19.3 Formation of a 13C abundance peak and neutron production and neutron capture in the peak |
|
|
1302 | (11) |
|
19.4 Neutron production and capture during the interpulse phase in matter processed by hydrogen burning |
|
|
1313 | (9) |
|
19.5 Neutron-capture nucleosynthesis in the convective shell during the fifteenth helium shell flash |
|
|
1322 | (14) |
|
19.6 Neutron-capture nucleosynthesis in TPAGB stars and heavy s-process element production in the Universe |
|
|
1336 | (3) |
|
Bibliography and references |
|
|
1338 | (1) |
|
20 Evolution of a massive population I model during helium- and carbon-burning stages |
|
|
1339 | (52) |
|
20.1 Evolution of surface and central characteristics of a 25 M model during quiescent nuclear burning stages and comparison of characteristics of models of mass 1 M, 5 M, and 25 M |
|
|
1340 | (6) |
|
20.2 Evolution of internal characteristics and production of light s-process elements in a 25 M model during core helium burning |
|
|
1346 | (13) |
|
20.3 Core and shell carbon-burning phases |
|
|
1359 | (21) |
|
20.4 Comments on neon-, oxygen-, and silicon-burning phases |
|
|
1380 | (5) |
|
20.5 More on the relationship between direct and inverse tranformations |
|
|
1385 | (4) |
|
20.6 Concluding remarks on massive star evolution |
|
|
1389 | (2) |
|
Bibliography and references |
|
|
1389 | (2) |
|
Part VI Terminal evolution of low and intermediate mass stars |
|
|
1391 | (81) |
|
21 Wind mass loss on the TPAGB and evolution as a PN central star and as a white dwarf |
|
|
1393 | (79) |
|
|
|
1393 | (2) |
|
21.2 Superwind ejection of the envelope and planetary nebula evolution |
|
|
1395 | (2) |
|
21.3 Departure of a 1 M model from the TPAGB, evolution as the central star of a planetary nebula, and the transition from nuclear to gravothermal energy as the primary source of surface luminosity |
|
|
1397 | (13) |
|
21.4 Coulomb forces, properties of matter in the solid phase, and a criterion for melting |
|
|
1410 | (19) |
|
21.4.1 The Wigner-Seitz sphere |
|
|
1411 | (1) |
|
21.4.2 Debye theory and terrestial metals |
|
|
1412 | (3) |
|
21.4.3 A characteristic frequency of oscillation in the stellar context |
|
|
1415 | (3) |
|
21.4.4 Oscillation amplitude and the melting point |
|
|
1418 | (2) |
|
21.4.5 Application of the Thomas-Fermi model of the atom |
|
|
1420 | (6) |
|
21.4.6 The zero-point energy and the Helmholtz free energy |
|
|
1426 | (3) |
|
21.5 Algorithms for estimating the energy density and pressure of liquids and solids in stars |
|
|
1429 | (4) |
|
21.6 White dwarf evolution |
|
|
1433 | (23) |
|
21.7 Diffusion and the formation of a pure hydrogen surface abundance |
|
|
1456 | (4) |
|
21.8 The relationship between the final white dwarf surface abundance and where in the thermal pulse cycle the precursor first leaves the AGB |
|
|
1460 | (4) |
|
21.9 Theoretical and observed white dwarf number-luminosity distributions and the age of the galactic disk |
|
|
1464 | (8) |
|
Bibliography and references |
|
|
1470 | (2) |
| Index |
|
1472 | |
