Authors' biographies |
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vii | |
Preface |
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ix | |
Acknowledgements |
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xi | |
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xiii | |
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xvii | |
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1 Introduction to stevioside |
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1 | (26) |
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3 | (3) |
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1.2 Composition of Stevia |
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6 | (4) |
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10 | (3) |
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1.4 Physicochemical and biological properties of steviol glycosides |
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13 | (5) |
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1.5 Analysis of stevioside (steviol glycosides) and Stevia extract |
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18 | (9) |
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2 Health benefits and pharmacological effects of steviol glycosides |
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27 | (18) |
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2.1 Effect of stevioside in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion |
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27 | (2) |
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2.2 Antihyperglycaemic effect |
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29 | (2) |
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2.3 Antihypertensive effect |
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31 | (1) |
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2.4 Anti-inflammatory effect |
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32 | (1) |
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2.5 Anticarcinogenic antitumour effects |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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2.7 Antimicrobial and antidiarrhoeal effects |
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34 | (1) |
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2.8 Effect on renal function |
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35 | (10) |
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3 Applications of stevioside |
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45 | (6) |
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4 Conventional extraction processes of stevioside |
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51 | (14) |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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4.3 Extraction by chelating agents |
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54 | (2) |
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4.4 Adsorption and chromatographic separation |
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56 | (3) |
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4.5 Ultrasonic extraction |
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59 | (1) |
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4.6 Microwave-assisted extraction |
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59 | (1) |
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4.7 Supercritical fluid extraction |
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60 | (5) |
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5 Brief introduction to pressure-driven membrane-based processes |
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65 | (26) |
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5.1 Advantages of the membrane-based process |
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66 | (1) |
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5.2 Classification of the processes |
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66 | (1) |
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5.3 Characterisation of membranes |
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67 | (3) |
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70 | (3) |
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73 | (1) |
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5.6 Quantification of concentration polarisation |
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74 | (5) |
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5.7 Applications of membrane-based processes |
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79 | (12) |
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6 State of the art of stevioside processing using membrane-based filtration |
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91 | (8) |
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6.1 Clarification and purification |
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92 | (3) |
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6.2 Concentration by nanofiltration |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (2) |
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7 Detailed membrane-based technologies for extraction of stevioside |
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99 | (62) |
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7.1 Outline of processing |
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99 | (1) |
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7.2 Optimisation of water extraction process |
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99 | (10) |
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7.3 Optimisation of primary clarification (centrifuge or microfiltration) |
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109 | (13) |
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7.4 Selection of membrane |
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122 | (2) |
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7.5 Optimisation of operating conditions |
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124 | (6) |
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7.6 Mechanism of flux decline |
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130 | (11) |
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7.7 Ultrafiltration of primary clarified Stevia extract |
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141 | (14) |
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7.8 Concentration by nanofiltration |
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155 | (6) |
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8 Performance modelling of stevioside separation using membrane processing |
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161 | (34) |
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8.1 Modelling of stirred ultrafiltration |
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162 | (12) |
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8.2 Modelling of cross-flow ultrafiltration |
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174 | (6) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (15) |
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9 Enhancement of stevioside recovery by diafiltration |
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195 | (14) |
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9.1 Multiple stage diafiltration |
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197 | (12) |
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10 Economics of the process |
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209 | (6) |
Index |
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215 | |